Duan Qirui's house
Duan Qirui’s residence is located in Cangnan Hutong (formerly known as Ji Zhao Hutong). This house was originally the residence of Yunhu, the 22nd son of Emperor Kangxi of the Qing Dynasty. During the Beiyang Government period, the mansion was acquired by Duan Qirui. Duan Qirui (1865-1936), a native of Hefei, Anhui Province, was the leader of the Beiyang Warlord Anhui Clique. He served as Army Chief, Acting Prime Minister, and Chief of Staff. In 1924, he joined the army and came to power in the provisional Republic of China. In 1926, he suppressed the student demonstrations and caused the March 18th Massacre. He was forced to step down. He died of illness in Tianjin in 1936. Located in Wan'an Cemetery. The house covers an area of 22,642 square meters. At this time, Duan was renovating the original mansion. There is a main hall preserved on the central axis, with a tube-tile roof, 9 rooms in width, and two volumes connected together. There is a pool surrounding the courtyard in front of the hall, with three small stone bridges on the pool. There is a square courtyard behind the hall, with small buildings in the east, west and north, and a small courtyard on the east and west sides. There is a building on the west side of the main hall, covering an area of more than 500 square meters. The main hall, square courtyard, western-style building and other buildings in the house are still basically in their original state. It is a key protected cultural relic in Dongcheng District.
Duan Qirui's House
——No. 5, Cangnan Hutong
Wang Zhihong
Cangnan Hutong belongs to the Dongsi area of Dongcheng District. According to the current street sign, it is the third alley from south to north on the east side of Chaoyangmen Beixiaojie Road. The Hutong connects Chaoyangmen North Street and Chaoyangmen North Street from west to east, and is about 600 meters long. It is named because it is located to the south of "Nanmencang Hutong". The middle section of the alley is slightly winding, and the eastern section intersects Douban Hutong; the south side is connected to "Fujia Road", with a branch alley leading to "Shaojiu Hutong"; the north side is connected from west to east to "Cangnan North Alley" and "Luo Family Courtyard" .
Yandu Congkao, known as "the most detailed work that comprehensively and systematically describes the changes in Beijing's urban area from ancient times to the early Republic of China", has no record of "Cangnan Hutong". Did the author make an oversight? It doesn't seem like it. Because: First, the book records the surrounding conditions of "Cangnan Hutong" in great detail. How could it be possible that a single "Cangnan Hutong" was left out? It is recorded in the book: "The street that runs directly from the north to the south of Chaoyangmen Street is called Beixiao Street. To the east of Beixiao Street and to the north of Chaoyangmen Street, it is called Shaojiu Alley and Gongjianying ("Shuntianfu Zhi" is called Gongjiangying). It is called Jizhao Hutong (Jizhao Hutong in "Shuntianfu Zhi"), where Duan Zhi's government is located. It is called Baoyu Hutong, called Xinkai Road, and is called Qianjing and Houjing. To the east is Wuye Mansion and Kongfu Courtyard. The east side of the house is called Luojia Courtyard, and the east side is called Coipu Hutong, and the south side is called Diaoyutai Hutong. It clearly states: "Jizhao Hutong, Duan's government is here." And "Duan Qirui's Residence" was built on the basis of "Kongfu Courtyard". According to this analysis, "Cangnan Hutong" was originally part of "Jizhao Hutong".
"Ji Zhao Hutong" is also known as "Chicken Feet (zhao) Hutong". The direction at that time was: starting from "Chaoyangmen North Street" in the west, going straight to "Gongjianying (Craftsman Camp)" in the east; there were two branch alleys on the north side of the alley, the first branch alley going straight north to "Baoyu Hutong" , turn east in the middle and merge with the second branch alley to go eastbound to "Xinkai Road"; continue eastbound through "Xinkai Road" to "Douban Hutong", there is a branch alley and "Luo Family Courtyard" from west to east on the north side "Tong" Nanmen Cang". The branches of the alley turn from southwest to northeast, just like two "chicken feet" connected by a "new road". Therefore, the hutong should be named because of its shape, and because of its homophonic pronunciation, it is called "Ji Zhao Hutong". In this way, "Xinkai Road" should originally be part of "Jizhao Hutong", and it is the middle part that plays a connecting role; it is very likely that due to its narrowness, it has become a "bottleneck" and was widened to facilitate transportation, so it is called " Open a new path."
At that time, there were two "new roads" in the three districts of Beiping City, and the other one was to the east of "Yonghegong Street", which is now "Beixin Hutong". In order to avoid duplication of names, before liberation, the "Xinkai Road" on Yonghegong Street was renamed "North Xinkai Road"; the "Xinkai Road" in the middle of "Jizhao Hutong" was renamed "South Xinkai Road". The name of "Ji Zhao Hutong" at the west end of "Nan Xin Kai Road" remains the same; the east-west main line of "Ji Zhao Hutong" at the east end was renamed "Cangnan Hutong", and the north-south branch alley was renamed "Cangnan West Alley".
When the place names were rectified in 1965, "Nanxinkai Road" and "Cangnan Xijia Road" were merged into "Cangnan Hutong" to form a "T" shape. One horizontal line running east-west starts from "Nangongjiangying Hutong" in the west and ends with "Duban Hutong" in the east; one vertical line running north-south starts from "Cangnan Hutong" in the south and ends with "Nanmencang Hutong" in the north.
Nowadays, residential areas of buildings have been built from "Nanmencang Hutong" to the south to "Chaoyangmen Nei Street" and from "Chaoyangmen North Street" to the east to "Chaoyangmen North Street". "Cangnan Community". There are the newly built "Shijia Hutong Primary School" new campus and the "Dongsi Olympic Community Park" in the community. To use a line from "Shajiabang" - "Today is different from the past, a shotgun has been replaced by a cannon."
The east-west line of "Cangnan Hutong" has run through the "Chaoyangmen North Street" and the "Chaoyangmen North Street", and the north-south line is clearly marked on the road sign: "Cangnan North Alley" .
No. 5 Cangnan Hutong is located on the north side of the middle section of the hutong, covering an area of more than 22,600 square meters. It is surrounded by walls made of city bricks, just like a castle. The south wall is in "Cangnan Hutong", the north wall is in "Nanmencang Hutong", the east wall is in "Luo Family Courtyard", and the west wall is in "Cangnan North Alley". Although the whole building faces south, the street gate faces west. It is a wall-mounted gate with bricks on both sides, allowing trucks to enter and exit. Although the street gate is built in "Cangnan North Lane", the house number remains. It's "No. 5 Cangnan Hutong".
No. 5 Cangnan Hutong is currently a unit dormitory, and construction is currently underway in the courtyard.
In June 1986, the Dongcheng District People's Government announced it as a cultural relic protection unit as "Duan Qirui's Residence".
This house was originally the residence of Yun Hu, the 22nd son of Emperor Kangxi of the Qing Dynasty. Yunhu was granted the title of Beizi in the eighth year of Yongzheng (1730), Jin Beile in the tenth year of Yongzheng, and died in the eighth year of Qianlong (1743). His posthumous title was "Gongqin". Therefore, the mansion is also called "Gongqin Baylor Mansion". Yunhu's eldest son Hongfu attacked Beizi in the ninth year of Qianlong and died in the forty-ninth year of Qianlong; his eldest son Yongzhi attacked Zhen Guogong in the same year, but was dismissed the next year. So the mansion was also called "Kongfu Courtyard".
During the Beiyang Government period, Duan Qirui purchased the "Kongfu Courtyard" and carried out extensive construction and large-scale reconstruction.
When Duan Qirui lived here, the street gate should have faced south, but the gate of the house, which was three rooms wide, was changed to a large Western-style iron gate; inside the gate was a large globe with an eagle standing proudly. It stood on top of it and was demolished during the "Cultural Revolution". Of the buildings on the central axis of the original palace, only the main hall remains, which has been expanded into a Republic-era style building with nine rooms in width and a new corridor in front. The courtyard is surrounded by meandering water, with five stone bridges in the front (south), three in the back (north), two in the back (north). There are a group of Western-style houses built in the east, west and north of the backyard of the main hall. The two-story building in the north is the main building, and the east and west are auxiliary rooms (one floor) connected by corridors with melon-edge cement columns. On the east side of the main hall, there is a two-story Western-style building, which is said to be the residence of Duan's mother; on the west side of the main hall, there is a dance hall with two floors of windows, which is actually one floor. It is said that Duan Qirui held a state meeting here when he was in power.
No. 5 Cangnan Hutong was once the residence of Duan Qirui, so it is called "Old Duan Mansion".
"Lao Duan's Mansion" probably cannot be interpreted as "Lao Duan's residence". Because Duan Qirui also had real estate in "Fuxue Hutong" in the Jiaodaokou area of today's Dongcheng District. "Yandu Congkao" records: "Fuxue Hutong, Wenwenshan Temple is in the west, and Duan Hefei lived in the east when he was Prime Minister." Therefore, "Old Duan Mansion" has the function of identification and is the "home of Duan Qirui" That's what it means.
Duan Qirui (1865-1936), the leader of the Anhui warlords, was originally named Qirui, also named Zhiquan, and was born in Hefei, Anhui. Graduated from Tianjin Military Academy and later went to Germany to study military affairs. In 1896, he founded the Beiyang Army with Yuan Shikai, and together with Wang Shizhen and Feng Guozhang, he was known as the "Three Heroes of Beiyang".
After the Revolution of 1911, Duan Qirui served as Army Chief, Chief of Staff, and Prime Minister in the Beiyang Government. After Yuan Shikai's death in 1916, Duan Qirui took control of the real power of the Beijing government. During his tenure as Prime Minister, he had a "mansion battle" with Li Yuanhong, which later led to "Zhang Xun's Restoration" and "Machang Pledge". Duan Qirui won a great victory, which strengthened his real power in the Beijing government. In 1920, Duan Qirui was defeated and resigned in the "Zhi-Anhui War", but he still had an important influence in the warlord competition by relying on the Anhui army in his hands.
In 1924, after the second Zhili-Fengtian War, Duan Qirui was elected to govern the provisional government by Feng Yuxiang who contacted Zhang Zuolin. During this period, Duan Qirui created the appalling "March 18th Massacre". On March 18, 1926, people from all walks of life in Beijing held the "National Demonstration Meeting Against the Eight-Power Ultimatum" in Tiananmen Square. After the meeting, people gathered in groups to petition in front of the ruling government in Tieshihutong. Facing the unarmed and unprepared petition team, Duan Qirui brazenly ordered the guards to shoot and suppress them. More than 40 people were killed on the spot and more than 100 were injured.
The "March 18th Massacre" shocked the whole country. Lu Xun angrily wrote that "March 18th was the darkest day since the Republic of China" and published a series of appeals such as "A Rose Without Flowers" and "In Memory of Mr. Liu Hezhen"; Feng Yuxiang ordered Beijing Security Commander Lu Zhonglin to arrest him. Duan Qirui. Duan Qirui fled to Tianjin and later moved to Shanghai.
On November 2, 1936, Duan Qirui died of illness at his residence on Xiafei Road, Shanghai. On November 5, the Nationalist Government issued an order regarding the state funeral of Duan Qirui. It turned out that after Duan's death, Chiang Kai-shek allocated 200,000 yuan to purchase a cemetery in Huangshan. However, his son Duan Hongye believed that it was his father who made his fortune through entrepreneurship, and that all his fame was in the "capital", so he decided to carry the coffin northward and find a new geomantic omen in the suburbs of Pingshui. On December 11, Duan Qirui's coffin was transported to Peiping, where it was held in public for three days and temporarily housed in the Reclining Buddha Temple, waiting for burial. Unexpectedly, this wait is 28 years.
The reason is: Duan Qirui’s legacy stayed at the Temple of the Reclining Buddha for less than a year, and Peiping fell. Of course, the Japanese and puppet authorities would not recognize the National Government’s decision to bury Duan Qirui in the state; after the victory of the Anti-Japanese War, The Kuomintang authorities were busy with the civil war and had no time to take care of it; after the founding of New China, the People's Government would not hold a state funeral for a deceased warlord.
In 1964, Duan Qirui’s old subordinates and old friends Zhang Shizhao and others came forward to quietly bury Duan Qirui’s body in the water area of Wanan Cemetery. Zhang Shizhao also inscribed on the front of the white marble tombstone Inscription: "Duan Gongzhiquan is male to Hongye, Hongfan and his grandsons Jingli".
Zhang Shizhao never forgot his old friend and repaid his kindness, so Duan Qirui was buried 28 years after his death.