Introduction to Qing Dynasty mausoleums?
In the minds of emperors of all ages, the mausoleum is a supreme, sacred and inviolable holy place. The following is what I have compiled for you, I hope it can help you.
The mausoleum is the product of the feudal society and the imperial palace where feudal emperors and their concubines are buried after their death. In feudal society, the ruling class has always preached that "the holy emperor is filial to the world, and the most important thing is the mountain mausoleum." They believe that the mountain mausoleum is related to the rise and fall of the emperor's destiny and the length of the country. Therefore, in the minds of feudal emperors of all ages, the mausoleum is supreme and sacrosanct. In order to protect the safety of the mausoleum, walls, boundary stakes, fire lanes, and prohibition signs were built, coupled with the mysteries of the feudal rulers and the public exaggeration, the royal cemetery was shrouded in a mysterious aura. Although the tombs of the Ming and Qing Dynasties have been open for many years, they still have a strong sense of mystery and there are many mysteries that are difficult to solve.
The Qing Dynasty was the last dynasty of my country’s feudal society. From the establishment of the Qing Dynasty by Emperor Taizong Huang Taiji in 1636 to its demise in 1911, it lasted 275 years. Three royal cemeteries were opened successively, namely the Three Tombs outside the Pass, the Eastern Tombs of the Qing Dynasty and the Western Tombs of the Qing Dynasty. There are 12 emperor's mausoleums, 7 queen's mausoleums, and 10 concubine's gardens. There are also a large number of accompanying tombs built around the mausoleum area for princes, princesses, ministers, nannies, etc. These royal cemeteries are large in scale, complete in system, and magnificent. They are the crystallization of the wisdom and hard work of the working people in ancient my country. From the construction of mausoleums and the funerals of emperors and concubines, we can gain insight into some aspects of the palace struggles, financial conditions, official promotions, palace secrets, rules and regulations, funeral rituals, and building regulations at that time. Therefore, the mausoleum is not only an important part of the study of Qing palace history, but also an important physical material for the study of Qing history.
The Three Tombs Outside the Pass of the Qing Dynasty
The Three Tombs Outside the Pass refers to outside Shanhaiguan. The Qingling Tombs outside the Pass specifically refer to the Yongling Tomb in Xinbin County, Liaoning Province today, the Fuling Tomb in the eastern suburbs of Shenyang City, the Zhaoling Tomb in the northern suburbs of Shenyang City, and the Tokyo Tomb in the eastern suburbs of Liaoyang City. The first three tombs are called the "Three Tombs of Shengjing", also known as the "Three Tombs outside the Pass", the "Ancestral Tombs of Shengjing" and the "Three Tombs of the Early Qing Dynasty".
The burials in the mausoleums outside the pass are all emperors and their concubines before the Qing Dynasty entered the pass, and some of them are emperors and empresses who are being honored. There are also many accompanying tombs built next to these mausoleums. Since they were all built before the entry into the Customs, they are quite unique and valuable for studying the history of the early Qing Dynasty.
Qing Yongling Mausoleum: It was built in 1558 and was originally called Xingjing Mausoleum. In 1659, it was renamed Yongling. It has a history of more than 400 years. Buried in the mausoleum are Nurhaci's sixth ancestor Mengge Timur, great-grandfather Fuman, grandfather Juechang'an, father Takshi, uncle Lidun, and uncle Tachapiangu. In 1648, Fulin, the founder of the Qing Dynasty, posthumously named Mengge Timur as "Emperor Zhaozu", Fuman as "Emperor Xingzuzhi", Jue Chang'an as "Emperor Jingzuyi", and Tucker Shi as "Xianzu Xuan". emperor". Emperors Kangxi, Qianlong, Jiaqing, Daoguang and other emperors came to Yongling nine times to pay homage to their ancestors, making Yongling ancestor worship activities a national ceremony in the Qing Dynasty.
Qing Fuling Mausoleum: It was first built in the third year of Jin Tiancong ***1629***. It was completed in the eighth year of Shunzhi in the Qing Dynasty ***1651***, and was added by Emperors Kangxi and Qianlong. , with today's scale. Buried in the mausoleum are Nurhaci, the founder of the Qing Dynasty, and his queen Yehenala. The mausoleum is adjacent to the Hun River, with Tianzhu Mountain at its back. The water surrounds the mountain, and the grass is deep and the forest is dense. The scenery is very quiet. Although its layout is exactly the same as that of Zhaoling, it has two major characteristics because it is built on a hillside that is high in the north and low in the south.
Zhaoling Mausoleum of the Qing Dynasty: It was first built in the eighth year of Chongde in the Qing Dynasty ***1643***, and was completed in the eighth year of Shunzhi ***1651***. It was later added to by Emperors Kangxi and Jiaqing. It has become the scale it is today. Buried in the mausoleum are Emperor Taizong of the Qing Dynasty Huang Taiji and his queen Borjigit. Zhaoling is not built near mountains or rivers, but is built directly on flat ground. It is surrounded by walls and walls, which looks very much like a small city.
It reaches Yanglu Mountain, 4 miles northeast of Tokyo City, and becomes the Mausoleum of the Later Jin Dynasty, so it is called "Tokyo Mausoleum".
In the 11th year of Emperor Shunzhi of the Qing Dynasty (1654), the tombs of Nurhaci's grandfathers were moved back to their hometown of Hetuala Yongling Mausoleum. There are four cemeteries in the Tokyo Mausoleum: Nurhachi's younger brother Shuerhaqi, his eldest son Chu Ying, his concubine's brother Mulhaqi, and his son Darcha. The mausoleum road was rebuilt in 1996-97. This mausoleum has buildings such as walls, mountain gates, and stele pavilions. The stele pavilion is well-stored and built in front of Shuerhaqi's tomb. It is a mountain-style building with four single eaves and a painted caisson inside. In the middle of the pavilion is the marble "Stele of Prince Zhuangdarhan Batulu", written in both Chinese and Manchu. The writing is clear and the carvings are exquisite. The Tokyo Mausoleum was once the ancestral mausoleum of the royal family during the period when the ancestors of the Qing Dynasty were established and the Liao Dynasty was established. It was of great significance in the history of the development of the Qing Dynasty's political power.
Qing Dong Tomb of the Qing Dynasty
The Qing Dong Tomb is located in the Changrui Mountain area to the west of Malanyu Town, Zunhua City, Hebei Province. It is adjacent to Ji County of Tianjin City to the west and Chengde to the north. The area borders Xinglong County. The Qingdong Mausoleum is the first royal cemetery built by the Qing Dynasty within the pass, and is also the largest of the three major cemeteries of the Qing Dynasty. Qing Dong Tomb is a rare "feng shui" treasure land. There is Changrui Mountain in the north as a backrest like a brocade screen and a green tent; in the south there is Jinxing Mountain as a person holding a fluorene bow before bowing; in the middle there is Yingbi Mountain as a support for calligraphy; in the east there is an eagle flying over the mountain like a green dragon lying on its back; in the west there is Huanghua Mountain looks like a majestic white tiger, surrounded by two large rivers on the east and west like two jade belts. The hall surrounded by mountains is vast, open and graceful. It can be said that the land is perfect and the scenery is natural. At that time, Shunzhi went hunting in this area and was shocked by the beautiful mountains and waters. He immediately declared that "the lush greenness of this mountain can be my longevity palace." Since then, there has been a large-scale and majestic Dongling Tomb of the Qing Dynasty in Changrui Mountain. With its irrefutable charm and important historical, artistic and scientific value, the Qing Tombs were officially included in the World Cultural Heritage List on November 30, 2000. In January 2001, it was rated as a national tourist attraction by the National Tourism Administration.
The construction of the Qing Dong Tomb began in 1661 and lasted 247 years before it was completed. ***There are five emperor mausoleums - Emperor Shunzhi's Xiaoling Mausoleum, Emperor Kangxi's Jingling Mausoleum, Emperor Qianlong's Yuling Mausoleum, Emperor Xianfeng's Dingling Mausoleum, Emperor Tongzhi's Huiling Mausoleum, and four empress mausoleums, namely Empress Xiaozhuang Wen. There are two Zhaoxiling Tombs of Empress Xiaohuizhang, Xiaodong Tomb of Empress Xiaohuizhang, and Dingdong Tomb of Ci'an and Cixi. Dingling Concubine's Garden Bedroom, Huiling Concubine's Garden Bedroom, and a Princess Mausoleum, where 14 queens and 136 concubines are buried.
Qingxi Mausoleum of the Qing Dynasty
The Qingxi Mausoleum is one of the two major mausoleums of the Qing Dynasty emperors. It is located at the foot of Yongning Mountain, 15 kilometers west of Yi County, Hebei Province, and more than 120 kilometers away from Beijing. The perimeter is about 100 kilometers and the area is more than 800 square kilometers. It is surrounded by the verdant Yongning Mountain to the north and the meandering Yishui River to the south, with towering ancient trees and majestic scenery. In 1730 AD, the eighth year of Emperor Yongzheng's reign, Emperor Qianlong chose this place as the site of his mausoleum. The site of Yongzheng's mausoleum was originally chosen at Chaoyang Mountain in Jiufeng, the Eastern Tomb of the Qing Dynasty. However, he believed that "although the scale was large, the shape was incomplete, and the soil in the cave was filled with sand and gravel, making it unusable." Therefore, the original site was abandoned and ordered to be renovated. Alternatively, choose "Auspicious Land for Ten Thousand Years". The person who selected the mausoleum site said in a memorial that the foot of Yongning Mountain in Yixian County is "the area where the heaven and earth gather together, where yin and yang meet, and where the dragon's cave, sand and water are all beautiful. The situation is in order and everything is well prepared." Emperor Yongzheng was very happy after reading the memorial. It is also believed that "the mountains and rivers here are well-structured and are considered to be auspicious soil". Since then, emperors of various dynasties of the Qing Dynasty have been buried in two major mausoleums in the east and west of Zunhua and Yi County.
The Western Mausoleums of the Qing Dynasty began in 1730, the eighth year of Yongzheng’s reign, when the Tailing Mausoleum was first built, to the Chongling Mausoleum of Guangxu was completed in 1915 AD. After 186 years, Japan built four emperor’s mausoleums. They are the Tailing Mausoleum of Emperor Yongzheng, Changling Mausoleum of Emperor Jiaqing, Muling Mausoleum of Emperor Daoguang and Chongling Mausoleum of Emperor Guangxu. There are three empress mausoleums, namely the Taidong Mausoleum of Empress Xiaoshengxian, Changxi Mausoleum of Empress Xiaoherui and Xiaojing Mausoleum. Mu Dongling, where she became empress, has 7 sleeping chambers for princes, princesses and concubines. It contains the burials of 4 emperors Yongzheng, Jiaqing, Daoguang and Guangxu, 9 queens, 56 concubines and 80 princes, princesses and other people. The construction area reaches more than 50,000 square meters, with more than 1,000 palaces and more than 100 stone carvings and stone buildings, forming a large-scale and magnificent ancient building complex.
The Western Tombs of the Qing Dynasty are a key cultural relics protection unit in the country. In November 2000, the Western Tombs of the Qing Dynasty and the Eastern Tombs of the Qing Dynasty were listed as world cultural heritage by the 24th World Heritage Committee.
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