Ohm's "Gavanic Circuit: A Mathematical Study"
In 1827, Ohm published "Mathematical Discussion of Galvanic Circuits", which theoretically demonstrated Ohm's law. Ohm believed that the research results would be recognized by the academic community and he would be invited to teach. But he thought wrong. The publication of the book attracted a lot of ridicule and slander, and university professors looked down upon him as a middle school teacher. The German Bauer attacked him and said: "Those who look at the world from a pious perspective should not read this book, because it is purely an incredible deception, and its only purpose is to blaspheme the dignity of nature." All this made Ohm very happy. Sadly, he wrote in a letter to a friend: "The birth of the Galvanic circuit has brought me great pain. I really complain that it was not born at the right time, because the people who live in the court have little knowledge and cannot understand it. "The true feelings of its mother."
Of course, many people are unhappy with Ohm. Schweiger (the inventor of the galvanometer), the editor of the Journal of Chemistry and Physics who published Ohm's paper, wrote to Ohm: "Please believe that the light of truth behind the dark clouds and dust will eventually shine through and disperse them with a smile." Ohm resigned from his position in Cologne and worked as a private teacher for several years until seven or eight years later. With the progress of research on circuit work, people gradually realized the importance of Ohm's law, and Ohm's own reputation was greatly improved. In 1841, the Royal Society awarded him the Copley Medal, in 1842 he was appointed as a foreign member, and in 1845 he was admitted as an academician of the Bavarian Academy of Sciences. In honor of him, the unit of resistance, "ohm", was named after his surname.
Further experiments led to the law named after him. Later, he conducted mathematical processing and theoretical processing of his experimental work, and wrote the book "Gavanic Circuit-Mathematical Research" (published in 1827).
Georg Simon Ohm (1787-1854), a German physicist, was born on March 16, 1787 in Erlangen, Bavaria. His father was a skilled locksmith with an interest in science and a fondness for philosophy and mathematics. Under the influence and education of his father, he was very interested in mathematics and mastered some metal processing skills, which created good conditions for his later study and research. He graduated from the University of Erlangen in 1811 and obtained a doctorate in philosophy. Taught in secondary schools in Erlangen and Bamberg; published his first book "Geometry Textbook" in 1817; taught mathematics and physics at the preparatory school of Cologne University from 1817 to 1826; worked at the Berlin Military Academy from 1826 to 1833; from 1833 onwards Appointed as a professor of physics at the Nuremberg Polytechnic; awarded the Copley Medal by the Royal Society in 1841; admitted as a foreign member of the Royal Society in 1842; a member of the Bavarian Academy of Sciences in 1845; a non-permanent professor at the University of Munich in 1849, and a non-permanent professor at the University of Munich in 1852. Full professor of the school; died in Munich on July 6, 1854.
Ohm's most important contribution was the establishment of circuit laws. He was influenced by Fourier's theory of heat conduction (the heat flow between two points in a heat-conducting rod is proportional to the temperature difference between the two points) to study his law. At that time, there was still a lack of clear concepts of electromotive force, current intensity and even resistance, and suitable galvanometers were also being explored. He used a thermoelectric battery and a torsion scale, and after many experiments and inductive calculations, he succeeded. In 1825, he published his first paper, "A Preliminary Statement of the Laws Concerning Electricity Conducted in Metals," which discussed the relationship between the attenuation of the electromagnetic force of electric current and the length of the wire. Furthermore, he experimentally measured the electrical conductivity of different metals. In the process of making wires, he directly benefited from his father's superb skills. British scholar P. Barlow discovered that the current is the same in all parts of the circuit. This result inspired Ohm, which made him think that the current intensity (which he called "electromagnetic force" at the time) could be used as the force in the circuit. A basic quantity. Further experiments led to the law named after him. Later, he conducted mathematical processing and theoretical processing of his experimental work, and wrote the book "Gavanic Circuit-Mathematical Research" (published in 1827).
When Ohm's law was first published, it was not taken seriously by the German academic community. Instead, it was criticized and attacked in various ways. Ohm presented a copy of his book to the then Prussian Minister of Education Sulz and asked for a job at the university. But the minister was not interested in science and only sent him to military school. At this time, G.E. Pohl, a physicist who was well-known in the German physics community, first wrote an article attacking Ohm's "Galvani Circuits-Mathematical Research", saying that the book was "an incredible deception." ", "Its only purpose is to desecrate the dignity of nature." Under strong pressure, Ohm hoped that the king would come forward to solve the problem. He wrote a letter to King Ludwig I, and therefore formed a special committee of the Bavarian Academy of Sciences to review it. The result was that the matter was settled due to different opinions. In his letter to a friend, he revealed his painful mood during this period: "The birth of "The Galvanic Circuit" has brought me great pain. I really complain that it was not born at the right time, because the person who lives in the imperial court has brought me great pain." People have little knowledge and they cannot understand the true feelings of their mothers." It was only when Ohm's work later gained great fame abroad that it gained attention in the domestic scientific community.
After the efforts of P. Ermann (1764-1851), H.W. Dove (1803-1879), Hermann and others, Ohm realized his long-cherished wish and became a physics professor at the University of Munich. professor. In honor of his contribution to circuit theory, the unit of resistance was named ohm.
His research work also includes acoustics, optics and other aspects.