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1, 1901 Sully Prudhomme (1939-1907) France

Sully Prudhomme (1939-1907) was a French poet whose original name was Rene Francois Prudhomme. Born in Paris into a family of industrialists and merchants, his father was an engineer. Sully Prudhomme was smart and studious since childhood, but due to health reasons he was unable to enter university. In his early years, he worked as a clerk, engineer, and engaged in legal work before turning to poetry creation. His solid scientific accomplishment made him want to communicate poetry and science; and his strong philosophical interest made him want to capture inspiration from philosophical thinking and refine the theme of poetry.

He participated in the Parnath poetry movement around the 1960s and became one of its representatives. The Parnas school was composed of some Gaudist poets who advocated "art for art's sake" and was the forerunner of the Symbolist school. This poet advocates staying away from reality in art, being calm and objective, and restraining the direct expression of personal feelings.

In 1865, Sully Prudhomme published his first collection of poems, Rhymes and Verses, which immediately made his mark and attracted the attention of the poetry world. The poetry collections "Loneliness" (1869) and "Futile Tenderness" (1875) published thereafter are two masterpieces with a strong lyrical flavor. They mainly describe the lonely mood, lovelorn love, and are full of melancholy. But what is more appreciated by the intellectual circles are two collections of philosophical poems, "Justice" (1878) and "12 Poems on Happiness" (1888). The collection of poems mainly explores the conflict between human consciousness and modern society. It has a didactic element and is relatively obscure. In addition, he also has poetry collections "Test" (1866), "Impressions of War" (1870), "France" (1874), "Prism" (1886), "Poetry's Last Words" (1901) and prose works "Collected Essays" (1883), "Investigation of Poetry" (1892), "True Faith from Bhaskar" (1905). From 1900 to 1901, he edited and published the "Collected Poems of Sully Prudhomme".

Sully Prudhomme's poetry is good at reminding people of the secret and subtle feelings and experiences of spiritual calculations. Longer than analysis, whether it is inspirational poetry or philosophical poetry, it has left a deep impression on readers. Due to his creative achievements, he was elected as a member of the French Academy in 1881. In 1901, the Swedish Academy awarded the first Nobel Prize in Literature to him "in special recognition of his poetry, which is the testimony of noble ideals, perfect art and rare soul and wisdom". ?

Representative works? Poetry collections: "Rhymes and Poems", "Loneliness", "Futile Tenderness", "Justice", "12 Poems of Happiness", etc.?

2 , 1902?Theodor Mommsen (Theodor Mommsen 1817-1903)?Germany

Theodor Mommsen (Theodor Mommsen 1817-1903) German historian, born in Germany Chaldean of Schleswig (then part of Denmark). His father is a country pastor and his mother is a teacher. Under the influence of his family, Monson has been fond of and familiar with ancient Roman history since he was a child. In 1938, he was admitted to the Law Department of Kiel University in Denmark. Graduated in 1842 with a doctorate in law. In 1843, Mommsen accepted a scholarship from the King of Denmark and went to Italy to conduct research on ancient Roman law. He returned to his motherland in 1847 and applied as a law professor at the University of Leipzig. He was dismissed in 1850 for delivering a speech attacking Bismarck. In 1852, he served as professor of Roman law at the University of Zurich, Switzerland; in 1854, he transferred to teach at the University of Breslau; in 1858, he served as professor of ancient history at the University of Berlin, and was invited by the Royal Academy of Berlin to edit the journal "Dictionary". In 1874, he was again appointed professor at the University of Leipzig. From 1873 to 1882, he served as a member of the German Empire. In the parliament, as a liberal leader, he often gave speeches and criticized Bismarck's domestic policies. He was once summoned by the judiciary for "defamation".

Mommsen angrily walked out of the Assembly in protest.

Monson's main achievement is the study of ancient Roman history. The five-volume "History of Rome" (1854-1885, the fourth volume is unfinished) is a historical masterpiece that he completed after 30 years of hard work. His profound knowledge and democratic belief enabled him to illuminate this ancient society of more than two thousand years with new brilliance. He warmly praised Caesar, who was full of democratic spirit and rewarded science and art, but regarded Pang Ye only as a low-level officer who was good at military training. This masterpiece has an encyclopedic breadth in presenting the politics, economy, military, culture, and customs of ancient Roman society. The writing style of the work is refined, the narrative is vivid, dramatic, and the characters are distinctive, which has high literary value. The great achievement of "History of Rome" earned the author a high reputation. Bismarck once held this book and said to the author: "I have read "History of Rome" over and over again. You see, the cover is almost worn out."

Momson's important works include: "Southern Italian Dialects" (1850), "Roman Chronicles" (1859), "History of Roman Coinage" (1860), "Civil Law Collection" (1866-1870), " "Roman Public Law" (1888), "Roman Criminal Law" (1899), etc. The "Collection of Latin Inscriptions" (16 volumes, 1867-1959) compiled by him not only has important historical value, but also has high artistic value. The preface to this book is recognized as one of the most wonderful Latin prose works of modern times.

In 1902, Mommsen won the Nobel Prize for Literature because he was "the greatest living master in the art of historical writing, with special mention for his landmark work "The History of Rome"". The Swedish Academy believes that "History of Rome" "has both complete and extensive academic value and a vivid and powerful literary style... His intuitive ability and creative ability bridge the gap between historians and poets." (Award Speech ) ?

Representative works: "Southern Italian Dialects", "Roman Chronicles", "History of Roman Coinage", "Collection of Civil Laws", "Roman Public Law", "Roman Criminal Law", "Complete Latin Inscriptions" Etc.

3, 1903? Bjornstjerne Bjornson 1832-1910? Norway

Bjornstjerne Bjornson 1832 -1910) Norwegian dramatist, poet, novelist, and social activist. Born in Kvenj, northern Norway, into a family of priests. I have been fond of ancient Norwegian legends and folktales since I was a child. In 1852, Björnson was admitted to Royal Frederick University. In 1855, he wrote literary and drama reviews for "Morgenblader" and came into contact with Ibsen and others. From 1866 to 1871, he served as the editor of the "Norskford News", actively spreading national culture and promoting the idea of ​​national independence. He, Ibsen and others insisted on writing in the national language, using folklore as creative themes, and worked hard to develop modern Norwegian literature rooted in the local area.

Björnsson's literary creations are very rich, and he has made the greatest achievements in drama. In 1857, he succeeded Ibsen as director and manager of the National Theater in Bergen. Most of his period plays inherited the fine tradition of folk creation, such as "Between the Battles" (1857), "The Evil King Siegelt" (1862), "Mary Stuart, Queen of Scots" (1863), etc. These plays, like Ibsen's earlier historical dramas, were a sensation.

From 1865 to 1867, he chaired the Christiania Theatre. In the 1970s, influenced by Brandes's radical ideas, Björnsson participated in practical struggles, traveled around the world for inspections, and created many social dramas that reflected contemporary issues. The famous representative drama includes "Bankruptcy" (1875) , "Editor in Chief" (1875), "The Emperor" (1877), "The Glove of Challenge" (1883), "Manpower Cannot Reach" (1883) and its sequel (1895), etc. In these scripts, Bjornsson criticized the asset stage with sharp writing and realism, which caused great repercussions in Norwegian society.

Bjornson also made outstanding achievements in poetry and novels.

He began to write poetry while in college, most of which were collected in "Poems and Songs". His traumatic poem "Yes, We Love This Land" in his later years has become the lyrics of the Norwegian national anthem. His novels mainly include "Arnni" (1858), "The Happy Boy" (1860), "The Fisher Girl" (1868), "The Kurtz Family Property" (1884), and "The Word of God" (1889). etc., these works make the writer a "contemporary realist master" (award speech).

Björnsson and Ibsen were not only close friends in the literary world, but also sons and daughters. In the history of Norwegian literature, Bjornsson is as famous as Ibsen. In 1903, Björnsson was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature "in celebration of his nobility, grandeur and brilliance, which are often distinguished by original inspiration and rare purity of spirit". Died of illness in Paris on April 26, 1910. ?

Representative script writing: "Between the Battles", "The Evil King Siegelt", "Mary Stuart, Queen of Scots" and other novels: "Arnnie", "The Happy Boy" ", "The Fisher Girl", "Kurz's Family Property", "The Word of God", etc.?

4, 1904? José Echegaray Y. Eyzaguirre ( José Echegaray y Eizaguirre, 1832-1916) ?Spain

José Echegaray y Eizaguirre (1832-1916) Spanish dramatist and poet. Born in Madrid, his father held a chair in hope studies at local academic institutions. Echegarai graduated with honors from the Madrid School of Civil Engineering and served as a mathematics professor at the school. He was also keen on political economics and became interested in drama. Before becoming a dramatist, he was famous as a mathematician, economist and social activist. He has served as Spanish Minister of Commerce, Education and Finance and as an academician of the Spanish Academy of Languages ​​and the Academy of Natural Sciences. After retiring from politics in 1874, he specialized in drama creation. His first play, "The Book of Invoices", was performed at the famous Apollo Theater in Madrid and was a success. Over the next 30 years, he successively created more than a hundred plays with different styles, becoming one of the few prolific writers in the history of Spanish drama. His major works include "The Enemy's Wife" (1874), "The Sword's Handle" (1875), "It's Either Crazy or Holy" (1877), "The Pillar of Fire and the Cross" (1878), and "The Great Matchmaker" (1881). , "The Conflict of Two Obligations" (1882), "The Restless Woman" (1904), etc. Among them, "It's Either Crazy or Holy" and "The Great Matchmaker" are his masterpieces.

Echegaray's dramas are rich in content and unique and fresh in style. His dramas have a rigorous structure, strong dramatic conflicts, and reasonable causes, developments, and endings, but they are often sentimental and divorced from reality in their romantic exaggeration. The moral sense of his plays is extremely outstanding and admirable. He is particularly good at grasping the audience's emotions and attracts the audience with his strong expressive power and dramatic effect. His drama is recognized as a representative of Spanish late Romantic drama. "It is considered to have restored the Spanish drama of the golden age. People respect Echegaray as an innovative talent in the most glorious era of national dramatic poetry." (Award Speech)

In 1904, "due to the unique and novel style of his plays, which revived the great tradition of Spanish drama", Echegaray won the Nobel Prize at the same time as the French poet Frederic Mistral. Literary Award.

The representative works are "The Enemy's Wife", "The Sword Handle", "Either Crazy or Holy", "Pillar of Fire and the Cross", "The Great Matchmaker", "The Conflict of Two Obligations", " "Uneasy Woman" etc.

1904 (same award as above)? Frédéric Mistral (1830-1914)? France

Frédéric Mies Frédéric Mistral (1830-1914) French poet. Born in Mayana, in the Rhône estuary department, which was part of the ancient Provence region.

The beautiful hometown cultivated and nurtured his poetry. The poet was deeply influenced by the native language and local customs of Provence since childhood, and wrote in Provence, praising the beautiful mountains, rivers, scenery and ancient culture of his hometown.

After receiving a law degree from the College of Aix-en-Provence, Mistral devoted himself to poetry. In 1852, he published his first long poem "Provence", and then spent 7 years writing the long poem "Miloy" (1859), thus winning world reputation.

After "Miloy", Mistral published another heroic epic "Karandhar" (1866), a collection of poems "Calendar" (1867), and "The Golden Island" (1876) ), the narrative poem "Nelte" (1884), the poetic drama "Queen Jeanne" (1890), the narrative poem "Poems of the Rhone" (1897), the narrative poetry collection "The Harvest of Olives" (1912), etc. In addition, his works include "New Provence Dictionary" (1879-1886), memoir "My Life--Memories and Stories" (1906), etc. These "works are like a tall and immortal monument to the glory of his beloved Provence" (award citation).

Provençal is an ancient language that has been silent for a long time. Now thanks to the efforts of poets, it has become a living literature. This was a major event in the European literary world at that time, and Mistral was responsible for its revival. His great contribution to Provence literature made him an outstanding representative of Provence culture. In recognition of his creative achievements, the French Academy has awarded him four awards, and the French Academy of Letters awarded him the Cross of Honor. In 1904, Mistral and Spain's Echegaray won the Nobel Prize for Literature due to "the novel uniqueness and true inspiration of his poems, which faithfully reflect the natural scenery and the local feelings of his people" .

Representative poetry creations: "Carandal", "Calendar", "Golden Island", "Nelte", "Queen Jeanne", "Poetry of the Rhone", "Olive Harvest" "etc. Memoirs: "My Life---Memories and Stories"

5, 1905, Henryk Sienkiewicz (1846-1916), Poland

Henryk Sienkiewicz (henryk Sienkiewicz, 1846-1916) Polish writer. Born in the village of Vola Okoreja, not far from Warsaw. After graduating from high school, he followed his mother's wishes and was admitted to the medical school of Warsaw University. A year later, he transferred to his favorite literature department. In 1871, when the Tsarist Russian government changed the Warsaw Higher School into the Imperial University of Warsaw, he angrily left the university without taking the graduation exam in protest.

While in college, Sienkiewicz began literary activities. In 1872, under the pen name of Littleworth, he published satirical sketches and political comments in newspapers such as "Polish" and at the same time started the novella "Futile Effort", which describes the life of college students. From 1876 to 1878, Sienkiewicz visited the United States via England and France. "Letters from Traveling to America" ​​is his impressions of this trip.

Between 1876 and 1882, Sienkiewicz published a series of popular short and medium-length stories such as "Charcoal Sketch" (1877), "Musician Yang Ke" (1879), and "Angel" (1880). The novel reflects the suffering fate of the oppressed nation and people, and expresses deep sympathy. These works are of high ideological and artistic quality and can be called masterpieces of Polish realist novels. p>

In 18883, Sienkiewicz began to turn to the creation of historical novels. He successively published a trilogy describing the historical events of Poland in the 17th century: "Fire and Sword" (1884), "The Torrent" (1886), The trilogy of "Mr. Włodowski" (1889) caused a huge response among readers. The famous Swedish scholar O. Wilson spoke highly of it: "It was not until Sienkiewicz that the Polish epic truly blossomed. "Brilliant flowers"

Following the trilogy, Sienkiewicz published the famous historical novels "Where Do You Stay" (1896) and "The Crusaders" (1900). .

"The Crusader Knights" describes the heroic struggle for the Polish people against the invasion of the Crusader Knights in the early 15th century. "Where Are You Going" was hailed as "a masterpiece reflecting ancient Roman society" and "a true Christian epic" and became popular in the European and American literary circles. It was one of the few novels with more than one million copies sold in the 19th century. In 1905, "for his remarkable merit as a historical novel", Sienkiewicz received the Nobel Prize for Literature.

After the start of World War I, Sienkiewicz moved to Switzerland, organized the "Polish War Victims Relief Committee" and served as the chairman of the committee. Died of illness in Switzerland on November 15, 1916. In October 1924, his coffin was transported back to Warsaw by the Polish government for a state funeral.

The representative works are "Charcoal Sketch", "Musician Yang Ke", "Angel", "Fire and Sword", "Torrent", "Mr. Volodoujovsky", "Where Do You Live" "Everywhere", "Crusader Knights", "Crusader Knights", etc.

6, 1906? Giosueé Carducci (1835-1907)? Italy

Giosueé Carducci (Giosueé Carducci, 1835-1907) Italian poet, Literary critic. Born in Versilia, his father was a doctor and a member of the secret revolutionary group Carbonari. Carducci was smart and studious since childhood, and was familiar with ancient Roman and Italian literature. After graduating with honors from the Pisa Normal College, he was employed as a teacher in a secondary school. At the same time, a literary group with the purpose of anti-romanticism was organized. In 1860, he was recommended to lecture on rhetoric at the University of Bologna.

In his youth, Carducci was deeply influenced by the bourgeois revolutionaries such as Mazzini and Garibaldi. As early as the 1950s, he clearly expressed the ideas of the National Revival Movement in the collection of poems "Sound and Rhyme" published in the 1950s. . Early poetry collections "Youth Poems" (1871) and "Relaxed Poems and Serious Poems" (1861-1871) praised the French bourgeois revolution, condemned foreign aggression and feudal autocracy, and expressed the poet's desire for national independence, freedom and equality. of strong feelings. The famous long poem "Ode to Satan" (completed in 1863 and published in 1865) praises the rebellious spirit of Satan, severely criticizes the church's power to stifle freedom and the evil of haircuts, and praises the victory of man's haircuts and material spirit over religion and the joy of human life.

After the establishment of the Kingdom of Italy in 1871, Carducci's rebellious spirit gradually became milder and his politics became increasingly conservative. He joined the martyrs of the constitutional monarchy and was elected as a senator in the Parliament of the Kingdom of Italy. His poetry also gradually lost its former glory. of edge. Poetry collections such as "New Poetry Notes" (1861-1887), "Collection of Barbarian Songs" (1877-1889), and "Rhymed Poems and Rhythmic Poems" (1887-1898) mostly escape reality, chant natural scenery, and reminisce about youth and love. of joy. In art, the rhythm of ancient Greek and Roman poetry was followed, the pursuit of formal perfection revealed a decadent sentiment.

Carduzzi is also a well-known literary critic and linguist. He has written monographs such as "Study of Early Italian Literature: Troubadours and Chivalry Poetry", "The Development of Italian National Literature" and a series of Insightful academic papers.

In 1906, Carducci was awarded the Nobel Prize "not only for his profound knowledge and critical research, but also for the creativity, leisurely style and lyrical charm of his outstanding market information". Bell Prize for Literature.

Died in 1907, leaving behind him 20 volumes of "The Complete Works of Carducci".

7, 1907 Rudyard Kipling (1865-1936) UK

Rudyard Kipling (1865-1936) British novelist and poet. A native of Mumbai, India, his father was a teacher at the Bombay Art School and later the principal of the Lahore Art School and director of the museum. Kipling was sent back to England for education when he was 6 years old. He graduated from high school and returned to India at the age of 17. His father found a job for him in Lahore as deputy editor of Lahore's "Military and Civilian Newspaper".

Due to his work, he had a thorough understanding of the customs and customs of India as well as the life of British colonists in India.

In September 1884, Kipling published his first short story "The House of Sorrow", and since then he has continued to publish poems and short stories. Kipling's early famous works include the collection of poems "The Doggerel" (1886), the collection of short stories "The Story of the Mountain" (1888) and "The Three Soldiers" (1888). The style of these works is fresh and natural, vividly showing the customs and customs of India, which refreshed British readers at that time.

The period from the 1990s to the beginning of this century was the heyday of Kipling's creation. His poetry collections "Barrack Ballads" (1892) and "Seven Seas" (1896) sang the praises of the British army's campaigns in foreign countries in a heroic and humorous style, earning the poet the title of "Imperial Poet". In terms of novels, there are the famous short story collection "The Resistance of Life" (1891) and the most fascinating animal story "The Jungle Book" (1894-1895). The novels include "The Lost Light" (1891) and "Kim "(1901) etc. "Kim" is the writer's last work with an Indian theme. It is recognized by critics as Kipling's best novel. In addition, the writer also created the famous fairy tale "Common Stories for Children" (1902) ) and historical story collections "Parker of Puke Hill" (1906), "Rewards and Fairies" (1910), etc. In his later years, due to the pain of losing a child and suffering from illness, Kipling underwent new changes in his creation. Many of his works dealt with war trauma, morbid psychology, madness and death. The works of this period include the short story collection "Various People" (1917), "Debits and Credits" (1926), etc.

Kipling created 8 collections of poems, 4 novels, 21 collections of short stories and historical stories, as well as a large number of prose, essays, travel notes, etc. throughout his life. His works are concise, concise and full of exotic sentiments, especially in short stories, which are unparalleled. Mark Twain once enthusiastically praised Kipling's works and said, "I know Kipling's books... they never grow pale to me, they remain colorful; they are always fresh." Because of Kipling's "ability to observe, novel imagination, powerful thoughts and outstanding narrative talent", he won the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1907, becoming the first British writer to win this award. ?

Representative poetry collections: "Gun Liger", "Barrack Ballad", "Seven Seas" Short story collections: "The Story of the Mountain", "Three Soldiers", "The Resistance of Life", "The Jungle Book" 》Novel: "Lost Light", "Kim", etc.

8, 1908? Rudorf Eucken (1946-1926)? Germany

Rudorf Eucken (1946-1926) ) German philosopher. Born in Olich, East Frisia, Germany, into a post office manager's family, he lost his father at a young age. His mother was the daughter of a missionary and was deeply religious. Since he was a child, Oyken has liked to think deeply about life and loves reading. In 1863, he entered the University of Göttingen and once went to the University of Berlin to study. His main interests were ancient philosophy and history, especially Aristotle. After graduation, he worked as a middle school teacher. In 1871, he was appointed professor at the University of Basel, Switzerland, and in 1874, he was appointed professor at the University of Jena until his retirement in 1920. For more than 40 years, he lectured in the forest glade by the river every day before dawn, which was very popular among students. During this period, he went to Harvard University in the United States to give lectures as an exchange scholar.

Eucken calls his philosophy "philosophy of spiritual life", which belongs to the category of philosophy of life in the history of philosophy, along with Dilthey and Bergson. He believed that philosophy should not be centered on abstract concepts, but on living life or life. Life or life is an evolutionary process. The primary stage is natural life, and the advanced stage is spiritual life. Spiritual life is ethical in nature, including realistic ideals and purposes, and personality is its attribute. Its highest state is to unify the individual's spirit with the spiritual life system hidden in the process of human history and the spirit that governs the universe.

This kind of unity means transcending oneself, transcending the bottom-up here and now, and moving from a life of restraint and passivity to a life of autonomy. The meaning of life is to constantly overcome the contradictions between nature and spirit, individual and overall, so that they can continue to move toward the unity of the two and achieve a noble personality. All these processes of creation and evolution are fundamentally determined by the driving force of life from the universe. Euken wanted to use "philosophy of spiritual life" to unify and integrate the opposition between naturalism and intellectualism, materialism and idealism in the history of philosophy, but in essence it is still idealism based on subjectivity.

Oyken's main works include: "The Main Trend of Modern Thought" (1878), "The Unification of Spiritual Life in Human Consciousness and Behavior" (1887), "The Outlook on Life of Great Thinkers" (1878) 1890), "The Fight for the Content of Spiritual Life" (1896), "The Truth of Religion" (1901), "Basic Lines for a New Outlook on Life" (1906), "The Meaning and Value of Life" (1907), " Cognition and Life" (1912), "The Relationship between Contemporary Ethics and Spiritual Life" (1913), "Collected Papers of Euken" (1914), "Man and the World - Philosophy of Life" (1918), "Review of Life" 》

(1920) etc. His writings are clear and easy to understand, without the obscurity of Kantian or Hegelian styles, and are filled with the enthusiasm of "establishing a heart for the heaven and earth, and establishing a destiny for the people."

In 1908, in order to "recognize his earnest pursuit of the truth, his intellectual insight, his broad vision and enthusiasm, his vigorous expression technique, and the use of this technique in his many works, the maintenance of and developed an idealistic philosophy of life" and was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature.

Representative works: "The Main Trend of Modern Thought", "The Unification of Spiritual Life in Human Consciousness and Behavior", "The Outlook on Life of Great Thinkers", "Fighting for the Content of Spiritual Life", " The Truth of Religion", "The Basic Line of a New Outlook on Life", "The Meaning and Value of Life", "Cognition and Life", "The Relationship between Contemporary Ethics and Spiritual Life", "Collected Papers of Oyken", "Humanity" and the World - Philosophy of Life", "Life Review", etc.?

9, 1909? Selma Lagerlof (1858-1940)? Sweden

Selma Lagerlof (Selma Lagerlof, 1858-1940) Swedish female writer. Born in the village of Mabacka, Värmland Province in western Sweden, he was born into an aristocratic military officer family. When he was 3 years old, he had difficulty walking due to lower limb disease. He mainly relied on books and his story-telling grandmother to accompany him day and night, and he was exposed to a large number of fairy tales and Chinese folklore.

In 1882, Lagerlöf studied at the Royal Women's Normal College in Stockholm, the capital, and was baptized by science. She is well-read and has extensive knowledge in various fields such as philosophy, theology and literature. After graduation, she worked as a primary school geography teacher for 10 years and engaged in writing in her spare time. In 1891, the first novel came out, which was praised by the famous Danish literary critic Brandes and became famous in one fell swoop. After that, he published excellent short story collections "The Invisible Chain" (1894), "The Queens of Kunjahara" (1899), the novel "The Miracle of the Antichrist" (1897) and "Jerusalem" (1901-1902) wait. "Jerusalem" is called the "national epic" that reaches the highest level of art.

In 1897, Lagerlöf settled in Falon, central Sweden. In 1906, at the request of a primary school principal in Sweden, he agreed to write a book suitable for children. In order to collect relevant information, the writer, who is nearly 50 years old, endured the great pain caused by leg disease and traveled across mountains and rivers to conduct field research across the country. After carefully studying the living habits and laws of birds and animals, and investigating the customs and folklore of various places, she finally completed the world-famous fairy tale novel "The Adventures of Niels" (literally translated as "Niels Høyer"). Song's legendary tour of Sweden"). This work made the writer as famous as Andersen.

In 1909, she won the Nobel Prize for Literature "due to the noble idealism, rich imagination, and plain and beautiful style unique to her works." In her wonderful and moving acceptance speech, she expressed her heartfelt love and praise for her father, her hometown, and the writers and thinkers who inspired her. After that, she created "The House of Lignucrona" (1911), "Death's Coachman" (1912), "The Emperor of Portugal" (1914), "Elves and Men" (1915-1921), " "Criminals" (1918), "Lewinshaw" trilogy (1925-1928), "Anna Sweet", etc. In his later years, he returned to his ancestral home, Mabaka Farm, and settled down. He continued to write and wrote important works such as "Memories of a Child" (1930), "Diary" (1932), and "A Christmas Story" (1938).

Died of illness on March 16, 1940, at the age of 82.

Representative short story collections: "The Invisible Chain", "The Queens of Kunjahara" and other novels: "The Miracle of the False Christ", "Jerusalem", etc.

10 , 1910? Paul Heyes (1830-1914)? Germany

Paul Heyes (1830-1914) German writer. Born in Berlin, his father was a famous professor of linguistics, and his mother had high literary accomplishments and was engaged in translation and drama activities. Heize received a good family education and literary influence since childhood. When he was in middle school, he was appreciated by the literary celebrity Gabel for his unique literary talent, and the two formed a lifelong friendship. From 1947 to 1949, Heise studied classical philology at the University of Berlin. Introduced by Gebel, Heizer joined Berlin's famous literary club "Tunnel over the Spree" and began writing at the same time. After graduating from university in 1852, he received a doctorate and used a scholarship to travel to Italy for a year. Italy's customs, history and culture had a huge impact on his creative style and aesthetic ideas. During this period, he completed one of his best novels, The Proud Girl (1853), which made Heise famous in the literary world. In 1853, on the recommendation of Gebel, he became the court poet of King Maximilian II of Bavaria. He settled in Munich in 1854, where he lived for half a century. During this period, he created a lot of works, and together with Gabel and Friedrich Bodenstedt, he was called the three superstars of Munich literary circles. After Gebel returned to his hometown of Lübeck in 1868, Heise became a leader in the Munich literary world and enjoyed high prestige in Germany.

Heise was a prolific writer, writing nearly 70 plays, 9 novels, and more than 180 short stories in his lifetime. Important works include the plays "Kollburg" (1865) and "Haderian" (1865), the novels "The Child of Earth" (1859) and "In Paradise" (1875), and the novella "The Proud Girl". "In addition to "Trepi Girl" (1858), "Andrea Delfin" (1859), "Annina" (1860), "Nerina" (1875), etc. Among them, the creation of short stories and short stories is particularly outstanding. These popular short stories and short stories have won world reputation as a writer, and the writer is called the master of short stories and short stories.

Heise also wrote a large number of lyric poems and verse works. He is the most important lyric poet in contemporary Germany. The Swedish Academy called him an "Apollo-like charming poet" (award speech). In addition, Heise also has a large number of papers, diaries, letters and translated works. "In recognition of the artistic achievements full of ideological spirit that this lyric poet, dramatist, novelist, and world-famous short story writer achieved during his long and prolific creative career," Heizer wrote in 1910 Was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature.

Representative scripts: "Kohlburg", "Haderian" Novel: "Children on Earth", "In Paradise" ? Novels: "The Proud Girl", "Treppi Girl" ”, “Andrea Delfin”, “Annina”, “Nerina”.

11, 1911 Maurice Maeterlinck (Maurice Maeterlinck, 1862-1949) ?Belgium

Maurice Maeterlinck (Maurice Maeterlinck, 1862-1949) Belgian playwright, poet, and essayist. Born in Ghent into a family of notaries. He studied law in his early years, worked as a lawyer, and later went to Paris to participate in the Symbolist literary movement. 188