The Origin of Ruyang Liu Brush
Wang Xizhi was a famous calligrapher in Jin Dynasty. His regular script, running script and cursive script are all very good, especially cursive script, and his attainments are very high. He has always been regarded as the representative of calligraphers in the Jin Dynasty.
At the age of seven, Wang Xizhi began to learn to write with his uncle, first learning the regular script of Zhong You, a famous calligrapher in the Three Kingdoms period. He studies hard and often practices several sheets of paper at a time. Later, she learned regular script from the outstanding female calligrapher Mrs. Wei and further improved it. His father's name is Wang Kuang, who once instructed the young Wang Xizhi to study calligraphy theory's monograph "Bi Shuo". Wang Xizhi practiced while reading, as if fascinated, and often forgot to eat and sleep. He spends a lot of time every day in order to practice calligraphy well. There is a pond in his backyard, and he is told to wash his pen until the water turns black.
Wang Xizhi's life experience is very uneven. /kloc-his father died at the age of 0/0, and he was taken to Beijing (now Nanjing) by his uncle Wang Dao. At an official exchange banquet, the then official minister praised Wang Xizhi's calligraphy and said, "This young man is not only brilliant, brave and fearless, but also his good handwriting deserves some respect." Seeing that Shangshu respected the boy so much, the guests all looked at Wang Xizhi with new eyes.
Since then, Wang Xizhi has traveled to many famous mountains and rivers, devoted himself to studying the calligraphy of many famous calligraphers before the Jin Dynasty, and gradually formed his own style.
Wang Xizhi's calligraphy practice has reached the realm of selflessness. One day, when it was time for dinner, his wife brought him his favorite steamed bread and mashed garlic. After a while, when the lady came to see him again, she saw that his mouth was black and he was holding a steamed bread stained with ink. The lady couldn't help laughing. It turns out that Wang Xizhi mistook ink for garlic paste. He couldn't help laughing when he was reminded by his wife.
When Wang Xizhi was engaged, there was also a story to prove Wang Xizhi's obsession with calligraphy. I heard that Qiu was coming to choose a son-in-law. Many young men went back to change their clothes, and some sat solemnly waiting for someone to see them. Only Wang Xizhi didn't care. He didn't change clothes or buttons, so he just lay on the bed casually, eating big cakes and scribbling on the bed with his fingers, as if there was no such thing as getting married. Who knows, his carelessness and obsession with calligraphy were chosen by Qiu as a good husband.
At the age of 23, Wang Xizhi was appointed as the magistrate of Linchuan (now Linchuan County, Jiangxi Province). It's a very remote place. After he took office, in addition to dealing with necessary official duties, he often went to Xincheng Mountain in the suburbs to read and write, and his calligraphy has made great progress. In less than half a year, he dyed the water in the small pond in front of his house black.
In 35 1 year, Wang Xizhi accepted the appointment of the imperial court and became the right general, hence he was called Wang Youjun.
One day, Wang Xizhi finished his official business and changed his casual clothes. He wants to relax and observe people's feelings. He saw a teahouse by the bridge, so he went over and sat down, just as a team of horses and chariots came. The tall steed pulled the gorgeous car, which attracted many onlookers. I saw a policeman beating these ragged and scrawny onlookers with a bamboo whip.
There was an old woman in the crowd, holding a bundle of hexagonal fans to sell, but she didn't sell one after shouting for a long time. Wang Xizhi was surprised when he saw it, because it was still spring and the weather was not hot. He called the old woman to his side and asked with concern, "Grandpa, it's not hot now. Why did you start selling fans? " The old woman sighed and said, "Alas, the eldest son has been forced to build the Qiantang River, and the second son has also gone to work for a large family. There is still a sick old man lying at home. I made up a few fans to sell some money to make a living. "
Wang Xizhi felt very heavy when he saw this scene. He asked again, "How much can a fan sell?" The old woman replied, "I can sell it for five dollars." Wang Xizhi borrowed pen and ink and wrote five words on each fan. After writing, Wang Xizhi said, "Just say that the above words were written by Wang Youjun, and each fan is 100 yuan!" Then he left. The old woman took it with a grain of salt, tried it as he said, and sure enough, many people came to buy the inscription fan, which was soon sold out. There is still a fan bridge in Shaoxing, which is said to be the place where Wang Xizhi wrote fans.
Back to the yamen, Wang Xizhi's mood was difficult to calm down, so he wrote to the emperor, demanding to reduce exorbitant taxes and miscellaneous taxes and reduce the labor burden of the people. From this incident, we can see Wang Xizhi's thoughts and actions of worrying about the country and the people.
Xie An, a statesman and strategist in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, was born in Yang Xia (now Taikang County, Henan Province). He is like-minded with Wang Xizhi, and is a brother and a son and daughter in-law. One autumn, Xie An went back to his hometown in Taikang to visit relatives and passed by Liucun Village in Ruyang, a city. Because I have heard the name of "Imperial Pen Workshop" for a long time, I bought several excellent Ruyang Liu writing brushes. After returning to Nanjing, I gave some to Wang Xizhi. Wang Xizhi wrote Huang Tingjing with a brush, and he felt free and easy, tactfully and freely. He was amazed at the amount of strokes and repeatedly praised: "Wonderful pen! Wonderful pen! Wonderful pen! " Since then, Wang Xizhi and Ruyang Liu have forged an indissoluble bond. Wang and Liu often write to each other. To show his gratitude, Wang Xizhi copied a copy of Huang Tingjing and gave it to Liu Tianyun, the ancestor of the Liu family. Huang Tingjing, written by Wang Xizhi, was a family heirloom of Liu, but it was destroyed by fire at the end of Sui Dynasty. The Liu family has been handed down from generation to generation, and it is still fresh in my memory. The story of "Xi Miaobi" has been spread to this day, and Ruyang Liucun is also known as the "hometown of Miaobi" by the world.
Han Yu presented the essay "Biography of Mao Ying"
Han Yu was born in Heyang (now mengzhou city, Henan). At the age of 25, he was a scholar. He became an official at the age of 29. He wrote many times to point out Chen's shortcomings. When he was in charge of the imperial history, he was demoted to Yangshan (now Yangshan County, Guangdong Province) for demanding tax relief for the victims in Guanzhong. Later, due to Pei Du's meritorious service in Pinghuai West, he was promoted to assistant minister of punishments. Soon, he angered Tang Xianzong by opposing the emperor's offering of Buddhist bones, and was demoted as the secretariat of Chaozhou Prefecture. Later, he served as the son of the nation to offer wine, the assistant minister of the Ministry of War and the assistant minister of the official department.
Han Yu is not a politician. His main achievement is literature. In the middle Tang Dynasty, some writers, such as Han Yu and Liu Zongyuan, advocated the ancient prose movement in order to revive Confucianism. The movement opposed parallel prose, which had been dominant since the Six Dynasties. The so-called parallelism means that the two horses are neck and neck. Parallel prose requires words to be symmetrical, paired up and down, and pay attention to phonology. At first, it was organized into a beautiful dual form according to the characteristics of Chinese, which was easy to read. This has played a role in improving the artistic skills of China's classical literature. In particular, some excellent parallel prose still gives people beautiful enjoyment and has reference value. But later, it became rigid formalism and aestheticism. Especially in the Six Dynasties, some noble literati used parallel prose to cover up the emptiness of life, abandoned the ideological content, pursued the accumulation of allusions and the harmony of phonology, which made it impossible to truly reflect real life and express their emotions, and became an obstacle on the road of literary development, which was incompatible with the development of the whole society.
In the middle Tang Dynasty, although the Tang Dynasty embarked on the road of decline, a relatively stable situation appeared shortly after the Anshi Rebellion was put down. Therefore, some people with lofty ideals, such as Han Yu and Liu Zongyuan, not only advocate political reform, but also demand literary innovation in order to strengthen centralization, consolidate feudal rule and ease class contradictions. It is required to establish a more practical style of writing in order to publicize the thought of political and ideological reform and advocate the restoration of the rich, free and lively style of writing before Qin and Han Dynasties. This is the ancient prose movement advocated by Han Yu and Liu Zongyuan. The ancient prose movement is an epoch-making prose innovation movement, which has produced eight famous writers in Tang and Song Dynasties (Han Yu, Liu Zongyuan, Ouyang Xiu, Wang Anshi, Su Shi, Su Xun and Su Zhe), two of whom were in the Tang Dynasty: Han and Liu; Six poets in Song Dynasty: Ou, Wang, Zeng. This tradition has a far-reaching influence and lasted until the May 4th New Culture Movement.
The ancient prose movement advocated by Han Yu is not retro, but innovative. His basic proposition is:
Ming Dow Wen Yao Avenue 1. Tao refers to the ideological content of literary works. Looking forward to Taoism and Ming Dow means that literary works should have certain ideological content, which is later said that literature carries Taoism.
2, the article should be aimed at reality, and the injustice will sound. The so-called injustice means that the article is required to praise and criticize the reality, criticize the current shortcomings, and have true feelings.
3. Emphasize the writer's moral cultivation. In other words, if the article is to act ethically, the author must first strengthen moral cultivation and be pure and honest in thought. In today's words, it is a change in the world outlook. A writer must first establish a correct world outlook.
4. Formally, we advocate inheriting our excellent prose tradition and learning the style before Qin and Han Dynasties. It is required to create an orderly, harmonious, free expression, fresh and lively style of writing, and oppose conformism and piling up.
The ancient prose movement has a great influence on the history of China literature. It broke the rule of parallel prose since Wei and Jin Dynasties and was a turning point in the development of China's prose. Since then, the form of ancient prose has been basically fixed until the Qing Dynasty. Han Yu's literary theory not only guided the writers at that time, but also guided the creation and article reform of countless ancient writers, which promoted the development of novels. The ancient prose movement in the Song Dynasty directly inherited the ancient prose movement in the Tang Dynasty and formed the famous "Eight Masters in Tang and Song Dynasties" in the history of literature. The ancient prose movement in the Ming Dynasty and the ancient prose of Tongcheng School in the Qing Dynasty all inherited Han and Liu and guided China for more than 1000 years. It was not until the May 4th Movement that vernacular Chinese appeared. Therefore, Han Yu is known as a "master of articles" and a "hundred-generation scholar".
Han Yu's masterpiece is Shi Shuo. This is the work of Han Yu when he first entered imperial academy as a doctor in four universities at the age of 35. It was written to attack the bad atmosphere that the scholar-officials didn't pay attention to the teacher's way at that time. To be a teacher is to learn from the teacher. It seems to be a natural and common thing today, but it was a shameful and risky thing at that time, because the Tang Dynasty was an era when Buddhism and Taoism prevailed. The average scholar-bureaucrat, including the emperor, believes in Buddhism and Taoism, and is not interested in Confucianism, or even pays little attention to its teachings. They even think that being a teacher or learning from a teacher is a shame and the atmosphere is very bad. Han Yu takes the revitalization of Confucianism as his own responsibility and is determined to change this bad atmosphere. In addition to being a teacher himself, recruiting students and giving enthusiastic and meticulous guidance, he also wrote On Teachers, explaining the role of teachers and the necessity of learning from them, criticizing the bad atmosphere of not attaching importance to "learning from teachers" and severely cracking down on social bad habits that are ashamed of learning from teachers. This article has been handed down from generation to generation and has a great influence. Until today, the teaching relationship of respecting teachers, valuing teaching and learning from each other advocated by Han Yu in On Teachers is still the only criterion that teachers and students always abide by.
In 792 AD, Han Yu came to Ruyang Liu and formed an indissoluble bond with Liu Qi, the ancestor of the 27th Liu family. He lived in Ruyang Liu for more than half a month. He was deeply moved by Liu's research on brush, so he promised Liu Qi that he would write a book to praise him one day, but Liu Qi declined politely: "Being unknown" is the legacy of his ancestors, and he dare not disobey. If he has feelings for the brush, he can express his ambition through things, which is also the heart of a bosom friend. Han Yu later wrote Biography of Mao Ying as a gift to Liu Qi, which made Ruyang's Liu Bi more legendary.
Su Dongpo wrote Chicken and Wolf Hair.
Su Dongpo (A.D.1036-101) was born in Meishan, Meizhou (now meishan county, Sichuan). His name is Su Shi,no. Dongpo lay man. He was born in an official family and is a talented young man. He was a scholar at the age of 22 and became an official at the age of 26. He has served as a local official in Hangzhou, Huzhou and Mizhou and some official positions in the central government, and has lived in politics for 40 years.
Su Dongpo's most important contribution in his life is in literature. He, his father Su Xun and his younger brother Su Zhe are also called "Sansu". Both their father and son belong to the "Eight Masters of Tang and Song Dynasties", which is rare in history. Su Dongpo's parents are both highly educated people. He was influenced by history and culture since childhood and received a good family education. By the time he was a teenager, he had been able to skillfully recite hundreds of thousands of words of Hanshu from beginning to end.
In 1056, when Song Renzong was emperor, Su Xun took his two sons to Beijing to take the exam. In the second year, Ouyang Xiu, a great writer (one of the eight masters in Tang and Song Dynasties), was appointed as the chief examiner. He found an excellent test paper, so he repeatedly praised it and showed it to other officials. Others felt very good after reading it, and suggested that this paper be admitted as the first one. But Ouyang Xiu was afraid that this paper was written by his student Ceng Gong (one of the eight masters in Tang and Song Dynasties), so he won the first prize, and others might gossip. In order to avoid suspicion, he rated it second.
Soon, the paper was opened, and Ouyang Xiu found that it was done by a candidate named Su Shi. In A.D. 1058, Emperor Renzong personally took the exam in the Imperial Palace, and Su Shi and his younger brother Su Zhe both won the Jinshi.
Originally, the Su Dongpo brothers could be an official soon, but unfortunately, his mother suddenly died in Meishan's hometown at this time. When the three of them got the news, they hurried back to attend the funeral. According to the custom at that time, the two brothers stayed at home for three years before going to Beijing to accept the official seal.
Su Shi and Su Zhe are relatively conservative in politics, which is always incompatible with Wang Anshi's proposition of political reform. Su Zhe objected to Wang Anshi's implementation of young crops law and was demoted to Luoyang as an official. At this time, Zhang, an old friend of the Su family, was appointed as the magistrate (now Huaiyang, Henan Province), so he was recruited and recommended as a professor in Chenzhou (equivalent to the current director of education). He came to Chen Zhou with his wife and children at the beginning of his third year in Xining, Song Shenzong (107 1). A few months later, Su Shi also disagreed with Wang Anshi's opinion, and wrote a letter to Zongshen three times, stating that after the gains and losses of the political reform were fruitless, he asked to go abroad. As a result, he was sent to Hangzhou as a general judge. Chen Zhou was on his itinerary, so he dropped in on his brother. It happened that his sister Su Xiaomei and her brother-in-law Qin Guan were also in Chen Zhou. Brother and sister get together happily. Talking about poetry during the dinner, poetry comes one after another, which is very natural and unrestrained. Su Dongpo heard that Ruyang Liu's "Imperial Pen Workshop" was only a hundred miles away, and several brothers and sisters rode to Ruyang Liu. The Su Shi family, a famous scholar of the Liu family, came and were all overjoyed and warmly received. Su Shi knew the beauty of writing brush, so he proposed to make several writing brushes with "feather as quilt and wolf hair as column". Liu's clan refined it as required and presented it to Su Shi. Su Shi immediately spread out the paper and waved it. He was very satisfied and praised it again and again: This pen is really the best holy thing! Since then, Ruyang Liu Brush Series has added new wealth. Later, Liu people named this brush "Dongpo Chicken Langhao", which has been passed down to this day.
Su Shi became the Chief Justice of Hangzhou in order to help the Chief Executive of Hangzhou handle government affairs. In this post, he is conscientious and conscientious, and his achievements are outstanding, which is praised by the people.
The West Lake in Hangzhou is a scenic spot, but it was not when Su Shi first arrived in Hangzhou. The water in the West Lake often overflows after heavy rain, flooding the nearby farmland. After Su Shi took office, he called the local people and built a dike near the West Lake to control the flood in the West Lake. In memory of him, people called this levee "Su Causeway", which is now "Su Causeway, Xiao Chun".
Later, Su Shi said something against the new law in a thank-you letter to Song Shenzong, and was impeached by reformists and political opponents, saying that he attacked the new law and insinuated the court, and was arrested and imprisoned.
Song Renzong once said before his death: I got two literati, Su Shi and Su Zhe. Unfortunately, I am too old to use them. Wouldn't it be nice to leave them to my descendants? Therefore, Zongshen decided to exempt Su Shi from the death penalty and demoted him to Huangzhou (now Huanggang County, Hubei Province) as the assistant envoy of Yingyong. This is the Wutai poetry case in history.
In Huangzhou, Su Shi's family lived in poverty, relying on dozens of acres of land given to him by a friend to support their family. He named this land "Dongpo" and called himself "Dongpo Jushi". This is the origin of the name "Su Dongpo".
Although Su Dongpo is conservative in politics, he is an innovator in literature, and his achievements are various. He was the chief commander of the ancient prose movement in the Song Dynasty. His prose has a great influence on the formation of the prose style of the Song Dynasty. His poems are free and unrestrained, with a wide range of subjects, and he is a writer who connects the past with the future in the Song Dynasty. His contribution to the development of Ci is particularly outstanding, which created the style of bold and unconstrained Ci, opened up a broad road for the development of Ci, and made Ci a representative of Song Dynasty literature. In the history of China literature, it is known as "Tang Poetry and Song Poetry", which is Su Dongpo's contribution.
There is a mountain near the Yangtze River in the northwest of Huangzhou, and there is a stone wall near the river, which is reddish brown in color and is called "red nose rock". Su Dongpo often goes to Chibi Gathering with some friends. Because "Red Nose" and "Red Cliff" are homonyms, people mistakenly think that it is the former site of Battle of Red Cliffs, and it is also called Red Nose Rock. In fact, Battle of Red Cliffs occurred in Chibi, Jiayu County, Hubei Province, not in Chibi, Huangzhou. Su Dongpo naturally knows.
Su Dongpo and his friends have visited Chibi many times, and every time there are words handed down from generation to generation. He has written "Qian Chibi Fu" and "Hou Chibi Fu" successively, and also wrote a very famous poem "Niannujiao Chibi Nostalgia". This word is a very famous word in the history of literature, which can best represent Su Dongpo's bold and unconstrained style, and is also a masterpiece of "Song Ci", which is praised by later generations. Let's appreciate the artistic conception of this word and the ideological content it contains.
Niannujiao Chibi Nostalgia
The surging river flows eastward, and those heroes of the past are gone forever. Old camp west, people say it's the war of the Three Kingdoms, Battle of Red Cliffs. The steep rock wall, like thunder waves lapping against the river bank, waves like rolling up thousands of snow. The majestic rivers and mountains are picturesque, and many heroes emerge at once.
Looking back on Zhou Yu's spring breeze era, young and beautiful Joe just married him, and he was full of heroic spirit. A white figure with a feather fan came face to face, and while talking and laughing, the enemy warships burned to ashes. I am wandering in the battlefield today. I feel a feeling heart and give birth to white hair prematurely. Life is like a dream, and a bottle returns to the moon.
The epigraph of ci is mainly about scenery, which produces feelings and causes nostalgia for ancient heroes. From the beginning, the poet linked the magnificent mountains and rivers of the motherland with heroes, which not only showed strong feelings, but also contained profound significance. "The water in a river never returns, and the waves are exhausted, which means that the Yangtze River keeps flowing eastward, and many heroes in history have died with this turbulent river. He not only wrote the boundless momentum of the Yangtze River, but also emerged countless heroes like a picture scroll of heroes, which soaked the poet's gloomy and heroic thoughts and feelings.
Then: "On the west side of the old base area, humanity is the Red Cliff in Zhou Lang, the Three Kingdoms." Old base refers to old camp. Zhou Lang is Zhou Yu. His name is Gong Jin. At the age of 24, he was a corps commander in Wu Dong, so he was called Zhou Lang. On the west side of Laoying, people say that Zhou Yu defeated Cao's Chibi in the Three Kingdoms period. The use of the word "human nature is" shows that the lyricist doesn't think this is the ancient battlefield of Battle of Red Cliffs, but only borrows the saying that echoes others.
Just thinking about the past and discussing the present.
"Rocks are flying in the air, and the waves hit the shore, rolling up thousands of piles of snow." Looking up, there are countless huge stones towering into the sky, majestic and steep; Looking down, the waves are rough, flapping against the river bank and making a thunderous roar; From a distance, the waves rolled, like countless white snow piles, connected to the sky. These three sentences are a positive description of the scenery of Chibi, which vividly shows the natural scenery of Chibi to readers. You not only wrote the expression color of the natural scenery, but also wrote its voice, making the whole picture colorful, energetic and meaningful.
"Jiangshan is picturesque, and there are many heroes at one time." The mountains and rivers of the motherland are so magnificent, just like wonderful pictures. In this picturesque country, how many heroic sons and daughters have been all-powerful and made contributions!
Lyrics are mainly lyrical. Through the memory of the hero, express their feelings of nothing.
"When I think of Gong Jin, Xiao Qiao is married for the first time, and the heroic spirit is compelling." Qiao Xuan of Soochow has two daughters, Da Qiao and Xiao Qiao, both of whom are very beautiful and charming. Da Qiao married Sun Ce, King of Soochow, and Xiao Qiao married Zhou Yu. In retrospect, Zhou Yu just got married when she directed Battle of Red Cliffs. How young, brave and talented he is!
"Feather fan with black scarf, talking and laughing, it's all over." The black silk scarf of feather fan is a description of the demeanor of ancient Confucian generals, which generally refers to warships. Zhou Yu is holding a fan made of bird feathers and wearing a Confucian silk scarf. He was charming and carefree, talking and laughing, and completely burned Cao Cao's warships. These words show Zhou Yu's outstanding military command ability. It means that he was as cool as a cucumber, a shoo-in, easily defeated Cao Cao in conversation and laughter, and established immortal feats.
"The old country fell, sentimental Ying Xiao Wo, early years." Facing the hero's remains, recalling the past and remembering the ancients, Ying Xiao Wo was so affectionate that his hair turned white prematurely. Why did the poet "feel sad about Ying Xiao Wo" because he thought of Zhou Yu, who commanded Battle of Red Cliffs at a young age, and himself? However, he is full of enthusiasm. Not only can you not display your political ambitions, you can't make achievements, but something will happen. Now he is 47 years old and still in exile in Huangzhou. If you have no ambition, you will accomplish nothing, and your temples will be gray. In the face of the ancients, how can we not sigh helplessly?
"Life is like a dream, there is still one month." The bottle is a wine glass, and it is sprinkled on the ground as a souvenir. Life is as short as a dream. Let's not worry about something. Let's raise our glasses and take Jiang Yue as our bosom friend. Let's drink to it! This is the poet's self-comfort in helplessness. This kind of thought is naturally negative, but it also expresses the poet's broad-minded character.
In this poem Niannujiao Nostalgia for the Red Cliff, Su Dongpo artistically reproduces the spectacular scene of the Red Cliff War, fully expressing his admiration for the hero Zhou Yu and his incomparable love for the magnificent rivers and mountains of the motherland.
A few years later, the new party failed, the old party came to power, Sima Guang came to power, and Su Dongpo was recalled to Beijing as a bachelor of Hanlin. But he opposed the abolition of the new law, so he was rejected by the old party. Later, the new party came to power again, and he was exiled to remote places such as Huizhou and Qiongzhou (Hainan Island). It was not until11kloc-0/year before his death that he was recalled to Suzhou and died.