Is the Water Margin written in classical Chinese?
Later, Duan Wang became emperor, and this is Hui Zong. In less than half a year, Gao Qiu was promoted to commander in chief of the temple army. On his first day in office, Gao Qiu punished Wang Jin, the coach who failed to arrive due to illness, and forced Wang Jin and his mother to flee Tokyo.
Wang Jin came to Shijia Village in Huayin and was accepted as a disciple and worshipped as a master. Later, due to Gao Qiu's hot pursuit, Wang Jin had to bid farewell to Shi Jin and defected to Yan 'an Mansion.
After Wang went in, Shi Jin made friends with the leaders of Shaohua Mountain. After knowing this, Huayin county magistrate framed Shi Jin to contact bandits and sent troops to burn Shijiazhuang. Shi Jin had to leave Huayin to find Wang Jin.
When passing through Weizhou, I met Luda, the secretariat of Weizhou, and they came to the restaurant to drink. I was drinking when suddenly there was crying from next door.
Rudaton is reckless and always brave. Ask the bartender to bring the crying person. The Kim family's father and daughter were taken away, and the daughter cried and said: Because there is no place to visit relatives in Weizhou, Zheng Tu of Zhuangyuanqiao butcher shop took advantage of the danger of others and wanted to marry my daughter to be a concubine. Now she has been driven out, and Zheng Tu asked my father and daughter to give him money.
After hearing this, Lu Da was furious and determined to punish Zheng Tu. The next morning, Lu Da saw off the Kim family's father and daughter and went to the butcher shop in Zhuangyuanqiao. First, let Zheng Tu cut his own meat. After teasing the villain, he was killed by three punches.
Immediately left Weizhou. Half a month later, Mr. Zhao came forward and sent Luda to Wutai Mountain to become a monk, with profound dharma name and wisdom.
After leaving Wutai Mountain, Lu managed a vegetable garden at Suoguo Temple in Tokyo. One day, Lu practiced martial arts in the vegetable garden, pulled up poplars in public, and accompanied his wife to Lin Chong, who was a pilgrim in Yue Temple. They hit it off and became brothers.
Just as I was happy, the maid came to report that someone was molesting my wife. Lin Chong rushed to Yue Temple and saw that it was Gao Taiwei's adopted son, so he had to let him go, say goodbye and go home.
Gao Yanei saw that Lin Chong's wife was beautiful, and he was determined to marry her. Fu 'an, the pawn, offered a plan to Gao Qiu to trick Lin Chong into taking Baodao into the White Tiger Hall. Lin Chong was arrested and sent to Cangzhou for assassination.
Gao Qiu also sent a bribe to kill Lin Chong in the boar forest. Thanks to the secret protection, Lin Chongcai survived.
In Cangzhou, Gao Qiu sent his minions to set fire to the forage field to kill Lin Chong. Unbearable, Lin Chong killed his minions and wanted to go to the water margin at night.
Wang Lun, the leader of the shanzhai, was jealous of Lin Chong and asked him to rob the mountain. Lin hurried down the mountain and waited for three days before he saw a man pass by.
This man is Yang Zhi, the blue-faced beast. Lin Chong fought with him for a long time, but he didn't win or lose. Wang Lun persuaded them to invite Yang Zhi up the mountain.
Lin Chong joined the team in the fourth place, while Yang Zhi refused to join the team and went south to Tokyo. Yang Zhi had nowhere to ask for help in Tokyo, so he had to sell his ancestral treasure knife to earn some money.
Niu Er, a villain, made trouble without reason, trying to get a treasure knife and was killed by Yang Zhi. Yang Zhichong joined the army and left Daming Fu Company.
Liang Zhongshu, the son-in-law who stayed in Cai Jing, took a fancy to Yang Zhi's martial arts and asked Yang Zhi to escort a birthday gang worth 65,438+10,000 yuan to Tokyo to celebrate Cai Jing's birthday. When Liu Tang, a red-haired ghost, learned of this incident, he advised Classical to rob this batch of ill-gotten wealth, and Classical asked Duo Xing Wu to find a way.
Wu Yong invited seven people, including Ruan Xiaoer, Ruan Xiaowu, Ruan and Gongsun Sheng, and decided to grab this batch of Shoushan in Huangnigang. Yang Zhi and his party came to Huangnigang. Chao Gai and others pretended to be jujube merchants. When Yang Zhi's men were buying wine and drinking, they threw the medicine in, drugged them and robbed the birthday gang.
When Yang Zhi woke up, he found that the birthday gang had been robbed. Knowing that disaster was imminent, he went to Longshan in Qingzhou and became a robber. Liang Zhongshu informed Cai Jing that his birthday gang had been robbed, and Cai Jing ordered Jeju to arrest the thief.
Jeju prefect sent He Tao to take charge of the case, and found out that it was done by Chao Gai and others. He Tao took people to Yuncheng County to arrest Classical. Song Jiang, an escort in the county, is a good friend of Chao Gai. When he heard the news, he immediately informed Classical.
Classical burned down his manor. Defeated by He Tao, he led his troops to the water margin.
Wang Lun made things difficult for him and refused to take him in. Lin Chong was furious, killed Wang Lun and elected Classical as the leader of water margin.
After defeating the loyalist and stabilizing the water margin, Classical sent Liu Tang to thank Song Jiang with letters, gold and silver. Song Jiang returned the gold and silver and wrote a letter.
Halfway, I stopped her, dragged Song home, and promised her daughter to Song Jiang to thank him for his support over the years. Song Jiang doesn't care about women, and barely stays at her house for one night. But when the letter was discovered by Yan Poxi, she asserted that Sung River had secret contact with the water margin and would report to the official.
Sung river begged for nothing. In a rage, he killed Yan Poxi and fled back to Songjiacun. The magistrate of a county sent Zhu Tong and Lei Heng to catch Song Jiang, but he deliberately let Song Jiang go and let him hide in Chai Jin Zhuang.
Song Jiang became brothers with Song Wu who fled here.
2. Who wrote Shi Naian in Water Margin?
One of the seventy-two sons of Confucius, a descendant of Shi Zhichang, made Suzhou his home at the end of the Tang Dynasty. His father's name is Yuan De and his mother is Bian Shi (Bian Shi's descendants also moved to Dafeng City, Jiangsu Province).
Shi Naian is smart, studious, talented, filial and brave.
19 years old is a scholar, 28 years old is a juren, and 36 years old is on the same list as Liu Bowen.
He served as an official in Qiantang (now Hangzhou, Zhejiang) for three years. Because he was dissatisfied with the darkness of officialdom, he didn't want to meet dignitaries, gave up his official position and returned to his hometown. Shi took part in Zhang Shicheng's military activities when he rose up against Yuan Dynasty. After Zhang occupied the Soviet Union, Shi participated in the planning under his protection and had a close relationship with his Ministry Bian. Later, because Zhang was greedy for pleasure and didn't listen to advice, Shi was disappointed with Lu Yuan, Liu Liang and Chen Ji, and left one after another. When seeing Lu and Liu Xiang off, he composed a divertimento "New Water Makes Qiu Jiang Farewell" to express his generous grief. Soon, Zhang Shicheng died and the country was ruined. Stone travels all over the world, roaming in Shandong and Henan. He befriended her, was taught by Yuncheng County, and then lived with her teacher in the early days of the Xu family in Jiangyin. Later, he returned to his old white pony, unable to live in seclusion, and felt that the situation was going downhill. He wrote The Water Margin as his sustenance, and together with his disciple Luo Guanzhong, he wrote The Romance of the Three Kingdoms and The Biography of Sansui Pingyao. He is also good at poetry, but it is rarely circulated. Besides the divertimento Qiu Jiang Farewell, there are other poems handed down, such as Gu Ti's poems and Liu Liang's poems. Shi Naian hid in Huai 'an to avoid the Ming Dynasty conscription, died of illness and was buried on the spot at the age of 75. Decades after Nai 'an's death, Sun Wenyu's family business flourished, and his ancestor Nai 'an's remains were buried in Xiluo Lake (now Shijiaqiao Village, Xinduo Town, Xinghua City, Jiangsu Province), and Wang Daosheng was asked to write "Shi Naian's Epitaph".
In the 19th year of Jiajing in Ming Dynasty (1540), Gao Ru's "Hundred Rivers Record" contained: "Loyalty and Righteousness Water Margin 100 Volume. Qiantangben Edited by Luo Guanzhong. " In the forty-five years of Jiajing, Lang Ying said in the Seven Drafts: "This book is Shi Naian Qiantang Book. During the Wanli period, Hu Yinglin pointed out in "Shao's Mountain House Pen Collection": "The Water Margin compiled by Zhongshi in Wulin is particularly popular. "Today, people agree that Shi Naian is the author of Water Margin. Others think it was co-authored by disciple Luo Guanzhong or a sequel by Luo Guanzhong.
3. With regard to the classical Chinese knowledge of Water Margin, it should be clear that Water Margin, also known as Loyalty Water Margin, is generally referred to as Water Margin, and was written in the late Yuan and early Ming Dynasties. It is the first vernacular novel in the history of China and one of the four classical novels of China.
The author of Water Margin is Shi Naian. In the eyes of feudal autocratic rulers of past dynasties, rebellion is immoral, and "rebellion" is all monsters who kill and set fire. The Water Margin, one of China's four classical masterpieces, does the opposite, setting a monument for the so-called "rebels", exaggerating their heroic feats in resisting violence, and making them heroes in readers' minds.
As China's first novel praising the peasant uprising, The Water Margin describes the heroic behavior of 108 people led by Song Jiang, a Liangshan hero, in Huizong period of the Northern Song Dynasty, robbing the rich and helping the poor, and clearly shows the theme of "officials forcing the people to revolt".
Dai Dunbang Water Margin (20) Water Margin (65,438+02) Water Margin was originally called the legend of vendors or the complete biography of water margin in the Jianghu. The title of Water Margin was ordered by Luo Guanzhong and was banned at that time. The author of Water Margin has always been controversial. It is generally believed that it was written by Shi Naian and Luo Guanzhong according to the story of Sung River Uprising circulated among the people. This is the first novel written in vernacular in the history of China. Lang Yingqi's manuscript once said: "The Three Kingdoms Sung River was compiled by Luo Guanzhong, a native of Hangzhou. Give meaning to the old, there must be books, so it is called compilation. " Sung River is also recorded in Shi Naian's book "Hundred Rivers Record" by Gao Ru in Qiantang: "There are 100 volumes of loyalty and righteousness. When the author is mentioned in Shi Naian Ben of Qiantang and The Water Margin of Loyalty edited by Li Zhi by Luo Guanzhong, it is said to be "Stone and Luo Gong". In addition, Tian Rucheng's Notes on the West Lake and Chen Shi both contain Luo Guanzhong's writings. Hu Yinglin's "Shao Shi Shan Fang Bi Ji" is said to be "compiled by a historian in Wulin" and "passed down from generation to generation in the name of Naian". To sum up, there are three viewpoints in Ming Dynasty: the theory of "Zhi", the theory of Luo Guanzhong and the theory of history, and the theory of Romania's cooperation. At present, most academic circles think that it was written by Shi Naian. Shi Naian's date of birth and death is unknown. It is generally believed that he was born in the late Yuan Dynasty and early Ming Dynasty. Wu Mei's Gu Qu Tan records that Shi Naian was a favorite of the playwright at the end of Yuan Dynasty, which is not very reliable. From the1920s, it was originally named Biography of Hawks in Jianghu, and was officially published as Song Jiang. At the end of the Ming Dynasty, it was called Legend of Heroes together with Romance of the Three Kingdoms. Some related materials have been found in Xinghua, Su, such as epitaphs and biographies in Ma Family Tree, Ma Biography and Tragedy Wang Biography. However, there are many contradictions and obvious unbelievability in these materials, so the academic circles have different opinions on the authenticity of these materials, and most researchers are skeptical and need further study. According to the folk story of Sung River Uprising. The book tells the story of officials forcing the people to revolt and Liangshan heroes gathering to revolt at the end of the Northern Song Dynasty, and reproduces the whole process of peasant uprising in feudal times from occurrence, development to failure. Created heroic images such as Lin Chong, Zhang Shun, Wu Yong, Lu, etc. It is one of China's outstanding novels in ancient times, and it is also a world-famous classic literary work, which has been translated into many languages and circulated in the world.
4. Did ancient people talk in classical Chinese? This question is not easy to find on the Internet. Let me answer from my point of view. I think ancient people also spoke in classical Chinese. It's just that every generation of classical Chinese is different. For example, we can't understand the historical records of the Western Han Dynasty now, but we can understand that some words change with the times. I think the languages of the Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China should be interoperable. For example, the history books mentioned above are more rigorous. Novels are different. The novel is based on folk materials, which can better reflect the folk customs at that time. As far as the Water Margin we are familiar with is concerned, the dialogue in the Song and Yuan Dynasties is understandable. Some scholars like to summarize the ideas of articles with gorgeous words and concise sentences, so we are particularly tolerant when reading them.
5. The feeling of writing Water Margin in classical Chinese is that there are heroes on Xunyang River and heroes in Shuihu City. The number of days is hopeless, and I have come to my senses outside Kinmen.
A battle-hardened hero has never lost his life. Loyalty helps the country, loyalty helps the country. When does the owl cross the river today? Unbearable grief, tears streaming down her face.
The cliffs in thousands of feet are steep, and the trees in Gu Teng are grey. Late at night, I want to make a secret plan, but two generals will die in an instant.
Flowers have a wonderful new face, but they died when they died for their country. The old man borrowed the Spring and Autumn Pen, and the girl passed it on to him. Geji was heavily guarded for ten weeks and took revenge on Chevrolet alone. He who forgets the gentleman because of eating is not ashamed to smell it.
Lu, Lu! Get up from the green forest, two eyes are on fire, and a killing heart. Suddenly, I drifted home, and there was nowhere to be found. Duh! Solution makes the sky full of white jade, which can turn the earth into gold.
Traitors conspire to harm the emperor. Diving will be poisoned in the middle of the meal, and Junyi will die.
He was ordered to give me a robe, and he contributed to the expedition. Loyalty can't tolerate the world, and drunkenness is not about wine.
The guest's dream is long, and the flower is brave and bitter. A cavity is righteous and fierce, the tree is blocked, and two lives are gone.
Liangshan hero Hu Yanzhuo and Shuang Bian swept away the evil in one fell swoop. Baosong resisted the Jin legacy and offered mountains and rivers with eight feet!
Confucianism stresses rites and music, and the fate of the Song Dynasty belongs to pure yin. Don't let the adulterer defile your history, you should hold your head high. Serving the country is full of courage, and friendship for a thousand years is only about the heart. I continued to write heroic stories for no reason, and I couldn't help getting drunk.
Yuncheng's small officials are ambitious, but the bones are pitiful. Don't give up your letter until you die. There have been many things in ancient times, and if there are gentlemen in the world, they will feel virtuous. Sima became a historical record, and a ranger was the most popular.
6. The characters in the Water Margin write 1000 characters in classical Chinese. The first form is action description.
Song Wu Beats the Tiger (the 22nd time) is the most classic action description in Water Margin: "The blade is hungry and thirsty. He just put his paws on the ground, jumped up with his body and fell out of the air. Song Wu was very surprised and broke out in a cold sweat.
Just at that moment, Song Wu saw the blade coming, only a flash, and it flashed behind the blade. It's the hardest thing for a big bug to look at people behind his back, so he put his front paws on the ground, raised his waist and hips and helped him up.
Song Wu has only one hiding, hiding aside. Blade roared when he saw that he couldn't lift it, but it was like a bolt from the blue for a long time, which made the mountains move.
Turn this iron bar upside down like a tiger's tail and only cut it once, but Song Wu dodged to one side. It turns out that the blade just jumps, lifts and cuts ... "The reason why the author can write the story of Song Wu's killing tigers so concretely and wonderfully is mainly because of the author's ability to capture the movements of characters.
Song Wu's proper use of a series of movements such as "flash, wheel, split, throw and pull" described the critical situation at that time and effectively highlighted Song Wu's martial arts. From here, we also find that choosing the action of the key moment of the character can best highlight the thought and quality of the character, and don't scratch the beard and eyebrows.
In addition, the author wrote the tiger's movements "jump, lift and chop" vividly, which made people feel as if they were there, making them sweat for Song Wu. The author's careful observation of the characters' movements makes the writing neat and the plot tortuous and vivid. Let's look at the action description of the characters in the section "Taking the outline of birth by intelligence": "Seven guests asked" I asked you how much? "The han said," once I do it, I won't talk about the price. I pay five dollars a barrel and ten dollars a barrel. "
Seven guests said, "Five passes are yours, only one spoon is for us." "I won't spare you," said Nahan. I will set the price. "
When a guest returned the money to him, a guest opened the lid of the bucket and took a spoon to eat. When Han went to grab it, the guest took half a ladle of wine, glanced at the pine forest and left, and Han hurried there. I saw a guest coming out of the pine forest with a ladle in his hand, and then scooped a ladle of wine in the bucket. When Han saw this, he grabbed it and grabbed it. When the bucket tilted, he covered it and threw it into the ground, saying, "You are such a gentleman!" " People who wear heads and know faces are so embarrassed! This passage vividly depicts the performances of Chao Gai, Gongsun Sheng, Liu Tang and others: one person "returns" the money, another person "uncovers" the cover, "scoops" a ladle, and the Han people "take it away". After that man came out, it was a series of actions "grab", "grab", "throw" and "throw"! Rao is Yang Zhi's cleverness and prudence, and he is also deceived by Wu Yong and others' cleverness and perfect cooperation.
There are many such detailed and wonderful descriptions in the novel. The second is language description.
Please see the ninth time in "Forest Wind Snow Mountain Temple": Lin Chong shouted: "Good thief! You stay there! " Just pick up the box and throw it in the snow. He put the gun on the ground, put his feet on his chest, took out his knife from his side, walked up to Lu Qian and sat on it. "thief!" He shouted. I didn't have anything against you when I came. How could you do this to me? Murder is excusable, but murder is unreasonable. "
After Lu Qian excused himself, Lin Chong scolded, "Traitor, you and I have been friends since childhood, and today you have come to harm me. Why not? " ! Eat my knife! "He ripped off Lu Qian's clothes." Just spit a sharp knife into his heart, seven orifices spray blood, holding the heart in his hand. "Why did the author write this so carefully, and he also issued a declaration before killing people, in order to express the revolutionary and justice of Lin Chong's murder.
First, prioritize, kill two followers first, and then concentrate on killing the principal offender; Second, we should not kill people in ignorance, first seek guilty condemnation, and kill them aboveboard and rightfully; Third, the three-person killing method is different and the details are different. If Li Kui jy killed someone, it would never be repeated. Different heroes kill different people, and the same hero kills different people.
Lin Chong used different weapons to kill people, and his wrist eased the sharp knife, which appeared several times in the novel and was finally used to kill Lu Qian, the main enemy. The third is psychological description.
It is said that after Song Jiang released the classical works privately, Song Jiang saw the official document with a vivid psychological description of 19: "Classical works and others don't want to do such a big thing! Robbed the birth class, killed the public, and hurt He Tao's observation; Many government troops were also damaged, and Huang An was captured alive up the mountain: this kind of crime is to destroy the nine clans! Although forced by others, things have to be done, but in terms of statutes, they are not immune. What if there is negligence? " This kind of psychological activity conveys two messages: first, Song Jiang, as a court official who knows the law, knows that a series of events committed by Chao Gai are to eliminate the crimes of the nine families. Although what happened before is inevitable, it is impossible to turn back now; Second, Song Jiang was worried about Classical and others, fearing that they had made negligence and mistakes, and he was vaguely worried. This is a pair of contradictions. Theoretically, Chao Gai and others are not allowed to break the law, but emotionally, they are not expected to make mistakes.
This is the true psychology of Song Jiang, and it is also the external expression of Song Jiang's complex personality. The fourth is environmental description.
A typical example is Shi Naian's description of the snow scene. Song Wu moved to his sister-in-law's house and went home from the county government that day. "The north wind was tight for a few days, the air was covered with red clouds, and it was still early, and it snowed the next day.
That day, it snowed until the first watch. (This kind of snow scene is familiar in Romance of the Three Kingdoms) In sharp contrast to the cold outside, it is the warmth inside: Pan Jinlian "went to the Song Wu room to make a pot of charcoal fire", and then "stood under the curtain and waited, only to see Song Wu come back with that messy jade".
It is conceivable that how happy Jinlian is when she looks at her beloved from far to near. This description, Song Wu and Jinlian, with a quiet movement, a contrast between cold and warm, makes this text full of tension.
Charcoal fire is a metaphor of Pan Jinlian's fiery passion, while cold snow represents Song Wu's ruthlessness. Before Song Wu killed the tiger, there were several scenery descriptions, which seemed to be idle, but in fact they were essential.
"At that time already have time to apply for a license. This round of red sun went down the mountain in disgust. " Set off a "shocking scene." "(Song Wu) When looking back at this day, it gradually fell."
Jin Shengtan commented: "I will cry when there is no tiger coming." Author.
7. The key chapters of the Water Margin (preferably in the original classical Chinese, no less than 200 words) are said to be the official offices of Qingzhou Prefecture.
The magistrate's surname is Murong, and he is the younger brother of Murong Guifei, the son of the present emperor. With the power of my sister, I want to run amok in Qingzhou, kill good people and bully friends. Just as I was going back to my official's office for breakfast, I saw the left and right officers pick up the letter of Liu Zhizhai and report the thief by air.
The judge looked at Gao Liu's file and was surprised. He said: "Huarong is the son of a hero. How could he get involved with the strong thief in Qingfeng Mountain? " The criminal is not young. He hasn't tried the truth. "He told the national military and horses to come to the hall and pay him. It turns out that the supervisor's surname is Huang and he has a famous letter.
Because of its high martial arts, Qingzhou is famous, so it is called "Town Three Mountains". There are three evil mountains under Qingzhou: the first is Qingfeng Mountain, the second is Erlong Mountain, and the third is Taohua Mountain.
These three places are places where strongmen and bandits haunt. Huang Xin boasted that he wanted to catch all three mountains, so he called them "true three mountains".
Huang Xin, the military commander, went to the hall to pick up the magistrate's words, lit fifty able-bodied men, put on armor, immediately went down to Qingfeng Village overnight with a Sangmen sword, and dismounted in front of Liu Gaozhai. After Liu Zhizhai came out, please pay tribute to the backyard and reward the sergeant while arranging wine and esophagus; Show Huang Xin the Song from behind.
Huang Xin said, "Don't ask that." Let's put this guy in a prison car for the night! "Put a HongLing on his head, insert a paper flag, and write:" Qingfeng Mountain Thief, the first tiger in Yuncheng. "
Sung river there dare to tell, had to be arranged by them. Huang Xin asked Liu Gao again: "Does Huarong know that you won Zhang San?" Liu Gao said, "The young official came to visit him in the second watch at night and quietly hid at home. Huarong just left and sat at home.
"Huang Xin said," it's easy, but it's easy. Tomorrow morning, I arranged for a pair of goat wine to be placed in the public hall in Dazhai, but I asked thirty or fifty people to ambush around to prepare.
I went to Huarong House to invite him, and only said,' The magistrate Murong heard that you were at odds with Wenwu and sent me to buy wine to persuade him.' When I was making money in the public hall, I just watched me throw a lamp as a signal, so I took it and took it with me to the state.
How about this plan? Gao Liu clapped his hands and said, "Although it's a" public opinion ",this plan is like catching turtles in a jar. "。
8. Make a brief comment on five related figures in the classical Chinese water margin, and rescue 1 and Song Jiang. Song led 36 people to cross the river, treating officers and men like dirt, thinking that the heroes in the world are like Liangshan heroes, and Zhao Xiuding can ask questions, but he regards Chen as inadequate.
2. Lin Chong. Being framed by Gao and his son, the family was ruined, nothing was lost, nothing was sent. His hatred is not deep, and his sense of shame is not great. Jin Shengtan gave it to Lin Chong, saying that he could see it, hold it back, hold it firmly and do it clearly, and the chess pieces were nothing like Gao and his son. This shows that revenge is hard to say.
3. Lu. People who drink and eat dog meat with knives and sticks also do it, but they just do it if they want to, leaving no dregs. Monks in the world don't drink, eat dog meat or use knives and sticks. Is there any dregs in the quilt? I'm afraid I can't refer to a bright future. Then I'd rather give up the monk and take Brother Lu.
4. Song Wu. Righteousness means getting rid of fire, being diligent and being improper. Although bejeweled, it should be avoided. There are such people in the world, who can not only be dutiful sons at home, but also be good citizens at home, so that studying must be true Confucianism, learning Buddhism must be a monk, and being an official must be a pure official.
5. jy in Li Kui. I have never learned anything in my life. If I come near you, I will bow down. If I am evil, I will use my axe. Sometimes I learn from bad people to make them cunning, but the more I learn, the more I understand. There are not many such people between heaven and earth, but there are none and they can't be found.