Looking for review materials for politics, history, geography, and biology in the first year of junior high school. The final exam is coming soon, hurry!

I think it is better to do more exercises in politics, biology and history, and in geography, I would like to criticize the outline and graphics. This is only my personal opinion. I wish you success in the final semester!

Politics

1. Multiple-choice questions (each question is 3 points ***33 points.)

1. The physical and psychological troubles that middle school students have during adolescence. Who has a correct understanding of these troubles ( )

2. The new characteristics of junior high school learning are shown in ( )

① The number of learning subjects has increased ② You can learn more knowledge in the classroom

③ You can use the knowledge and abilities you have acquired to learn Some extracurricular knowledge

④Read more reference books

A. ①②④ B． ②③④ C. ①②③ D. ①②③④

3. Adolescence is a critical period of physical development in a person's life. Which of the following is not a physiological change during puberty ( )

A Changes in body appearance

B Improvement of body content and organs

C Maturation of sexual function D Emotionally rich

4. "The wind roars and the cranes roar, and the grass and trees are all in war" expresses a kind of emotion ( )

A. Hi B. Angry c. Sad D. Fear

5. The saying "people feel refreshed when happy events happen" tells us ( )

A. Emotions can be divided into positive emotions and negative emotions

B. Emotions can have positive and negative effects on people

C. People can regulate their emotions as they wish

D. Emotions can have magical effects on people

6. Puberty generally refers to: ( )

A. 13-14 years old B. 10-19 years old C. 10-18 years old D. 4-16 years old

7. Everyone has his or her own strengths and weaknesses, how should we view our own strengths and weaknesses ( )

A. We should see more of our own shortcomings, and people should be more humble

B. You must see both your strengths and weaknesses, both of them

C. You should see more of your own strengths so that you can encourage yourself

D. All the above are correct

8. "Youth allows everyone to bloom once, but it does not guarantee that everyone will bear fruit once. Whether the fruit can bear fruit often depends on: when you are still a flower." Cen Sang's famous saying inspires us

A. Cherish your youth and let your youth bloom ( )

B. Everyone will become a talented person in their youth

C. Youth is a flower in full bloom , she exudes a charming fragrance

D. Youth is a flower that will surely bear fruit once and for all

9. Understanding oneself through others is one of the ways to understand oneself. The following are some statements about the attitudes and evaluations of others. The correct ones should be ( )

①It doesn’t matter whether other people’s opinions are listened to or not

②Others’ opinions can help us know and understand ourselves

③We should calmly analyze other people’s opinions and neither blindly follow nor ignore them

④Don’t listen to others Opinion, blind confidence

A.①② B.②③ C.①④ D.①②③④

10. Facing the rain, Xiao Ming said: "It's really annoying. It's raining. How can we play football?" Xiao Gang said: "This rain is really timely. Spring rain is as precious as oil."

Xiaojuan said: "What if it rains? Can't we just go to school with an umbrella?" "Also facing the rain, why do these three children have different emotional expressions? ( )

A. The three people have different positions, attitudes and interests

B ．The environment and psychology of the three people are different

C. The social status and status of the three people are different

D. The family environment of the three people is different

11. In adolescence, we will have many inner conflicts that are difficult to resolve. The way to solve them is ( )

① Seek help from teachers, parents, relatives and friends ② Hide it in your heart and don’t tell others

③Let it develop naturally ④Learn to be your own "psychiatrist"

A.①④ B.①② C.①③ D.②④

2. Multiple-choice questions (2 points for missed selection, 0 points for multiple selections, 4 points for all selections, ***20 points)

1. Please judge which of the following are positive effects of emotions on people ()

A. Always lose energy when things go wrong

B. Feel sad about unsatisfactory results, but try to correct them after discovering the problem

C. Xiaoling is often jealous of others who surpass her in some aspects, and is afraid that she will fall behind

D. Xiaohua is open-minded and good at finding happiness around her and finding joy in learning and life

2. “If a young man doesn’t work hard, he will be miserable. "The inspiration this sentence gives us is ( )

A Youth is beautiful, we must cherish our youth

B If we do not cherish our youth, we will achieve nothing in the future and regret it< /p>

C Youth is a critical period for creating a better life

D. Youth is infinitely good and we should have fun

3. The psychological development of teenagers has the following characteristics. ( )

A. The intelligence gradually develops to the peak period

B. The self-awareness develops rapidly and the "adult feeling" is strong

C. Strong, but unstable, bipolar

D. Sexual development accelerates and sexual consciousness emerges

4. When you encounter problems that you cannot understand in adolescence, you can ( )

A. Seek help from teachers B. Learn from parents

C. By reading books or surfing the Internet D. Forget about what you don’t understand, there won’t be any exams anyway

30. Xiao Ming, a seventh-grade student in a middle school, had excellent grades when he was in elementary school. After entering junior high school, he still studied very hard and spent a lot of time studying. , but his grades are not as good as before, and he is very worried.

If you are Xiao Ming’s classmate, please help him get out of trouble.

Answer:

IV. Analysis question (***13 points)

Identification: It is normal to point out, joke, and give nicknames to others’ physical development characteristics. .

Answer:

5. Analysis question (***4 points)

On Sunday, my mother discovered that Zhou Chao dyed his hair three colors. , and also wearing earrings, he said to him: "You are a student, how can you dress up so weirdly. Zhou Chao said disapprovingly: "You are so old-fashioned!" Many classmates are envious of my fashionable dress, but they just don't have the courage to do it. "My mother said a few more words, and Zhou Chao said angrily: "I have grown up, how I dress up is my own business, you don't have to worry about it! ”

(1) Do you think we should listen to our parents’ opinions after entering junior high school? Why?

Answer:

(2) Please be a middle school student Some reasonable suggestions on how to dress

Answer:

Biology

Chapter 1, Observing the Structure of Cells

1. Except for , living organisms are composed of cells; they are the basic unit of structure and function of living organisms.

2. The instrument for observing cells is

3. Microscope.

Practice: I see "up" and "P" in the field of view. What are the ? on the glass slide?

4. Eyepiece × objective lens = microscope magnification. The smaller the magnification, the more and smaller the objects to be observed; the larger the magnification, the fewer and larger the objects to be observed;

Exercise: The three microscopes are: ①5× 10×; ②10× 40×; ③20× 45 ×, which has the largest number of cells in the field of view.

5. The observation material of the microscope must be thin and transparent.

6. Microscope stain judgment: If the stain does not move when the specimen is moved, it may be at or ; if the eyepiece is rotated again, the stain does not move, the stain must be at .

7. Types of slide specimens: (cutting organisms), (liquid smearing), (tearing off or picking organisms).

8. Drawing: plant cell model diagram (P45) and animal cell model diagram (P48)

9. The juice of plants such as vegetables and fruits comes from the cells.

10. , , and are the unique structures of animal and plant cells; , and , are unique to plant cells; both animal and plant cells have mitochondria.

Chapter 2, Cell Life

1. Substances are divided into two categories: one type of molecules is generally free of molecules, such as water, inorganic salts and oxygen. ; A type of molecule generally contains substances such as sugars, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids.

2. Control the entry and exit of substances; the energy converters in the cytoplasm are and ;

Convert light energy into chemical energy; is the power workshop.

3. It is a genetic information database; the material carrier for storing genetic information is composed of DNA and protein; the constant quantity is very important for the normal life of organisms and the propagation of seeds. There are chromosomes in the nucleus, DNA in the chromosomes, and genetic information on the DNA.

4. The growth of an organism from small to large is inseparable from the structure and function of cells. Cell causes the cell size to increase, and cell causes the cell number to increase.

5. The changes are most obvious when the cell nucleus divides; after cell division, the new cell has the same chromosome shape and number as the original cell, and contains the same genetic material.

6. Cell life requires matter and energy. The cell nucleus contains genetic information. Cells are a unity of matter, energy and information.

7. The growth and development of animals, including humans and plants, starts from one cell——.

8. The structural level of the animal body is: ( )

A. Cell-tissue-system-organ-human body B. System-tissue-organ-cell-human body

C. Cell-tissue-organ-system-human body D. Cell-tissue-organ-human body

9. Animal body tissues: epithelial tissue (protection, secretion; inside and outside glands and organs Surface), muscle tissue (contraction, relaxation; heart, biceps), connective tissue (support, nutrition, support and protection; bone tissue and blood), nervous tissue (spinal cord, brain)

10 , the coordination and cooperation of the eight major systems enable life activities to proceed normally.

Exercise: Various sports can be completed by relying on the movement system. ( )

11. The six major organs of green flowering plants are , , , , , .

History

Lesson 7:

Five Hegemons of the Spring and Autumn Period:

1, ;2, ;3, ;4, ;5 , ;

The first to dominate is:

Conditions: (1). Appoint the prime minister to reform internal affairs, and Qi will soon become rich and powerful;

(2) , put forward the slogan " " and actively carried out external activities.

Mark: In 651 BC, an alliance of princes was held in , establishing its dominance.

Jin-Chu struggle for hegemony: The overlord of Jin is: ; the overlord of Chu is: .

The Seven Heroes of the Warring States Period: East; West, ; South, ; North, ; Middle, ;

He Zong: represents the person;

Bian Heng: represents the person.

1. 770 BC---476 BC, is a period in the history of our country, and 475 BC---221 BC, is a period in the history of our country.

2. The five overlords were Duke Huan of Qi, Duke Xianggang of Song, Duke Wen of Jin, Duke Mu of Qin, and King Zhuang of Chu. They were called in history.

3. Among the five hegemons of the Spring and Autumn Period, he was the first to dominate. He appointed him as prime minister, put forward his slogan, and established his dominance in the Central Plains at the princes alliance held in him.

4. In the dispute between Jin and Chu, it was , who defeated Jin in the Battle of Mi and became the overlord.

5. Jin was split into , , , and the original , , , were added and called .

6. The alliance between the north and the south among the six countries, and the two countries jointly resisted Qin, is called . Qin took advantage of the contradictions between the six countries, made close contacts at a distance, and attacked each other, which was called .

Lesson 8

Shang Yang’s Reform: Year of Time; King;

Background: (1) Spring and Autumn Period, widely used in agricultural production;

(2) During the Warring States Period, people began to use tractor plows for farming;

(3) Classes began to appear on the stage of history;

(4) In order to change the Qin State The backward situation led to Shang Yang's reform.

Main content.

Significance:

1. During the Spring and Autumn Period, tools began to be widely used in agricultural production and occupied a dominant position. During this period, people began to use plows pulled by two oxen for farming.

2. The popularization and use of iron tools for oxen farming enabled individual production to replace collective farming and promoted the emergence of an emerging class.

3. Among the reforms during the Warring States Period, the most influential was those of the Qin State.

Lesson 9:

Oracle bone inscriptions: The characters of the Shang Dynasty were engraved on _______ or _______, called oracle bone inscriptions.

The written history of our country begins with the _____ Dynasty.

1. During the Shang Dynasty, the characters carved on tortoise shells and animal bones were called .

2. Our country’s written history began with , and the Chinese characters we have today developed from .

3. The Shang Dynasty bronzes unearthed from the Yin Ruins are the largest bronzes discovered in the world.

Lesson 10:

Confucius: A native of Lu in his late years, the founder of the school of thought.

Main ideas: and two parts;

Educational proposition: ① founded, advocating "teaching without distinction"; ② encourage students to think independently and dare to insist on correct opinions; ③ adopt the following methods when teaching methods to develop students’ potential.

The disciples compiled his remarks into a book " ".

A Hundred Schools of Thought: Time Period

Background: During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, the rapid development of productive forces impacted the traditional social order and triggered tremendous social changes.

The main ideas of the representative works of the representative figures of the school

Function:

1. During the Spring and Autumn Period, my country's great thinker and educator was. He also founded the school. His remarks are mainly collected in one book.

2. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, a situation emerged in the field of thought. The main schools at that time were , , , and their representatives were , , , and .

3. During the Spring and Autumn Period, the founder of the military strategist wrote a military work.

Lesson 11:

Dujiangyan: time period; characters; location on the river;

Function:

1. Warring States Period , the large-scale water conservancy project built by the father and son of the prefect of Shu County in the State of Qin in the Minjiang River Basin.

2. The magical large-scale combination musical instrument represents the level of music and art in my country during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period.

3. The famous craftsman of the Warring States Period was revered as the ancestor by craftsmen of all generations.

Geography:

1. The maximum circumference of the earth's latitudes is the equator. It is about 40,000 kilometers long. The surface area of ​​the earth is 510 million square kilometers. The average radius of the Earth is 6371km.

2. The largest continent in the world is Asia, and the smallest continent is Oceania. The largest of the four oceans is the Pacific Ocean, the smallest ocean is the Arctic Ocean, and the highest latitude ocean is the Arctic Ocean.

3. If the scale on the map is large, the range represented is small, but the content is detailed. The three forms of scale are digital, line segment, and text. Of the four oceans on Earth, the Arctic Ocean is the one with the widest range of longitudes. Of the seven continents, Antarctica is the one that spans the widest range of longitudes.

4. On the contour topographic map, where the slope is steep, the contour lines are dense; where the slope is gentle, the contour lines are sparse. The three elements of a map are direction, scale, legend and annotation. The largest island in the world is Greenland.

5. There are generally five types of land terrain, namely mountains, plains, plateaus, basins, and hills. The main causes of sea and land changes are crustal changes and sea level rise and fall. Among the five zones, the northern frigid zone and the southern frigid zone receive the least heat from the sun.

6. Gagarin was the first astronaut in the world to enter space in a spacecraft. my country's first astronaut to enter space on a spacecraft was Yang Liwei. On the earth's surface, the total land area accounts for 29% of the total surface area.

7. Among the seven continents in the world, the dividing line between North America and South America is the Panama Canal. The dividing line between Asia and Africa is the Suez Canal. The dividing line between Asia and Europe is the Ural Mountains, the Ural River, the Caspian Sea, the Greater Caucasus Mountains, the Black Sea, and the Turkish Strait.

8. The largest lake in the world is the Caspian Sea. Antarctica is the continent with the highest average altitude in the world and is known as the "Ice and Snow Plateau". The largest desert in the world is the Sahara Desert.

9. The theory of continental drift was proposed by the German scientist Wegener. In the 1960s, people proposed the theory of plate tectonics. The earth's surface is composed of six major plates, namely the Eurasian plate, the African plate, the Indian Ocean plate, the Pacific plate, the American plate, and the Antarctic plate.

10. The largest plain in the world is the Amazon Plain. The largest river in the world is the Amazon River. The longest river in the world is the Nile. The world's largest tropical rainforest climate zone is the Amazon basin.

11. The land on the earth is mainly distributed in the northern hemisphere when viewed from the southern and northern hemispheres. In terms of the division of the two hemispheres of the earth, the northern and southern hemispheres are divided by the equator, and the eastern and western hemispheres are divided by 200W and 1600E.

12. The level of air quality is related to the amount of pollutants contained in the air, which can be expressed by the pollution index. If the value is small (large or small), it is beneficial to human health.

13. On the globe, the semicircle connecting the north and south poles is the longitude (also called the meridian), indicating the direction of north and south, and the length is equal. Lines of latitude are circles with unequal radii, indicating the east-west direction, and unequal lengths.

14. The largest peninsula in the world is the Arabian Peninsula. The zero degree longitude is called the prime meridian, and the zero degree latitude is the equator. The largest plateau in the world is the Brazilian Plateau, and the highest plateau is the Tibetan Plateau. The largest basin in the world is the Congo Basin. The continents that the equator passes through are Africa and South America.

15. On October 12, 1999, the world’s population reached 6 billion. The natural growth rate of population is the birth rate minus the death rate. Population density = number of residents/unit area. The shallow sea area extending from the continent to the ocean is called the continental shelf.

16. The indigenous inhabitants of North America include Indians and Inuit, who belong to the yellow race. Among the continents, Europe is dominated by plains. On a contour topographic map, the contour lines are convex from high to low. The terrain here is a ridge. The contour lines are convex from low to high. The terrain here is a valley. The terrain here is where the contours overlap. It's a cliff.

17. The world’s densely populated areas are mainly distributed in the east and south of Asia, Europe and the east of South and North America. Globally, they are mainly distributed in the plain areas of mid- and low-latitude offshore areas.

18. Currently, there are nearly 80 million more people in the world every year. Overpopulation and rapid population growth have huge impacts on the environment, economy and society. The revolution period is one year and the rotation period is one day. It orbits the sun.

19. In order to solve the problems caused by excessive population growth, human beings must control themselves and achieve planned births so that population growth is compatible with social and economic development, and consistent with resources and environmental conditions. coordination.

20. The three main races in the world are yellow race, white race and black race. The three major races in the world are all equal and there is no distinction between them. The homeland of black people is sub-Saharan Africa. The most spoken language in the world is Chinese, and the most widely spoken language is English.

21. The three major religions in the world are Christianity, Islam, and Buddhism. The religion with the most followers is Christianity. The working languages ​​of the United Nations are Chinese, English, French, Russian, Spanish, and Arabic.

22. Sparsely populated areas are mainly distributed in: arid desert areas, rainforest areas with an overly humid climate, high latitude areas with severe cold all year round, or high plateaus and mountainous areas.

23. The main race in eastern Asia is yellow, the main race in Europe is white, and the main race in southern Africa is black. The manifestations of internal forces include folds, faults, earthquakes, volcanoes, etc. External forces can manifest themselves in the form of sunlight, waves, wind erosion, running water, etc.

24. The main signs of settlement development are the increasing area, the increasing number of buildings, and the increasingly perfect roads. The mountain range that runs through western South America is the Andes.

25. The main factors for the formation and development of settlements include sufficient water sources, convenient transportation, fertile soil, flat terrain, and rich natural resources. If the scale on the map is small, the range represented is large, but the content is rough.

26. Settlement refers to the concentrated residence of people, which can be divided into two categories: rural and urban. The three types of precipitation are convective rain, orographic rain, and frontal rain.

27. Judging from the distribution of the world's annual average temperature, the hottest continent is Africa and the coldest continent is Antarctica. The continent with the largest cold area is Asia. The areas with higher average annual temperatures in the world are distributed between the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Cancer.

28. Generally speaking, the temperature is low in high latitudes and high in low latitudes. The temperature in mountainous areas decreases with the increase of altitude. For every 100m of altitude increase, the temperature drops by 0.6℃. This is the main reason why "a mountain has four seasons" and the snow on the top of the mountain does not melt all year round.

29. In my country, the southeastern United States and other regions, there is a climate: the average temperature of the coldest month in winter is above 0℃, the summer is hot and rainy (it is often said that rain and heat are in the same period), and the four seasons are distinct. The two climate types are subtropical monsoon climate and subtropical monsoon humid climate.

30. Tropical rainforest climate is mainly distributed near the equator, such as the Amazon Plain, Congo Basin, Malay Islands and other places. The savanna climate is mainly distributed on the north and south sides of the tropical rain forest climate. Africa has the largest savanna area in the world.

31. The world’s tropical monsoon climate is mainly distributed in the Indian Peninsula and Indochina. Tropical desert areas are mainly distributed in the inland areas where the Tropics of Cancer pass and the west coast of the continent. The Sahara area in northern Africa is the most extensive.

32. Two climate types are formed on the east and west sides of the continent at 300 to 400 degrees north and south latitude. The east coast has a subtropical monsoon climate, and the west coast has a Mediterranean climate. The height of the sun is higher where the sun shines directly than where it shines obliquely.

33. The polar day phenomenon can be seen in the Arctic region. The sun never sets above the horizon, and the sun moves clockwise in the sky. Compared with winter and summer, the water heater installation on residential buildings should be flatter (flat or vertical) in summer.

34. Wind direction refers to the direction in which the wind is blowing (from). Compared with the west coast of the continent near the Tropics of Cancer and Tropic of Cancer, the east coast of the continent has more precipitation. The physical quantity that represents the hot and cold conditions of the atmosphere is air temperature. Where isotherms are dense, the temperature difference is large; where isotherms are sparse, the temperature difference is small.

35. During the year, the temperature in the Northern Hemisphere is the highest in July and the lowest in January on the continent; the highest in August and the lowest in February on the ocean. The opposite is true for the Southern Hemisphere. The annual temperature change is called the annual temperature change.

36. In March and September, the sun shines directly at the equator, and day and night are equal around the world. The place known as the "rainiest place in the world" is Cherrapunji. Two important indicators of climate are temperature and precipitation.

37. The earth rotates around its axis, and the direction of the earth’s rotation is from west to east. The direction of revolution is from west to east. The result of the rotation is the alternation of day and night on the earth's surface, and the result of the revolution is the change of the four seasons of spring, summer, autumn and winter and the change of the length of day and night on the earth's surface.

38. When the direct point of the sun moves from the southern hemisphere to the equator, the solar term on this day is the vernal equinox, and the date is around March 21. When the sun shines directly on the Tropic of Cancer, polar day occurs in the Arctic Circle. Subarctic coniferous forests are mainly distributed in Russia and Canada.

39. The earth’s axis has a fixed inclination angle of 66.5 degrees with the orbital plane. This is the regular movement of the direct sun point between the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Cancer within a year, which also causes the height of the sun to change regularly at noon in various places.

40. The windward slopes of mountains receive more precipitation, while the leeward slopes receive less precipitation. In temperate zones, coastal areas receive more precipitation than inland areas. Compared with the equator and the poles, the annual precipitation is more at the equator and less at the poles.

The reason for the remarkable Asian monsoon climate is that Eurasia is the largest continent in the world, and the Pacific is the largest ocean in the world.

41. Due to the huge land-sea difference between the Eurasian continent and the Pacific Ocean, the famous temperate monsoon climate is formed in the eastern part of the temperate zone of the Eurasian continent. The common language in most countries in Latin America is Spanish; in Brazil, Portuguese is used.

42. Common weather symbols

43. Subtropical evergreen sclerophyll forests are formed under Mediterranean climate conditions. This climate is characterized by: hot and dry summers, mild winters Rainy. Summer in the Northern Hemisphere is June, July, and August, and autumn in the Southern Hemisphere is March, April, and May. Their seasons are opposite.

44. From the perspective of global temperature distribution, compared with land and oceans at the same latitude: the temperature on land is higher in summer. In the diurnal variation of temperature, the lowest temperature occurs around sunrise and the highest temperature occurs at two o'clock after noon.

45. People often use sunny, rainy, high and low temperature, overcast, wind strength, etc. to describe the weather. The outstanding characteristics of weather phenomena are short time and rapid change. The climate is relatively stable (long time, little change). The religion with the most believers and the widest spread in the world is Christianity. Magellan's fleet sailed around the world, passing through the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Oceans in sequence.

46. Weather forecast is the release of the weather conditions that will occur, mainly including temperature, cloudy or sunny days, possibility of precipitation, precipitation intensity, wind strength and air visibility, etc.

47. Most areas near the equator have a climate characterized by high temperatures and rainy weather all year round. This type of climate is a tropical rainforest climate. The main factors that affect climate include the shape of the earth (latitude factor), the movement of the earth, sea and land factors, topographic factors, and ocean current factors.

48. The annual temperature range is the difference between the highest monthly temperature minus the lowest monthly temperature. If the highest monthly temperature in a certain place is 32°C and the lowest monthly temperature is -12°C, then the annual temperature range of that place is 44°C. The most obvious region in the world with seasonal changes is the temperate zone.

49. The two widely distributed climate types in the world are temperate continental climate and subarctic coniferous forest climate, mainly distributed in Eurasia and the northern part of North America. Antarctica has a typical ice sheet climate. The main type of precipitation in my country is frontal rain.

50. Mountain plateaus in mid-latitude areas are characterized by vertical changes in natural landscape. The formation of the temperate maritime climate is mainly affected by the westerly wind. This climate is characterized by no severe cold in winter, no scorching heat in summer, and even precipitation throughout the year.

51. According to the different political systems of the world, the world can be divided into two types of countries: socialist countries and capitalist countries. For example, our country is a socialist country. According to plate tectonics, Australia lies on the Indian Ocean Plate.

52. The land, territorial waters, territorial sea and airspace within national boundaries are collectively referred to as territory. On the satellite cloud map, blue represents the ocean, green represents the land, and white represents the cloud and rain areas.

53. According to differences in economic development levels, countries in the world are usually divided into developed countries and developing countries. Judging from the characteristics of population growth, developed countries have slow growth. Our country is a developing country.

54. The largest and most influential global international organization in the world is the United Nations, which was founded on October 24, 1945. It is headquartered in New York, USA, and currently has 188 member states. The main administrative head of the United Nations is the Secretary-General. The current Secretary-General is South Korean Ban Ki-moon, who serves a five-year term.

55. The most populous country in the world is China, followed by India. The largest country in the world is Russia, with a land area of ​​17.07 million km2. The smallest country is the Vatican City.