The Value Characteristics of Wangkou Village
With the income and expenditure of the "three fields", he holds the power to formulate village rules, ancestral temple rules, township conventions and "open ancestral halls" to deal with village affairs. Wang Kou also put these regulations on the table and hung them in the temple. The articles of association include feudal ethics such as three cardinal guides and five permanents, three obedience and four virtues, as well as useful provisions such as diligence, advocating thrift, attaching importance to education, respecting the elderly and loving the young, helping the poor and providing disaster relief, caring for the widowed, forest protection and fire prevention, and prohibiting gambling. (2) Under the guidance of China's traditional geomantic omen theory, the village site selection, layout and planning and construction have created the "harmony between man and nature" living environment and beautiful architectural landscape of Wangkou ancient village, which has an important demonstration role in China's architectural planning and architectural history. The theory of "Feng Shui" has a history of more than two thousand years in China. As natural phenomena, heaven, earth, wind and water have great influence on human society. The location of houses and villages can determine the rise and fall of homeowners and villages. Under the guidance of this theory, Wangkou is a typical ancient village where buildings are in harmony with surrounding topography and landscape, and people and nature live in harmony. The architectural layout of Wangkou is approximately net-shaped, with a main street in Lu Guan as the "outline", and 18 main lanes leading directly to the western pier are connected with criss-crossing and longitudinally developed alleys, weaving the residential houses into a "net". According to geomantic omen, the net can't drill wells, so there is no well in Wangkou, an ancient village with more than 1,000 people.
(3) China's Neo-Confucianism thought, which originated from Confucius and flourished in Zhuzi, and the tradition of respecting Confucianism and valuing education, permeated with elements of the ancient village of Wangkou. During the Southern Song Dynasty, Zhu, a native of Wuyuan, carried forward Confucius' Confucianism and founded "Neo-Confucianism", which became the mainstream thought in China feudal society for more than 800 years. Wuyuan, the hometown of Zhuzi and the ancient village of Wangkou, has always advocated "reading Zhuzi's book, serving Zhuzi's teaching and inheriting Zhuzi's gift". By the Ming and Qing Dynasties, there were educational places such as academies, Wenchang Pavilion and Wenbi Pagoda in Wangkou, as well as symbolic or geomantic buildings praying for literary prosperity. The existing academies in Wangkou Village include Cunyuzhai Academy and Yangyuan Bookstore. Dafu Hall, Yijintang Hall, Shouxun Hall, Maode Hall, Shengxun Hall, Shouxun Hall, Zhengdetang Hall, and Shentang Hall. They are all architectural masterpieces of wealthy businessmen who believed in Neo-Confucianism in Wangkou Village during the Ming and Qing Dynasties.
(4) "Huizhou merchants" provided material guarantee for the construction of Wangkou ancient village, and also made this ancient village a relic left by "Huizhou merchants" who withdrew from the historical stage. Relying on the superior conditions of waterway transportation, Wangkou Village has developed into a "famous commercial port village" with water as the source and street as the city, which has unique typical significance among the few ancient Huizhou villages in southern Anhui. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties (14th century-19th century), with the development of population, the production and living materials provided by this pattern became increasingly scarce because of "less land and more people, which was not enough for farming". In order to make a living, a large number of people in Wangkou Village go out to do business. For more than 300 years, many young people, dressed in blue suits and wrapped in dry food, have traveled all over the city, working day and night, engaged in tea, wood, grain, cotton, cloth, clothing and other industries, and participated in the opening up of Huizhou Shangzhou (hereinafter referred to as "Huizhou Merchants"), which is famous in China history. A considerable part of their commercial wealth has returned to their hometown, buying fields and luxury houses, building docks in streets and lanes, damming rivers, building temples, establishing academies and prospering the countryside. There are two ancient waterways in Huizhou in southern Anhui, one is Xin 'anjiang-Fuchunjiang-Qiantang River-Canal-Yangtze River, and the other is the Yangtze River originating from Xin 'anjiang-Le 'anjiang-Poyang Lake-Wuyuan. Wangkou is at the end of Wuyuan waterway traffic. Ancient commerce flourished in coastal areas. From the end of 15 to the end of 19, Wangkou was a famous commercial port and cargo distribution center in southern Anhui. Jiang Yong (1681-1762), a university student from Wuyuan, designed and built the "Pingdu Weir" at the entrance of Wangcun to facilitate the passage of merchant ships and the construction of deep-water wharf. The completion of Pingdu weir has accelerated the development of Wangkou Commercial Wharf. During the prosperous period, there were 18 river ports in Wangkou Village for the transshipment of commercial goods. The 18 wharf is connected with the 18 street in the north-south direction of the village, and goes directly to the depths of the village, which is convenient for goods distribution. The gathering of people and logistics has promoted the prosperity of local commerce in Wangkou. The main street in the east-west direction of the village is Lu Guan Street. Most shops have two floors, and the gate is a long row of wooden boards that can be installed. Shapes are front store and back square, front store, middle square and back house, and lower store and upper house. In addition to the business on the street, in the streets and alleys of the village, there are mobile vendors selling and walking around 24 hours a day, which is very lively. Many elements of Wangkou ancient village are deeply branded with the famous commercial port village.
(5) The well-built production and living facilities in Wangkou Ancient Village have created an ideal artificial environment and provided superior living conditions, which is a rare example in the planning and construction of ancient villages in China and has important reference significance for the planning and construction of residential communities today. The Wangkou Waterway is the end point of Wuyuan's access to the Porao water system. The developed traffic advantage makes Wangkou a famous commercial port and village in Huizhou, famous for its one government and six counties. Lu Guan Street is more than 670 meters long, with the street as the city. Commercial service facilities, such as docks, shops, goods distribution centers, etc., are very complete. The drainage system in Wangkou Village is still well preserved and can be used. In order to meet the needs of fire prevention, Wangkou Village has a "Water Dragon Club" every September at the Double Ninth Festival. On this day, we will overhaul hoses (fire fighting equipment) on the river beach and do fire drills to prepare for a rainy day.
Need. All of the above can prove that the ancient village of Wangkou has a conscious planning consciousness from village site selection, graphic design to the construction and management of various production and living facilities, and has been effectively organized and implemented under the management of clan. (6) Wangkou Ancient Village, with its unique architectural style, superb architectural skills and high cultural taste, has become an exposition park of China ancient folk architecture masterpieces. The Huizhou architecture in Wangkou ancient village is unified and regular, and the city walls are magnificent. Externally, it is characterized by white walls, white tiles and cornices; The internal performance is that the four waters return to the hall and the wooden frame; The decoration performance is "three carvings" exquisite; The layout is neat and flexible. The intact rate of 265 ancient buildings in the village is over 98%, and Wangkou is one of the typical ancient villages that have completely preserved the Huizhou style. "White wall brick" is formed with the development of brick making, tile making and lime production technology. South China is rainy and humid. Brick roof is the best waterproof and drainage material, and powder wall is beneficial to moisture volatilization. The emergence of "cornice" is based on the mature bucket arch technology, which can drain the rainwater on the roof from a long distance to avoid getting wet on the wall and wooden components. The "corner" is a decoration on the "horse head wall" built to block the fire of the people next door. Because most of the young men in Huizhou ancient village go out for official business and business, there are only women, children and the elderly at home. In order to solve the problem of theft prevention, only a small window was opened at the height of the external wall. In order to solve the problems of indoor lighting, ventilation and drainage, the "four waters return to the hall" inner patio came into being. The wooden structure of the house is mostly two or three floors, with fat beams and thin columns and no paint, which is beneficial to the volatilization of wood moisture and is not easy to rot. On the aesthetic and conceptual level, the whitewashed tiles and green mountains and green waters are the most beautiful TINT; The curve of cornice angle has the most beautiful visual angle image; Simple log texture and carving patterns complement each other, which is particularly elegant; The patio is endowed with the concept of collecting the aura of heaven and earth and collecting water and wealth in one family. With the continuous improvement of production tools and materials technology, some architectural skills such as diagonal bracing, bucket arch, rolling shed, beam bracing, claw column, fork hand, fist and sparrow replacement have appeared in Huizhou ancient buildings, making Wuyuan ancient buildings more gorgeous, majestic and magnificent. Most of the girders are "winter melon beams" with huge materials, and the columns were transformed from spindle-shaped to square in the Ming Dynasty. Patterns and lines are carved on the beams and columns. The ingenious combination and decoration of beams, columns and their components make technology and artistic techniques integrate into one, reaching a perfect and harmonious wonderful situation. Corners, patios, railings, decorative walls, leaking windows, etc. Most of them are cut into stone strips and slabs. Brick carving, stone carving and wood carving have developed from shallow carving to deep carving, round carving, through carving and hollow carving. The content and techniques of expression vary with different building parts, and there are many themes. There are traditional operas, folk stories, myths and legends, as well as life scenes such as fishing and farming, feasting, drinking tea and traveling, music and dancing, and the cultural atmosphere is strong. The cultural taste of Wangkou ancient buildings is not only reflected in the cultural background of white walls, tiles, cornices and "three sculptures", but also in the following aspects: each building has an elegant hall name, which reflects the owner's aspirations and wishes; Elegant and quiet indoor furniture, square table, plush chair, great pressure.
Painting tables, clocks, oriental bottles, western mirrors, book cases and coffee tables all exude a scholarly atmosphere; Couplets, calligraphy and paintings, antique cabinets and bookshelves are hung on the pillars and walls of the house, which reflects people's interest in "the hometown of books". Chuanwangkou is an ancient commercial village formed by developed waterway transportation. There are two reasons: (65,438+0) Since the middle of the Ming Dynasty, Wangkou people went out to do business in large numbers and participated in opening up the era when Huizhou merchants dominated the business circles in China. (2) During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, Huizhou traffic was divided into two roads: one from Raozhou, Poyang and Fuxi (that is, the first line in Jiangxi) and the other from Hangzhou and Yan (that is, the first line in Zhejiang). Each road was adjacent, and the first-line stream was like a leaf, and it was filed day and night. Wangkou Ancient Village is at the end of Huizhou-Raoshui Road. 18 western docks are connected with 18 streets, with Lu Guan Street in the middle and the road as the city, making Wangkou a "famous village of commercial ports" where thousands of merchants gather and boats are connected. Many elements of the ancient village of Wangkou are deeply branded as a famous commercial port village, which has played an important role in the social and economic development of ancient Huizhou and ancient Raozhou, and has had a far-reaching impact on the regional scope.