What kind of person is Ouyang Xiu?
In the first year of Kangding (1040), Ouyang Xiu was recalled to Beijing and became a collator in the pavilion, which was later known as the suggestion court. In the third year of Li Qing (1043), Fan Zhongyan, Han Qi, Fu Bi and others promoted the "Qingli New Deal", and Ouyang Xiu participated in the innovation and put forward the idea of reforming the official administration, military affairs and tribute law. In five years, Fan, Han and Fu were successively demoted, and Ouyang Xiu was also demoted as the magistrate of Chuzhou (now Chuxian County, Anhui Province). Later, Yangzhou, Yingzhou (now Fuyang, Anhui) and Yingtianfu (now Shangqiu, Henan) were also known. In August, the first year of He Zhi (1054), he entered Beijing with a letter, and he was a fellow of Song Qi's New Tang Book.
In February of the second year of Jiayou (1057), Ouyang Xiu presided over the Jinshi examination as an academician, advocated plain writing style, and admitted Su Shi, Su Zhe, Ceng Gong and others. This has a great influence on the change of writing style in the Northern Song Dynasty.
In the fifth year of Jiayou (1060), Ouyang Xiu paid a visit to Shu Mi. The following year, he was appointed to participate in political affairs. Later, he successively served as the minister of punishments. For two years (1065), the above post request is not allowed. In the following two or three years, he resigned many times because of being slandered by Jiang and others, but he was not allowed. In the second year of Zong Shenxi Ning (1069), Wang Anshi implemented the new law. Ouyang xiu opposed the young crops law and did not implement it. For three years (1070), Xi Ning insisted on not accepting other positions except the post of ambassador of the South Campus of Pacific Insurance Company. Cai Zhou (now runan county). This year, he changed his name to "Six-One Lay Man". In June of the 4th year of Xining (107 1), he resigned as Prince Shao Shi. Juyingzhou. On July 23rd, the fifth year of Xining in Song Shenzong (1072), Ouyang Xiu left 10,000 books, 1,000 ancient books, a piano, a chess game and a pot of wine in Yingzhou (now Anhui) and died suddenly. Commenting on his prose, Su Shi said: "On Tao, it is like Han Yu, on things, like Lu Zhi, on notes, like Sima Qian, and poetry is like Li Bai". Ouyang Xiu died in Wenzhong.
Ouyang Xiu was the leader of the poetry innovation movement in the Northern Song Dynasty. His literary achievements are the highest and most influential in prose, and he is one of the eight masters in Tang and Song Dynasties. He inherited the spirit of Han Yu's ancient prose movement, and put forward in prose theory: "The winner of Tao is not difficult to come" (answer to Wu Chong's Book of Scholars), "The purity of Tao, with the truth of China people and the enrichment of China people, will make writers shine" (answer to the Book of Ancestors). What he preached was not ethics, but concern for Pepsi. He believes that the reason why learning Tao can't be done is because "indifferent to abandon Pepsi" ("Answer to Scholar Wu Chong"). He opposes "high words but sparse facts" (edited with Zhang Xiucai in the second volume), and advocates "words are loaded with things, and words are decorated with words" (The Secret Preface of Wang Shu in Past Dynasties). He adopted the spirit of Han Yu's Preface to Literature, strongly advocated simple, neat, smooth and natural writing, and opposed flashy carving and eccentricity. He not only set out from reality, but also set an example with his outstanding creative achievements.
Ouyang Xiu wrote more than 500 essays in his life, each with its own characteristics, including political essays, historical essays, notes, lyric essays and notes. Most of his essays are rich in content and magnificent, with a simple, natural, fluent and witty artistic style. The narrative is euphemistic and concise; The discussion is thoughtful, but full of internal logical power. The composite structure can be tortuous and very compact. The theory of cronies, the history of the New Five Dynasties, the biography of Lingguan, the admonition with Gauss, the preface to the drunken pavilion, the record of Fengle Pavilion, and the thousand watches of Longgang are all masterpieces that have been told through the ages.
Ouyang Xiu was also a pioneer in the creation of notes in Song Dynasty. His notes include Return to the Field, Pen and Pen. Articles are eclectic, lively and interesting, and often describe details and people. Among them, The Record of Returning to the Field describes the imperial legacy, official system, social customs and anecdotes of literati, and introduces his own writing experience, which is very valuable.
Ouyang Xiu's Fu is also very distinctive. The famous Ode to Autumn Sound uses various metaphors to describe the invisible autumn sound very vividly, making people seem to be audible. This paper changes the "metrical style" from the Tang Dynasty to "prose style", which is of pioneering significance to the development of Fu.
Ouyang Xiu's poetry is not as successful as prose, but it is also very distinctive. Some of his poems reflect people's sufferings and expose the darkness of society, such as eating bad people and answering Yang Zijing's long sentence to pray for rain. He also talks about current affairs in his poems, attacking corrupt politics, such as "Answering the son of a national scholar to comfort the south of the Yangtze River". Others, such as Qu Yu Wang and Qu Yu Re He, show the poet's sympathy for the fate of women and condemn the ignorant rulers for wronged the country. But what he wrote more and more successfully was poems expressing his personal feelings and scenery.
His poems are mainly influenced by Han Yu in art, and his works such as Stone in Lingxi, Shi Zhuan and Zishiping Song imitate Han Yu's fantastic poetic style. However, most of his works mainly study the characteristics of Han Yu's "writing with poetry", that is, argumentative and prose culture. Although he avoided the dangers of Han Yu with his natural and fluent poetic language, some poems are still too logical and lack vivid images.
Some of Ouyang Xiu's poems are gloomy, narrative, argumentative and lyrical, and their styles are close to Du Fu's, such as rereading The Collection of Dugu and Sending Du Qigong to Official. Other works are magnificent and bold, but close to Li Bai, such as "Lushan Mountain in Liu Zhongyun returns to Nankang in the same year". More lyrical works about the scenery are fresh and beautiful, or plain and tasteful, such as "There are thousands of trees in the Three Gorges, the moon is full in Sichuan, and an ape mourns" and "The snow disappears outside the door, and the flowers on the riverside are sunny in February" in Song of Cao Caochun thanking the West Lake. Generally speaking, his poetic style is still diverse.
Ouyang Xiu is also good at poetry. In Preface to Mei Poetry, he put forward the argument that "poor works are the last", which developed the poetic theories of Du Fu and Bai Juyi and had a great influence on the poetic creation of that time and later generations. His Poems on June 1st is the first poem in the history of China literature. It comments on poetry in a casual and intimate way and becomes a new form of poetry conversation.
Ouyang Xiu is also good at lyrics. The main contents of his ci are still acacia, drunken songs, cherishing spring and enjoying flowers. He is good at writing Thirteen Poems of Picking Mulberry with fresh and light brushstrokes, depicting the natural beauty of Yingzhou West Lake, which is quiet, clear and full of emotion, just like elegant landscape paintings. In other words, "apricot blossoms and red hills are scarce, and pedestrians on the hillside rest under the mountain", "Jade House Spring" and "people in the upper reaches of the dike row boats one by one, patting the spring water on the dike to the sky. Qingyang building goes out to swing "([Huanxisha]) and so on. It is also a good sentence to write about scenery. Lyric writing is elegant and touching, with deep feelings. For example, the last two sentences of "Walking in the Sand", "The sorrow is getting farther and farther away, and the distance is like spring water", "Spring mountains are everywhere, and pedestrians are more outside", express their feelings very deeply through spring water and spring mountains. He still has something to say. Although he is old and complaining, he speaks his mind directly, showing his generosity and optimism. There are also some colorful words, although they are written about dating between men and women, but they are also simple and vivid; Of course, there are also some shallow and vulgar works.
Ouyang Xiu's achievements in Confucian classics, history and epigraphy.
Ouyang Xiu has made great achievements in Confucian classics, history and epigraphy. In the study of Confucian classics, he studied The Book of Songs, The Book of Changes and The Spring and Autumn Annals, and was able to put forward his own unique views regardless of what his predecessors said. Historical attainments are deeper than Confucian classics. He not only participated in the compilation of the 250-volume Book of the New Tang Dynasty, but also wrote the History of the New Five Dynasties, summarizing the historical experience of the Five Dynasties, in order to serve as a warning. He was diligent in collecting and sorting out stone products and inscriptions from the Zhou Dynasty to the Sui and Tang Dynasties, and edited them into a special archaeological data set-Jigulu.
Ouyang Xiu's Important Position in the History of China Literature
Ouyang Xiu plays an important role in the history of China literature. He vigorously advocated the poetry innovation movement, reformed the formalism style of writing and poetry from the late Tang Dynasty to the early Song Dynasty, and achieved remarkable results. Because of his great achievements in political status and prose creation, his position in the Song Dynasty was similar to that of Han Yu in the Tang Dynasty, and he was "respected by all the scholars in the world" (Su Shi's Tales of Vulgarians). He recommended and guided Wang Anshi, Ceng Gong, Su Xun, Su Shi, Su Zhe and other essayists, which had a great influence on their prose creation. Among them, Su Shi's inheritance and development of the literary style he created is the most brilliant. After the Northern Song Dynasty and the Southern Song Dynasty, many scholars praised his simple prose style. His writing style has always influenced the Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties.
In the eighth year of Song Dynasty (1048), the Yellow River was located in Shanghuhou (now the northeast of Puyang, Henan Province), and the river diverted northward, passing through Daming House, Zhou En, Jizhou, Shenzhou, Yingzhou, Yongjingjun and other places, until the Ganning Army merged into the royal river and entered the sea. At that time, due to lack of manpower, it was not closed immediately. In the third year of Emperor Yangdi's reign (105 1), it flowed northward to Guogukou, Guantao. After being blocked for four years, the northbound flow is still not smooth, which has caused a debate about the northbound flow and the restoration of the old road of the eastbound flow. In the second year (1055), Ouyang Xiu strongly opposed the return to Hedong, and even stated the reasons why he could not return to the river. In the first part, he analyzed the grim situation that "there is a great drought in the world, especially in JD.COM, followed by Hebei" and "After Zhou En's war in Hebei, it was followed by a fierce year, and the people went into exile in nine cases out of ten". He thinks that when the country is short of people, the second dredging is not only manpower and material resources, but also a long river of more than 1,000 miles with 300,000 people. Based on his own observation and experience, he first analyzes the law of siltation and overflow of the Yellow River and expounds the reasons why it is not suitable for the Yellow River to return to the river. He said, "The reason why there is no silt in the river. Mud often flows down first, and the downstream mud is high, and the water gradually stops, which is the lower part of the upstream. This trend is also normal. " Then he analyzed the specific situation of JD.COM and Henglong River, and pointed out: "In the Jubilee, the river flowed out of JD.COM, and the water traveled in the so-called old road today. The stagnant water is blocked, but it must be blocked on the roof, and it is found that it is blocked and returns to the old road; A few days later, it was decided by Nantiegou Temple in Huazhou, which is now called Longmen people. In the following years, it was banned and restored. The decision of the king of Chu has been made, but the difference is very small, and it is diverted from the old road. But the water in the old road will eventually clog up, so I decided to stay in Henglong. If so, the river will be blocked and the old road will not be restored. Recovery ultimately depends on the upper level, and the old road is blocked and water cannot flow. When Henglong was decided, the water flowed down, so for more than ten years, the river was not affected. In Li Qing in 1934, the water of Henglong silted up from Haikou, and it was more than 140 miles in Haikou. After that, the swimming, gold and red rivers were silted up again. Dirty is the stem, but it depends on the upper business. However, the old roads of JD.COM and Henglong River are flowing down, silting up the abandoned highlands. JD。 The old path of COM is repeated, and the truth cannot be repeated. It goes without saying that it is easy to know. " At the same time, Ouyang Xiu also believes that the Liuta River, which was discussed by canal division Li Zhongchang, is only fifty paces wide. "It is ridiculous to want to accommodate the water of a big river at fifty paces", and it is asserted that Liuta River "has the name of reducing water in a big river, without reducing disease. Today, there are many troubles in the lower reaches of the river. If they all go back to the river, Binhai, Germany, Bohe and other northern States will be overwhelmed, and the upstream will be in danger of being set by others. This is harmful and useless, and all wise people don't do it. "
Ouyang Xiu's performance was not adopted, and the court ordered him to step up his efforts to block the mouth and open the Six Tahes River. In April of the first year of Jiayou (1056), Shang Hu burned his bridges and decided to win again, failing to return to Jiang.
The indissoluble bond between Ouyang Xiu and Chuzhou
Ouyang Xiu knew Chu, took office on October 22nd, five years, moved to Yangzhou in January of eight years, and left Chuzhou in February, where he stayed for about two years and four months. Although the time is not long, it has left a far-reaching impact on Chuzhou. He left many architectural relics, some immortal poems and deep feelings with the people of Chuzhou. His architectural remains and poems have become a rare and precious heritage of Chuzhou. The deep feelings left to Chuzhou people have become an indelible memory of Chuzhou people forever.
Inheriting predecessors and developing Chuzhou
When Chuzhou is mentioned now, people will naturally think of Langya Mountain, Zuiweng Pavilion and Ouyang Xiu. Langya Mountain is famous for its natural scenery and human landscape. The most famous scenic spot of Langya Mountain is Zuiweng Pavilion, which is known as the first of the "four famous pavilions" in China and is famous at home and abroad. The Fengle Pavilion, which faces Zuiweng Pavilion across the mountain, is also a scenic spot that many ancient tourists yearn for. Together with Zuiweng Pavilion, it is called "Sister Pavilion". Wei Ziquan under Fengle Pavilion and the brewing spring in Zuiweng Pavilion are collectively called "sister springs". These are all left over from the development and construction when Ouyang Xiu knew Chu State. It is these buildings, together with the "Fengle Pavilion" and "Zuiweng Pavilion" inscribed by him personally, that have greatly shocked the reputation of Langya Mountain in Chuzhou.
Tracing back to the name of Langya Mountain, we should start from the Eastern Jin Dynasty. Before the Eastern Jin Dynasty, Langya Mountain was nameless, the main peak was called Motuo Ridge by local people, and the others were small hills. At the end of the Western Jin Dynasty, Si Marui, the king of Langya, was stationed here to avoid chaos. Later, Si Marui became the emperor of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, and the name of Langya Mountain came from the light where he once lived. However, Si Marui himself, and even the whole Eastern Jin Dynasty, did not bring much change to Langya Mountain, which is still a silent mountain. It was not until the sixth year of the Tang Dynasty (AD 77 1 year) that Li Youqing, the secretariat of Chuzhou, built Baoying Temple (now Langya Temple) in L Mountain Division, and Langya Mountain broke the historical silence and began to flourish. The name Langya Mountain was also called at this time. Si Marui has been stationed in the mountains for more than 300 years.
The construction of Baoying Temple has changed the silence of Langya Mountain for many years, but this is only the beginning, with little influence. The real rise of Langya Mountain began after more than 200 years and Ouyang Xiu, a famous scholar in the Northern Song Dynasty, knew Chu.
"Tolerance and simplicity" know that Chu's political achievements are remarkable.
Ouyang Xiu discovered a spring in the valley at the foot of Fengshan by chance the following summer after he learned about Chu State. After the on-the-spot investigation, he said, "Throw in the left and right, take care of the left and right, so drain the spring and dig the ground as a pavilion" and began to build a beautiful resort here. He quickly repaired the spring and built a pavilion. The name of the spring is "Yougu Spring" and the name of the pavilion is "Fengle Pavilion". He wrote an article for himself. In the same year, the Zuiweng Pavilion, which is separated from Fengle Pavilion by a mountain, was also built. He named it Zuiweng Pavilion and wrote it in Zuiweng Pavilion. The completion of two exhibition halls and the publication of two stories quickly caused a sensation throughout the country. In particular, the article Zuiwengting Ji, with its vivid words and delicate language, shows a beautiful natural picture for Chuzhou; Because of the profound meaning and the happy mood expressed in the article, it shocked the whole academic community for a time. As soon as the article came out, it spread far and near, and Langya Mountain in Chuzhou became lively from then on. Since then, Langya Mountain, Fengle Pavilion, Zuiweng Pavilion and other scenic spots have been expanded one after another, and the content has gradually enriched. Although it has experienced historical vicissitudes, it has been abandoned and revived for a long time, and finally it has become today's scale. Tracing back to the source is the foundation laid by Ouyang Xiu. Ouyang Xiu was the most powerful founder of developing Langya Mountain in Chuzhou after Li Youqing in Tang Dynasty. It can be said that without Ouyang Xiu, there would be no Langya Mountain in Chuzhou today.
When Ouyang Xiu was in Chuzhou, in addition to developing deep valley springs and building Fengle Pavilion and Zuiweng Pavilion, he also carried out other constructions, such as building Xingxin Pavilion in Fengle Pavilion Scenic Area, and specially invited Ceng Gong to write Xingxin Pavilion. Build a training ground near Fengle Pavilion to train militia to defend this place; It also repaired the severely damaged Chucheng, making Chuzhou more solid and spectacular. Some people read Ouyang Xiu's Preface to Drunk Pavilion, and from his performance of traveling and drinking, they think that he is in a depressed state of not asking about political affairs because of being demoted, which is obviously incorrect. In Chuzhou, Ouyang Xiu practiced the policy of combining leniency with severity in political affairs. The so-called temper justice with mercy, as the name implies, means tolerance and simplification. We should conform to human feelings and things, not seek fame, as long as we do things well. This is his way of life as a politician. He later had the right to know Kaifengfu, and his predecessor was a famous "tough guy Bao", that is, Bao Zheng, who was very dignified; However, he was generous and simple, often kept his affairs quiet, and managed Kaifeng House in good order. In the Qing Dynasty, someone compared him with Bao Zheng, and built archways on the east and west sides of Kaifeng House, with the words "Bao Zheng" and "Ou Kuan" written on them.
Literary masterpieces are world-famous.
When Ouyang Xiu met Chu, he had already made great achievements in literature, and he was a famous writer and poet in the literary world at that time. Although he was an official and experienced many ups and downs in his official career, he never forgot literature, and writing poems and compositions is still an important part of his life. During his stay in Chuzhou, he wrote many works with vivid words and mixed scenes. Among them, in addition to the famous Fengle Pavilion, Zuiweng Pavilion and Lingxi Stone, there are a large number of poems and essays written directly in Chuzhou. There are more than 30 poems describing the natural scenery and scenic spots of Langya Mountain, such as Yongyang Snow, Drunken Pavilion in Chuzhou and Six Topics on Langya Mountain.