What is the tortuous development history of the Qing Dongling?
In the Ming Dynasty, Malanguan built two cities, east and west, with a circumference of 232 feet and a height of two feet, and two gates. The south gate is called "Malan Valley Pass", and the west gate is wordless. The perimeter of Xicheng is 150.8, and the height varies from 1.7 to 1.8. There are two city gates, the east gate is called "Yongzhen" and the south gate is called "Jian 'an". The north of the East and West Cities are all on the Great Wall of Wan Li, and the section of the Great Wall between the East and West Cities is a city entrance, which is called "Zhengguan City Entrance". During the reign of Shunzhi in the Qing Dynasty, the young the emperor shunzhi chose the mausoleum site for himself long before the emperors.
It is said that in the ancestral system of the Qing Dynasty, on the same day when the emperor ascended the throne, ministers, together with officials of the Qin Dynasty, would be sent out to look for a "Millennium land". Chen Bizhen, a Jiangxi warlock, sent it at that time, but he searched for more than two years and didn't find a favorite place. On one occasion, the emperor shunzhi came to Malanyu in Zunhua to hunt with his entourage. When he reached a high hill, the emperor shunzhi reined in the reins and looked around, only to see the pines and cypresses in Fengtai Mountain, with rolling mountains. Changrui Mountain is beautiful, bright and gratifying, especially here, where the peaks rise and fall, and the steep stone wall stands like a door, which can be combined vertically and horizontally, making him feel like a king and a phoenix, allowing him to browse back and forth. So Shunzhi rode on his horse and said, "The king of this mountain is full of lush air and can be used by my Wanshou Palace." In this way, the location of the Qing Taizu Xiaoling Mausoleum was set in Fengtai Mountain, Malanyu, and the mausoleum project of the Qing Dongling began. Later, Qin missed Kedu Ruyu, Cuohu and others, and specially went to Fengtailing of Changrui Mountain to see the terrain, investigate the geological and hydrological conditions and make the overall design. They are all amazed at the local Feng Shui treasures, which may be the best tombs.
Later, a Mr. Feng Shui passed by and said in surprise, "Even if we were ordered to travel all over the world, it would be difficult to find such a piece of land." Mr. Feng Shui said that this is "a mountain coming from all directions, and dragons are born in all directions, such as horses falling from the sky." In Dongling, Long Mai comes from Taihang Mountain and is connected with Yanshan Mountain, just like a huge wave. The mountain is like a five-chief station, which refers to the bergamot peak. In Changrui Mountain, there is Venus Peak in front, which looks like Suzaku dancing, and there is a watershed behind it. If Xuanwu hangs its head, there is a catfish pass on the left, a green dragon winding, and a white tiger in Huangshan on the right. The left and right waters, facing each other across the stream, meet heaven and earth, meet dragons and tigers, and confront Tiantai Mountain with smoke, forming a natural pass called Xinglong Pass, which is really a wonderful feng shui.
According to the rules of tomb selection, Kan Yu and Qin's accompanying ministers will use wood milling to dig a round pit the size of a millstone on the ground, which is called "breaking ground", and this round pit is called "golden well", and then a welcome wooden box will be built on the round pit, so that the golden well will never see the sun, moon and stars. Taking Jinjing as the center, a large round mat shed with a height of 1.3 zhangs and a circular diameter of 60 zhangs was set up, in order to avoid the three-light irradiation and block the excrement left by birds. The emperor shunzhi was the first emperor in the Qing Dynasty. He believes in Buddhism. When the emperor shunzhi was in power, he often called monks into the palace to discuss Buddhist theory with them. Because the emperor shunzhi believed in the Buddhist theory that the soul ascended to heaven, he told ministers many times that he must be cremated after death.
166 1 year, the Buddhist emperor died of illness. Ministers did not dare to disobey the emperor shunzhi's wishes, so they made an exception and held a cremation for him. If it is strictly in accordance with Buddhism, Christians will rely on pagodas instead of graves after death.
However, although the emperor shunzhi believed in Buddhism, he was always a real dragon emperor. A pagoda alone is absolutely not enough to commemorate him, nor is it enough to show the majesty of the royal family.
Therefore, after careful discussion, ministers decided not to build pagodas, but to build a large mausoleum for the emperor shunzhi according to the traditional royal etiquette standards, and the organizational system and scale of the mausoleum should be the same as other tombs since ancient times.
However, due to cremation, a complete dragon body will not be stored in the mausoleum, but an urn containing the ashes of the emperor shunzhi's remains. Therefore, Xiaoling Mausoleum in Qing Dynasty is the first mausoleum in Dongling in Qing Dynasty, and it is also the only mausoleum in China with only the ashes of the emperor's remains. 166 1 year, that is, the year of the emperor shunzhi's death, the mausoleum began to be built, and the emperor shunzhi was buried with Empress Tong Jiashi and Empress Dong Eshi.
By 1664, the main project of Qing Xiaoling Mausoleum was completed. 1668, Shengde Monument Pavilion was built. The Xiaoling Mausoleum in Qing Dynasty has a large scale and a complete system, which is the cornerstone of the overall pattern of Dongling in Qing Dynasty. 1674, Emperor Kangxi's first empress Xiao Chengren died, and Emperor Kangxi ordered the preparation of Jingling. 1676, Jingling broke ground. 168 1 When Empress Cheng Xiao and Xiao Zhao were buried, the Long 'en Temple in Jingling was still under construction. At the same time, the imperial concubine garden in Jingling, where Emperor Kangxi was buried, has been completed, becoming the first imperial concubine garden built in Shanhaiguan in the Qing Dynasty. 1688, in accordance with his grandmother's wishes, Emperor Kangxi built a temporary security hall outside the Feng Shui wall and east of Dahongmen. Shortly after the temporary Anfeng Temple in Xiao Zhuang was completed, Emperor Kangxi decided to build a mausoleum for Xiao Zhang Hui, the queen of the emperor shunzhi, on the east side of Xiaoling Mausoleum, which was completed in about 1693.
This is the first mausoleum built in the Qing Dynasty, setting a precedent for the Qing Dynasty to build a mausoleum for the empress alone. Because it is located in the east of Xiaoling, and it is the same system as Xiaoling, it is named "Xiaoling".
1722, Emperor Kangxi died. Buried in Jingling with Emperor Kangxi are the granddaughter of Sony, the daughter of Hersairihala, the daughter of Niu Zhilu and Tong Guowei, the mother of Tong Jiashi He, the mother of Princess Kangxi, Wu Yashi, the mother of Filial Piety and Andrew, the 13th Prince of Iraq and Zhang Jiashi.
Qing Jingling is the second imperial mausoleum built in the Five Dynasties of Qing Dynasty. Its building scale is slightly lower than that of Xiaoling, and some innovations have been made, but the overall building scale is still based on Xiaoling. For example, a double monument was built in the monument pavilion of Saint-Shen Gong, which reduced the number of stone statue students to five pairs and changed the Dragon and Phoenix Gate into a memorial gate.
The funeral system of the Jingling Mausoleum in Qing Dynasty has also changed a lot. It pioneered the system of burying the queen first and then the imperial concubine, and abandoned the tradition of cremation and burial instead of burial.
The imperial concubine garden of the Qing Jingling is located about 1000 meters southeast of the Qing Jingling, and was built in 1973. The imperial concubine garden in Jingling of Qing Dynasty was built facing south, and the imperial concubine of Emperor Kangxi was buried in it.
There was no tradition of building separate gardens for two concubines in Qing Dynasty, so this imperial concubine garden is a special case. Although the imperial concubine of Emperor Kangxi was buried, this garden bed was the grandson of Emperor Kangxi and later Emperor Qianlong.
1772, the then emperor Sun Hongli, later emperor Qianlong, was taken good care of by two concubines during his life in the palace. After Qianlong ascended the throne, the two concubines were still alive. Therefore, Emperor Qianlong not only built a garden bed for them alone, but also greatly expanded the provisions of the garden bed to show filial piety and repay their kindness.
Jingling Palace Museum is located at 500 east of Qingling, where 49 people are buried, including 48 concubines and a prince of Emperor Kangxi. Among the 48 concubines, the imperial concubine 1, the concubine 1 1, eight concubines, the noble 10, nine constant attendants and nine infinite ones.
Each of these people is a certificate, and the burial location depends on their living conditions. The high-ranking ones are in the front, in the middle, and the low-ranking ones are in the back and on both sides. The imperial concubine's bedroom in Jingling is the bedroom with the largest number of tombs in Qing Dynasty.
The imperial concubine and the holy father prince were buried in the imperial concubine garden in Jingling. There are 7 rows of 50 babies in the backyard. Baoding burial 1 maid-in-waiting, 1 1 concubines, 8 concubines, 10 your wife, 9 guests and 9 ministers, 1 elder brother, a total of 49 people were buried. One of them is an empty coupon.
The owner of the tomb of Xiao Dongling is Xiao Zhanghui of Bolzigit. She is the granddaughter of the emperor shunzhi's biological mother, Empress Xiaozhuangwen, and the daughter of Mongolian Horqin Belch. Borzite entered the palace in May 1654, was crowned princess by Shunzhi, and was made queen in June.
When the emperor shunzhi died, Borzijit was only 2 1 year old. Because she is the little queen of the emperor shunzhi, although she has no children, after Emperor Kangxi succeeded to the throne, the little queen and the biological mother of Emperor Kangxi were honored as the empress dowager. Empress Xiao died at the age of 77 on the sixth day of the twelfth lunar month in 17 17, and was buried in Xiaodong Mausoleum in18. There are also seven concubines buried with the filial piety queen in Xiaodong Mausoleum, namely Princess Gong Jing, Princess Duan Shun, Princess Ke, Princess Zhen and Princess Ai. In addition, there are 17 gege and 4 Fujin buried in Xiaodong Tomb.
Although their titles are Gege and Fujin, they actually belong to the emperor shunzhi's concubines. It's just that the rules and regulations of the harem in the early Qing Dynasty were incomplete and the title was chaotic.
Xiao Dongling initiated the system of building a mausoleum for the queen alone, and its provisions were the blueprint for the later queen's mausoleum to follow. 1723, Yong Zhengdi set its eternal place in chao yang shan, Zunhua, Jiu Feng, and shipped a lot of building materials.
However, in 1729, Yong Zhengdi changed his mind and abandoned chao yang shan, Jiu Feng, on the grounds that "the scale is large, but the shape is incomplete, and the soil in the cave contains gravel", and set up another trillion domain at the foot of Taining Mountain in Yixian County, Hebei Province to build Tailing. Since then, there has been a distinction between "Qing Dongling" and "Qing Xiling".
Li Hong, Emperor Qianlong, inherited his father's footsteps, made great efforts to govern, perfected martial arts, and expanded his territory 10000 kilometers, which made the Qing Dynasty reach its peak. He was a famous wise monarch in Chinese history.
Shortly after Emperor Qianlong ascended the throne, in order to repay the kindness of his grandmother, Emperor Kangxi, and the kindness of his two concubines, a separate garden bed was built for them on the east side of Jingling, called "Jingling Concubine Garden Bed", commonly known as "Double Concubine Mausoleum".
1742, Emperor Qianlong identified the holy water valley of Dongling as his eternal land as the imperial tomb. /kloc-0 broke ground in February, 743, and was completed in February, 752. 1799 was named "Yuling".
In the Qing Dynasty, Yuling Mingtang was open, with magnificent architecture, exquisite craftsmanship and extraordinary momentum. Its regulation not only inherits the previous dynasty, but also develops and innovates. Mausoleum architecture is basically modeled after the Ming Tombs and improved.
In the north, there are East-West Fangchao, Banfang, Long 'en Gate, East-West Liaolu, East-West Affiliated Hall, Long 'en Hall, Mausoleum Gate, Erzhumen, Fifteenth Palace, Fangcheng, Minglou, Crescent City, Baocheng and Baoding, surrounded by red walls and connected with Long 'en Gate. It is exquisite and gorgeous, and its grandeur and luxury are amazing.
In the system of Yuling, there is no queen's mausoleum, only a princess garden is attached to the side of Yuling. The stone and tile in the bedroom of Yuling Princess Garden also confirmed the prosperity of Qianlong period.
The bedroom of Yuling Princess Garden is the bedroom of Emperor Qianlong's Princess Garden. It is located on the west side of Qingyuling. It was built in 1747 and expanded on a large scale in 1760, adding Fangcheng, Minglou, Baocheng and the East-West Attached Museum.
In order to balance the relationship between Dongling Mausoleum and Xiling Mausoleum in Qing Dynasty, 1796, Tai shang huang Li Hong ordered that all the mausoleums be built in Dongling Mausoleum and Xiling Mausoleum respectively according to Zhao Mu's order. After Daoguang ascended the throne, according to this decree, a mausoleum was built in Baohuayu, Dongling in 182 1 and completed in 1827.
Its Princess Garden and Princess Garden have also been completed.
In the second year after the completion of Baohua Hall, Daoguang was furious when he found that the underground palace was leaking water. He not only severely punished the minister who built the mausoleum, but also ignored Zhao and Mu's decree to divide things and went to Xiling to pay a visit to the mausoleum. Subsequently, the completed Dongling Baohua Yuling and Princess Garden were abandoned and transported to Xiling for reconstruction, leaving a ruin in the Dongling boundary.
After Emperor Xianfeng ascended the throne, he ordered his ministers to set up tombs in two places, namely Dongling in Qing Dynasty and Xiling in Qing Dynasty. After discussion between the governor of Jiangxi and the ministers of the official department, the site of the mausoleum in the Qing Dynasty was finally selected as the Ping 'an Valley in Dongling.
Emperor Xianfeng personally saw it and agreed. He described Ping An Jade as saying: "Zuo Long is winding, the right tiger is practicing, and the cicada wings are faintly entangled;" Shrimp whiskers and goldfish are clearly defined, the gas field is condensed, and the acupuncture method is very real ... it is the last episode. "
Therefore, the construction date of Dingling in Qing Dynasty was 1859. Although the construction date was 1859, most of Dingling in Qing Dynasty was built after the death of Emperor Xianfeng, that is, 186 1 year.
Shortly after Dingling in the Qing Dynasty began to operate, ministers argued about the rules for building Dingling in the Qing Dynasty. Jin Song, assistant minister of the Ministry of Industry, believes that the Daoguang Mausoleum demolished buildings such as the archway, the stone statue, the two-pillar gate, the Fangcheng and the Ming building, and also reduced the scale of the Long 'en Hall and the East-West Attached Hall, which made the mausoleum unobtrusive and saved more manpower. In addition, the mausoleum repair project should be carried out quickly, so Dingling in Qing Dynasty should follow the regulations of Muling Mausoleum in Qing Dynasty.
However, this proposal of Song and Jin was opposed by Shi Duo, the prince of does. In their view, Dingling in Qing Dynasty should be based on the traditional regulations of the tombs of royal ancestors.
Finally, the Empress Dowager of the two palaces adopted Stowe's suggestion, insisted on the traditional regulation of ancestral graves, and at the same time partially imitated the tombs of the Qing Dynasty, canceled the big archway and the two-pillar gate, and there were no more scriptures and Buddha sculptures in the underground palace.
It was not until 1866 that the Qing Dingling was finally built, but the inner court of the Qing Dingling was built in 1865.
The imperial concubine garden in Dingling in Qing Dynasty was built at the same time as Dingling. Shunshuiyu, located in the east of Dingling in Qing Dynasty, is the cemetery of Xianfeng Emperor's concubines. There were 0/5 concubines of Emperor Xianfeng/Kloc buried in the bedroom of Princess Dingling Garden in Qing Dynasty, including 2 concubines, 2 concubines, 4 concubines, 4 concubines and 3 concubines.
Hui Ling in Qing Dynasty is the mausoleum of Zai Chun in Aisingiorro, Mu Zong, and the Tongzhi emperor of Qing Dynasty. It is located in Shuang Shan Valley, 3000 meters southeast of Qingjingling.
Emperor Tongzhi never chose a mausoleum site or built a mausoleum before his death. Therefore, in 1874, after the death of Emperor Tongzhi, the imperial court chose Shuanggu as the eternal destination of Emperor Tongzhi, and named the mausoleum "Qing Hui Ling".
The Qingling Mausoleum started on the third day of August in 1875 and was completed in September in 1878, which lasted more than three years. Cheng Xiu's ministers include Prince Yi Xuan of Alcohol, Zuo Dushi Yu Kuiling, Assistant Minister Rong Lu of the Ministry of Industry, and Acting Assistant Minister Weng Tonghe of the Ministry of Industry.
The Princess Garden of Qing Hui Ling is located in the West Shuang Shan Valley on the west side of Qing Hui Ling. It is the Princess Garden of Zai Chun, Aisingiorro, Mu Zong, and the Tongzhi Emperor. Four concubines, Shu Shen, Gong Su, Sage and Rong Hui, were buried in the Royal Garden in Hui Ling in the Qing Dynasty.
Among them, Shu Shenfei is in the center of the front row, while Gong Su Guifei, Sage Guifei and Rong Hui Guifei are in the back row.
Zhao Qianling is the tomb of Bolzigit, empress Aisingiorro of Emperor Taizong of Qing Dynasty. Located in the east of Dahongmen in Dongling, Qing Dynasty, it is separated from Dongling by a geomantic wall.
Although Empress Xiaozhuang Wen also belongs to the royal family buried in the Qing Dongling, her location is on the east side of Dahongmen in the Qing Dongling, which is caused by several reasons.
First, the Empress Xiaozhuang is the emperor shunzhi's biological mother, but the Qing Xiaoling Mausoleum in the emperor shunzhi is built under the main peak of Changrui Mountain in the Qing Dongling, and occupies a supreme position in the cemetery. Therefore, the status of any other place in the Qing Dongling is lower than that of Xiaoling, which is not commensurate with the status of Xiaozhuang Wen Queen.
Second, Empress Xiaozhuangwen is the queen of Emperor Taizong, and the tomb of Huang Taiji is called Zhaoling, so the tomb name of Empress Xiaozhuangwen should be called Zhaoxiling. The tomb of Huang Taiji's Empress Mausoleum is outside the Mausoleum of the Eastern Qing Dynasty, in order to distinguish grades.
Third, in the Qing Dynasty, no matter whether the emperor or the prince was appointed by hand, grave robbing began with the tomb of the owner with the highest seniority. Empress Xiaozhuang Wen is the highest-ranking tomb owner among all the people buried in Dongling in the Qing Dynasty, so every time she pays homage to the tomb, she starts from Zhao Qianling's tomb.
Dahongmen is the main entrance of Dongling in Qing Dynasty, and it is the only place where people pass by, and Zhaoxi Mausoleum is next to Dahongmen, which provides great convenience for Yiling.
Fourthly, in Qing Dynasty, it was said that the left was the most important position, and the construction of the left mausoleum of Dahongmen also reflected the respect and admiration of the descendants of Xiao Zhuang. Moreover, judging from the topography of the Qing Dongling Mausoleum, the right side is low-lying, rocky and close to the Xihe River, and is often in danger of being flooded. Therefore, the Zhaoxiling Mausoleum should naturally be built on the east side of Dahongmen.
1687, Empress Xiaozhuangwen collapsed. According to the burial system in the early Qing dynasty, no matter whether the queen died before or after the emperor, she had to be buried with the emperor, in the same tomb and cave. But sourdrang queen had charged Kangxi emperor said:
Zigong, written by Emperor Taizong of Tang Dynasty, is long-term, humble and not arrogant. At this time, he was buried together. Not opening fields is a waste of time and people, and it is not the meaning of burial. I love you father and son, and I can't bear to go far. I must be safe in Zunhua, and I have no regrets.
Emperor Kangxi has always been very filial to his grandmother, so after Xiao Zhuang's death, he followed her advice and did not bury him in Zhaoling, but built a temporary Anfengtang next to Dongling. There is an enjoyment hall and a temporary security hall in the courtyard, and no underground palace has been built.
Because Xiaozhuang loved a small hall on the east side of Cining Palace in the Forbidden City before his death, Kangxi ordered people to tear it down and move it to the mausoleum to rebuild a hall of enjoyment. There is an east-west hall next to the enjoyment hall, with three gates. Xiaozhuang's coffin was buried on the throne of the temporary Anfengtang. After being buried with soil, the door of the hall was closed forever.
Kangxi went to Zunhua to pay homage to the temporary Anfeng Hall and Xiaoling Mausoleum for 26 times, with an average of 0.74 times a year, mostly in winter. He specially arranged the burial place on a day when it was freezing and inconvenient to travel, in order to express his respect and comfort his grandmother when she approached the time to say goodbye to him.
1725 is the anniversary of the marriage of Huang taiji and Xiao Zhuang 100. Yong Zhengdi thinks this place is quite auspicious, on the grounds that since the temporary protection of sourdrang queen, the country has been prosperous, saints have been in office for a long time, and there are many descendants, so he changed the temporary protection hall to "Zhao Qianling". Because of the terrain, no horse ditch and bridge and culvert were built.
1866, Empress Dowager Ci 'an and Empress Cixi sent Zhou Zupei and others to the Qing Dongling to choose a piece of land for them to be happy forever. Because the west side of Qing Dingling is Xihe River, Pingdingshan and Putuo Mountain can only be selected in the east side of Qing Dingling.
1873 On the ninth day of the third lunar month, Ci 'an and Cixi personally saw Pingdingshan and Putuo Mountain, which are surrounded by mountains and rivers, and they were very satisfied. At that time, they decided to be a land of eternal happiness, and renamed Pingdingshan "Puxiang Valley" and Putuo Mountain "Putuo Valley".
Ding Dong Mausoleum in Puxiang Valley is the mausoleum of Xian Zhen, the Empress Ci 'an. It is located in Puxiang Valley, west of the southern foot of Changrui Mountain, and is built side by side with the Dingdong Mausoleum of Putuo Valley of Empress Dowager Cixi in the east. Because these two mausoleums are located on the east side of the Dingling Mausoleum in the Qing Dynasty of Emperor Xianfeng, they are collectively called "Ding Dong Mausoleum".
Cixi Mausoleum and Ci 'an Mausoleum are exactly the same in scale and regulation. Although this mausoleum was built with lofty regulations and complete codes, it is a masterpiece of all tombs in the Qing Dynasty.
However, in 1895, Cixi still ordered all the Fangcheng, Minglou, Baocheng, Long 'en Hall, East-West Attached Hall and East-West Liao Furnace in Putuo Valley to be demolished and rebuilt, and the palace gates, palaces, small archways, kitchens and other buildings were exposed for overhaul, and even the coupons and stone five sacrifices of the underground palace were under maintenance.
This huge reconstruction project started at 1895 and ended at 1908, which lasted for 13 years.
The 15 mausoleums of the Dongling Mausoleum in the Qing Dynasty were designed and arranged according to the traditional concepts of "respecting the middle", "orderly aging" and "respecting the lower".
The Xiaoling Mausoleum of the emperor shunzhi, the first emperor who entered the customs, is located on the central axis of the main peak from Jinxing Mountain in the south to Changrui Mountain in the north, and its position is supreme. The tombs of other emperors are arranged in a fan shape on both sides of Xiaoling Mausoleum according to their generations.
On the left side of the Qing Xiaoling Mausoleum is the mausoleum of Emperor Kangxi, the ancestor of the Qing Dynasty, and on the left side is Hui Ling, the Tongzhi Emperor of Mu Zong. On the right side of Xiaoling Mausoleum in Qing Dynasty is the Yuling Mausoleum of Emperor Gaozong Qianlong in Qing Dynasty, and on the right side is the Dingling Mausoleum of Emperor Wenzong Xianfeng. This pattern has formed a situation in which children and grandchildren accompany their fathers and ancestors, highlighting the ethical concept of respecting the elderly in ancient China.
At the same time, the queen's mausoleum and the princess's garden were built next to the imperial mausoleum of the dynasty, showing the master-slave relationship between them. In addition, all the Shintoism of the Mausoleum is connected with all the Shintoism of the Mausoleum, and all the Shintoism of the Mausoleum is connected with the Shintoism of Xiaoling on the central axis of the Mausoleum, thus forming a huge branch system, and the relationship between its succession and inheritance is very obvious, expressing the endless desire of flowers, fun and generations.
Dongling building in Qing dynasty is magnificent and exquisite, which embodies the basic form of court architecture in Ming and Qing dynasties. The whole Qing Dongling Mausoleum, whether it is a wooden structure or a stone structure, has exquisite skills, which can be described as a masterpiece of court architecture in the Qing Dynasty and a rare and precious heritage in China's architecture and history and culture.