The main attractions of Yongding Hakka earth building
Zhencheng Building is located in Hongkeng Village, Hukeng Town. Built in 19 12, covering an area of 5,000 square meters. It is a cantilever beam structure, which is divided into two circles, inside and outside, forming a pattern of buildings inside and outside. The front door is "divination" and the back door is "divination" The outer building circle has 4 floors, with 48 rooms on each floor and 6 rooms on each hexagram; Each hexagon has a staircase as a unit; These hexagrams are connected by arches. There are one hall, two wells (which coincide with the yin and yang poles in the Eight Diagrams), three doors (namely, the main entrance and two side doors, which coincide with the talents of heaven, earth and people in the Eight Diagrams) and eight units. There is a wall of fire between hexagrams. If a hexagram catches fire, it won't affect the whole building. There is also a divination door between divination and divination, which is closed and self-contained, and all parties can communicate after opening. Once the thief enters the house and the divination door is closed, he can catch the live turtle in the urn. The ancestral hall is like a stage. There are four big stone pillars in front of the stage, which are nearly 2 meters in circumference and 7 meters in height. On both sides of the stage, 30 rooms form an inner ring, and the exquisite cast iron lattice railings in the corridor on the second floor are transported from Shanghai to the building for inlaying. In the hall and lintel, there are inscriptions, such as President Lee's views on the Inner Hall and his words and deeds in the early years of the Republic of China. There are more than 20 permanent couplets and inscriptions in the building, which fully show the connotation of tulou culture.
The facilities layout of the whole building has both the imprint of Suzhou gardens and the characteristics of ancient Greek architecture. It can be called a wonderful architectural work that combines Chinese and western cultures. 1995, its architectural model and the Temple of Heaven in Beijing participated in the World Architecture Exhibition in Los Angeles, USA, which caused a sensation and was known as the "Pearl of Oriental Architecture".
Why do Yongding people build earth buildings according to gossip? Investigate its historical roots: First of all, the Hakkas migrated from the Central Plains and were deeply influenced by the traditional culture of China, and the Eight Diagrams is one of the classics in the traditional culture of China, so it is reasonable to use it when building houses. Secondly, after the spread and migration of several generations, in order to survive, they are faced with various natural and social difficulties. Gossip has been used by people since ancient times to arrange troops and defend against the enemy. From the security point of view, it is not surprising that wise Hakkas use gossip when designing and building earth buildings. Chengqi Building is located in Gaobei Village, Gaotou Township. It is said that ground was broken in Chongzhen of Ming Dynasty and completed in Kangxi of Qing Dynasty. It lasted three generations and lasted for half a century. Its scale is huge, its shape is peculiar, and its antique appearance is full of strong local flavor. "Four floors, four floors, 400 rooms up and down; Inside and outside the circle, outside the trap circle, it has experienced vicissitudes for 300 years, which is a vivid portrayal of architecture. The diameter of the city building is 73 meters, and the circumference of the corridor is 229.34 meters. The whole building is three circles and one center. The outer ring has four floors, with a height of 16.4m and 72 rooms on each floor. Second floor, 40 rooms on each floor; The third circle is a single floor with 32 rooms, centered on the ancestral hall. There are 400 rooms, 3 doors and 2 wells in the whole building, with a total floor area of 5376.438+07 square meters. There are more than 60 families and 400 people living in the whole building. Chengqi Building, with its tall, thick, rugged and majestic architectural style and elegant plastic arts in gardens and courtyards, is integrated with the poetic and picturesque meaning of mountains and rivers, which has amazed countless tourists. Taiwan Province Lilliputian and Shenzhen splendid china both have building models. 198 1 was included in the dictionary of places of interest in China, and it is known as the "king of earth buildings", competing with China places of interest such as the Temple of Heaven in Beijing and the Mogao Grottoes in Dunhuang.
1986, China's Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications issued a series of stamps on China's residential buildings, among which Fujian's residential stamps were based on Chengqi Building, and were rated as the best stamps of the year in Japan. This cultural relic building is located in Shangyang Village, Gaobei Town. Built in the first year of Xianfeng in Qing Dynasty (185 1), it is a square earth building. The width of the external wall is136m, the length from north to south is 76m, and the area is10336m2. The main building in the back seat is17m high and 5 stories high, which is the tallest building in Yongding. The left and right ends of the main building are vertically connected with a small four-story building and closely connected with the four-story front building parallel to the main building, forming a huge square building, thus forming a big "mouth". There is also a group of small "mouth"-shaped buildings inside, forming a unique "Hui"-shaped overall shape. It is really "a door in the door, a building in the building, overlapping", and the locals call it a "mansion". In the middle is the ancestral hall. There are two schools in the front building, one on the left and the other on the right. Children in the building can study in the building. There is a shiping in the middle of the school and a gatehouse in front. The gate is 6 meters high and 4 meters wide. Behind the main building, there is a garden, a fish pond, a barn, a cowshed and other ancillary buildings. The heritage building has 280 rooms.
Cultural relic building is the largest square earth building known at present. * * * has 267 rooms, 5 1 hall, covering an area of 5 hectares and a building area of over 4,000 square meters. The whole building has a regular layout and is in good order, which took more than 70 years to build. The locals describe it this way: a person opens the window as soon as the sun rises, goes downstairs to eat at noon, and then goes upstairs to close the window until the sun goes down. The typical building of the earth building in the mansion is the Yulong building in Gaobei Yongding, which was built in the eighth year of Qing Daoguang (1828) and took six years to complete. It has a history of 170 years. On the lintel, the word "blessed land" is left, and the plaque "father and son enter the exam" is hung. The whole building is 108m deep and 58m wide, and the main building is 1 1.4m high. There are 25 halls in the whole building, with 1 18 rooms. There is a fish pond outside the gatehouse, with a width of17m and a width of 30m. Behind the main building is a hillside with a 55-meter-long fan fence. The whole building covers an area of nearly ten thousand square meters. The pillars of nave and Qiantang are load-bearing, the wood carving screens and screen columns are not painted, the huge eaves are scattered at will, and the roof is sealed with nine ridges, which makes the whole building complex appear harmonious and unified in the overlapping courtyards and scattered buildings.
After visiting the building, Professor Chen Congzhou, a famous landscape architect and Tongji University, wrote in "The Victory of Fujian Travel Notes": Although I lingered at dusk and couldn't bear to do it, I improvised a poem day on my way home: as if I had just fallen asleep in the fairy mountain, my eyes were still blurred; The wind is gone, Song Yuan's painting, so the balcony is not Yi Tu's. Rusheng Building is a small and exquisite earth building among many earth buildings in Yongding, commonly known as "Misheng Building", which was built in 190 1 with a history of nearly a hundred years. Fang Donglin, originally short of room, later had a dream: a red sunset was here. He thought the buildings here were good, so he tried his best to raise money. It took him three years to build the smallest round building.
Why is it named Rushenglou? Because the building is small, like the rice "meter liter" made of bamboo tubes by Hakkas in the past, many tourists call it "pocket earth building". For example, the rising building is a single-ring structure with a circumference of only 56.6 meters and a diameter of 18.2 meters. The indoor patio is round, the inner edge of the roof tile is gossip-shaped, and the outer edge is round. There are six families living in the building, which is compact and orderly. The name "Rushenglou" has a deeper meaning-if the sun rises, it will be brilliant for thousands of years. Zhenfulou is located in Xia Nanxi, Hukeng Town, with beautiful scenery. "Danshan shows the phoenix, and the water is clear." This couplet accurately depicts the landscape picture of Zhen Fu architecture in harmony with its surrounding environment. The gate of Zhen Fu Building faces the ever-flowing Nanxi. The stream is wide and gentle, and the stones are lying in the river. The riverbanks on both sides are high, thick and strong. Not far from the bridge, there are deep pools and clear waters, and the ancient banyan trees are lush, such as umbrellas. If you stand on the village road on the other side of the gate and look back at Zhen Fu Building, you can see that the roof of Zhen Fu Building is just between the mountains on both sides of the canyon, and the building is neither high nor short, which just plays a transitional role between the two mountains. It can be said that the beautiful and quiet pastoral environment centered on Zhenfulou is a masterpiece of the integration of heaven and earth.
This kind of scenery was chosen as the main picture at the beginning of the 8-episode TV series "Tulou Family". Zhen Fu Building is also a magnificent circular building, which is designed according to the eight diagrams layout. This building uses a lot of stones and bricks, and it is finely carved. It is also an earth building with a combination of Chinese and western walls, and is called the "sister building" of the town tower. Zhen Fu Building covers an area of more than 4,000 square meters, with 3 halls and 96 rooms. The central hall is 20 feet high and 20 feet wide, with granite columns on both sides, engraved with couplets of "Revitalization Prospect, Happiness and Prosperity". On the right outside the building are the former tobacco manufacturing workshops and workers' houses. The collapsed building on the left was originally a western-style school and amusement park, which was destroyed during the Cultural Revolution. Zhen Fu Building was built in 19 13. Su Zhentai, the builder of the building, was born in poverty. After studying in a private school for several years, I first learned to plan cigarettes and then learned to sell them. I made a fortune in tobacco business in Guangdong and Shanghai. I chose this land of geomantic omen, and built Zhen Fu Mansion with tens of thousands of oceans. Su Zhentai has many descendants, including hundreds overseas, many of whom are experts and scholars. Xiang Yan Building is a round earth building, located in Xinnan Village. Built in 1880, founded by Su. When Su Gu was a teenager, his family was very poor. After middle age, I ran a cigarette business in my hometown and Shanghai, and the business was booming, so I built this building. The main body diameter of Xiang Yan Building is 40m, the bottom wall thickness is 1.5m, the top wall thickness is 0.7m, and the wall height is 1 4.5m. There are1door 2, 3 halls and 4 ladders, with 34 rooms on each floor and 4 rooms on * *136. There are 4 bathrooms next to the stairs on the ground floor and 6 bathrooms next to the hall. The first floor is the kitchen and dining room, the second floor is the granary, and the third and fourth floors are the bedrooms. The door is nailed with steel plates, and the top of the door is equipped with a fire hose water tank. In the past, bandits robbed and tried to set fire to the door, all of which failed.
The main building is also built according to the eight diagrams, which is characterized by: the inner hall of the building is like a mansion, with a back hall, a middle hall and a front hall, and wings on the left and right sides. The inner and outer walls of the hall and the left and right small doors are beautifully carved, and the paintings and calligraphy on the walls are exquisite. The overall layout is harmonious and unified, beautiful and practical. The streams, running water and scenery in front of the building are unique. Terrain and environment of the building are "a satellite alone, a saddle companion" on the left, "Ying Ge Cheng Xiang, a golden basin on the shelf" on the right, "Jade case of penholder" in front and "Phoenix spreading its wings" behind. The scenery is excellent and pleasing to the eye. The strangest thing is that there are three ancient pine trees in their 200 s behind the building. From 1979 to 198 1, in the evening at the turn of summer and autumn, kitchen smoke slowly rose into the sky, and thousands of people saw this strange landscape. 1On the evening of May 7, 993, the same spectacle appeared again. No one has given a scientific explanation for this strange phenomenon.
The name of Xiang Yan Building implies that "descendants are prosperous and scholarly families are handed down from generation to generation". The gate outside the building reads "Great Blessed Land", and the couplets on both sides are: "Rich and colorful virtues, ancient books". It's a "poem and ritual heirloom". Among the thirteen grandchildren of Su Descendants, five scholars and one juren worked in Fuzhou and other places. Up to now, there are 500 to 600 people, of whom more than 400 live in Southeast Asia and other places. There are 16 families living in Xiang Yan Building, with nearly 100 people, including 25 teachers and 32 college students. Poetry and calligraphy are handed down from generation to generation, which is a typical scholarly family. In February of this year, Zheng, deputy director of the National Cultural Relics Committee, inspected the building and wrote a poem entitled "The distant mountain is close to the water, and the moon comes first, accompanied by the ruins next door". Farming and reading have been passed down from generation to generation, and poetry and painting are endless. "Xiang Yan Building was built in 1880. In September this year, Xiang Yan Building held a grand120th anniversary celebration. Hundreds of people, including relatives of descendants from Hong Kong, Macao and Southeast Asia and foreign guests, attended the celebration. Huanji Building is located in Nanzhong Village. The founder is Su Buchen, who built this large-scale and magnificent civil structure Dayuanzhai during the Gui You period of Qing Dynasty (1693). The whole building has four floors, with a height of about 20m, a diameter of 43.20m, a perimeter of1.30m, a wall thickness of1.70m at the bottom and a wall top of 0.9m.. There are 32 rooms (kitchen and dining room) on the first floor, a larger hall and main hall, 34 rooms (storage) on the second floor, and 34 rooms on the third and fourth floors respectively. There are two halls and ten rooms (for guests) and two bathrooms for men and women in the inner ring of the building. The corridor inside the building 1.56, and the eaves gallery outside the building1.82m wide. The floor door is 2.96 meters high and 3.4 meters wide, and it is nailed with iron sheets. There is a well inside and outside the building. The annex outside the building has 16 bedrooms, 8 stables and 6 mills. Huanji Building has 2 1 household, 1 16 people. There are more than 400 descendants of Subuchen in his hometown, many in Nanyang and many in Myanmar.
There is a saying that Polaris, also known as Beichen Star, is located in the afternoon and often stays where it is, so it is the master of celestial stars. Someone wrote a poem saying, "Where there is water, it flows east, and no stars arch north", which means that the stars arch north. This building sits from Beirenzi to Bingwu, hence the name "Huanji Building"; There is also a saying that the ring is round, "round" is an auspicious word, and "ring rod" means wishing it good luck.
The biggest feature of Huanji Building is its strong seismic performance. In the past 300 years, it has experienced many earthquakes. According to county records, an earthquake of magnitude 7 occurred in Yongding in February 19 18 (the third day of the first month of the seventh year of the Republic of China). Mud water in the nearby fields was sprayed several feet high, and almost all the bricks on the roof were shaken off, and several aftershocks occurred. However, after the earthquake, due to the centripetal force of the circular building and the traction of the structure, the crack miraculously closed slowly, leaving only a slender crack, and the whole building was safe and upright. A Japanese friend visited and said, "It would be great if such a building were built in Tokyo!" In the center of Huanji Building, you can hear a very obvious echo when you stamp your feet or sing loudly, like the echo wall of the Temple of Heaven in Beijing.
Huanji Building has another feature: there is no ancestral hall in the center of the building, but it is an empty courtyard. This is unique among many earth buildings in Yongding. This is unthinkable in a feudal society that values etiquette. Therefore, Huanji Building is also called "Rebellious Building". People sigh the architectural art of Huanji Mansion, but also admire the creative rebellious spirit of architects. Kuiju House, located in Hongkeng Village, Hukeng Town, is a large square earth building with a palace structure, which looks like Potala Palace from a distance. Seen from a height, the building is connected with the ridge behind it. For example, when the tiger goes down the mountain, Kuiju House is the "tiger head". There are two windows on the fence in front of the building, like the eyes of a tiger. This building is designed according to the geographical features of tigers. The designer is Wu Yifu, a bachelor of Hanlin, and he and the landlord Lin Kuiyang are sworn brothers.
Queju House was built in 1834, which took nearly five years to complete. It has a history of 160 years, covers an area of more than 6,000 square meters, and is about 15 meters high. Now it lives in 24 households 107 people. /kloc-for more than 0/00 years, there have been 4 people in the building who have been admitted to the Jinshi, with the official rank above grade 7, more than 20 university students and more than 40 overseas Chinese. As the Damen couplet says, "Kuixinglang has a prosperous civilization and a new atmosphere in Sri Lanka." The architectural features of Queju House are that the central hall is high and the hatchback is low. After 160 years of wind and rain, it stands like a mountain. The middle door doesn't open at ordinary times. When the distinguished guests arrived, they opened the middle door to welcome them. The eaves beams in the building were beautifully carved and destroyed during the Cultural Revolution. Fuyu Building, located in Hongkeng Village, Hukeng Town, is an outstanding representative of Yongdingfu-style earth building, with great momentum. 1880 started construction at a cost of 10 million square meters, which took three years to complete and covered an area of more than 7,000 square meters. The building was designed by Zhang Xingbing, a friend of the landlord's three brothers (Lin Zhongshan, Lin Renshan and Lin Deshan) and the magistrate of Tingzhou. Its structural characteristics are: the central axis of the main building is low in front and high in the back, and there are two horizontal houses, which are orderly in height and clear in priority. There are three gates in front of the building. The main building and the horizontal house are separated by small doors, which are integrated in appearance and divided into three units inside. Loumenping and the fence are paved with local river pebbles, which are very fine in workmanship and harmonious with the natural environment. Shaped like three mountains, it implies the meaning of "three mountains" of the landlord and three brothers. The name of the building was also inscribed by Zhang Xingbing. At the end of the Qing Dynasty, the landlord Lin's three brothers were engaged in the business of cigarettes and tobacco knives. Products are sold to Japan and Southeast Asian countries, making a big profit. They also donated huge sums of money to establish the "Rixin School". Rixin School was also designed by Zhang Xingbing. It is an elegant and rich school that combines Chinese and Western culture. Since its establishment, this school has trained many talents and gained a great reputation. Many foreigners come to "Rixin School" to study. "For hundreds of years, in addition to doing good deeds, the first good thing for people is reading." Fuyu Building is full of talents.
When Li was president, Lin Xunzhi (the son of Lin Renshan, the designer and manufacturer of Zhencheng Building) was a member of the Central Committee, and his paintings and couplets were also famous. Almost all the couplets of the town tower were written by Lin Xunzhi. Lin Xunzhi's younger brother, Lin Liangzhi, studied at Waseda University in Japan and obtained a doctorate in law. After returning to China, he served as the county magistrate of Minhou, Huian and Ninghua. The former headmaster of Yongding Middle School was liberated for many years. In the early days of liberation, he was rated as an enlightened person. The third ancestor of the Xu family in Chuxi Village, Xiayang Town was founded in 14 19 (the seventeenth year of Yongle in Ming Dynasty), which has been more than 580 years. It is one of the existing circular buildings in Yongding with a long history and special structure. General circular building, small with two public stairs, big with four stairs. The ground floor is connected, and the corridors of each floor are accessible, which is very convenient for mutual communication. Only this building, according to the ground floor of every household from the first floor to the fourth floor, is equipped with stairs, and each floor is separated by wooden boards. The 72 stairs divide the whole building into 72 independent units. Rooms, stairs and partition walls are all made of Chinese fir, connected by adjacent falcon heads. Without a nail, after nearly six centuries of wind, frost, rain and snow, they still stand upright with the two-meter-thick adobe wall. Tulou Group in western Chu was formed at the beginning of13rd century, and it was also built by mountains. Earth buildings and terraces constitute a magnificent landscape.