The relationship between phenology and weather

Climate is the average or statistical state of meteorological elements and weather phenomena over a long period of time, with time scales ranging from months, seasons, years, years to hundreds of years or more. Climate is measured by the characteristics of cold, warm, dry, and wet, and is usually characterized by the average and dispersion values ​​over a certain period.

Climate is the general state of the atmosphere in a certain area on the earth for many years, and is the comprehensive expression of various weather processes during that period. Various statistics (means, extreme values, probabilities, etc.) of meteorological elements (temperature, precipitation, wind, etc.) are the basic basis for describing climate. Climate is closely related to human society, and many countries have long recorded climate phenomena. During the Spring and Autumn Period in China, Gui watches were used to measure the sun's shadow to determine the seasons. During the Qin and Han Dynasties, there were complete records of the twenty-four solar terms and the seventy-two horoscopes. The word "climate" comes from the ancient Greek word meaning "tilt", which means that the warmth and coldness of the climate in various places are related to the tilt of the sun's rays.

Due to the differences in the distribution of solar radiation on the earth's surface, as well as the different physical processes produced by the underlying surfaces of seas, continents, mountains, forests and other properties under the action of solar radiation reaching the surface, the climate In addition to the characteristic that temperature is roughly distributed according to latitude, it also has obvious regional characteristics. According to the horizontal scale, climate can be divided into macroclimate, mesoclimate and microclimate. Macroclimate refers to global and large-region climates, such as tropical rainforest climate, Mediterranean climate, polar climate, plateau climate, etc. Mesoclimate refers to the climate of smaller natural areas, such as forest climate, urban climate, mountain climate, and Lake climate, etc.; Microclimate refers to a smaller-scale climate, such as: the climate close to the ground and the climate in a small-scale special terrain (such as a mountain or a valley).

Under the influence of latitude position, sea route distribution, atmospheric circulation, topography, ocean currents and other factors, the world climate is roughly divided into the following types:

⑴. Cold tundra climate: winter Long and cold, short and cool in summer;

⑵. Subarctic coniferous forest climate: mild in summer and cold in winter;

⑶. Temperate monsoon climate is warm in summer and mild in winter;

⑷. Temperate grassland climate: warm summers and cold winters;

⑸. Temperate desert climate: hot and dry summers, cold winters;

⑹. Subtropical rainforest climate;

⑺. Subtropical monsoon climate;

⑻. Tropical desert climate: high temperature and little rain;

⑼. Tropical grassland climate: rainy in the warm season and dry in the cool season;

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⑽. Tropical rain forest climate: high temperature and humidity;

⑾. Mountain climate: vertical changes from the foothills to the top of the mountain;

⑿. Subarctic coniferous forest climate: Winters are long and cold, summers are short and warm;

⒀. Temperate maritime climate: warm winters, cool summers, small annual temperature difference;

⒁. Subtropical Mediterranean climate: mild winters with little rain, Summers are hot and rainy

Climate change has an important impact on human and natural systems. Because ecosystems and human societies have adapted to today's climate and the climate in the recent past, if these changes are too rapid, ecosystems and human societies cannot If people adapt, it will be difficult for people to cope with these changes. For many developing countries, this may have a very harmful impact on basic human living standards (housing, food, water, health). For all countries, the increased frequency of extreme weather and climate events will increase the risk of weather disasters. Climate change has both positive and negative impacts on my country's economy and society. Some of these changes are actually irreversible, so we need to pay more attention to the negative impacts. According to statistics, economic losses caused by meteorological disasters increased sharply from 1950 to 2000, especially after 1990. There are two reasons. On the one hand, extreme weather events are increasing, and on the other hand, my country's overall economic size is increasing, so the absolute value of economic losses has increased significantly.

The impact of climate change on agriculture is negative. It is expected that by 2030, my country's three major crops, namely rice, corn, and wheat, will mainly suffer from reduced production, except for winter wheat. Climate change also has a great impact on water resources. Global warming accelerates the process of water circulation and increases the spatial unevenness of precipitation. Climate change also has an impact on major projects. For example, the increase in precipitation in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River will increase the frequency of geological disasters, which will have a certain impact on the safe operation of the Three Gorges Reservoir. In addition, climate change will also affect the Qinghai-Tibet Railway and highways, greatly increasing investment in railway and highway operation and maintenance.

Like the rest of the world, my country's climate and environment have undergone tremendous changes. Climate warming goes far beyond climate and environmental problems in the general sense. It has already posed a very serious threat to my country's economic and social development, and this threat will continue and intensify. The scientific and technological community should pay special attention to the issue of climate change, actively adopt adaptation and mitigation measures, and continuously improve the level and level of climate system, ecology, and environmental protection. This is an important part of fully implementing the Scientific Outlook on Development and establishing a socialist harmonious society. It is an important part of the government, The common wish of the public and scientists.

What is phenology

Now we can summarize it. What is phenology? The above natural phenomena with an annual cycle that are affected by the environment (climate, hydrology, soil) are all phenological phenomena.

It includes three aspects: (1) The sprouting, leaf unfolding, flowering, leaf changing, leaf falling and other phenomena of various plants; (2) The arrival, first singing, final singing, departure and hibernation of migratory birds, insects and other animals. etc.; (3) Some hydrological and meteorological phenomena, such as first frost, last frost, freezing, melting, first snow, last snow, etc.

Sometimes it is divided into plant phenology and animal phenology according to biological types. Animal phenology is sometimes subdivided into bird phenology, insect phenology, etc. Sometimes the growth period of crops is called crop phenology, and the others are collectively called natural phenology. This book mainly introduces natural phenology.

For thousands of years, farmers have been very concerned about phenology. In their view, the passing of summer and the coming of cold, the singing of birds, the blooming of flowers, and the red leaves of autumn are all the words of nature. The apricot blossoms bloom, as if nature is calling farmers to hurry up with spring plowing; the peach blossoms bloom, and seem to hint farmers to plant seeds quickly; in late spring and early summer, the cuckoo begins to sing. In the ears of farmers, what is it singing? "Grandpa and grandma, cut the wheat and plant the crops." Farmers in many places have always used phenology to determine seasons and farming times. The main purpose of modern research on phenology is to understand the changing patterns of natural seasonal phenomena and serve agricultural production and scientific research.

So, what is the difference between phenology and climatology? Phenology and climatology have certain similarities. They both observe seasonal changes in various places and regions throughout the year, and are both local sciences. The difference is that climatology is the observation, recording and study of certain areas. The phenomenon and changing rules of the earth's cold, warm, sunny, rainy, wind and cloud changes. Phenology records the growth and decline of plants and the seasonal activities of animals, thereby understanding the impact of climate change on animals and plants and the changing patterns of natural seasons. Phenology reflects the comprehensive impact of the accumulation of climatic conditions on organisms over a period of time, so some people also classify phenology into bioclimatology.

Although phenology is determined by climate, climate observations cannot replace phenology observations. Because crops are living organisms, there are many factors that affect their growth, which cannot be explained clearly using data on a single factor or several factors. There are inherent connections between living things and certain similarities in their requirements for environmental conditions. Therefore, it is advantageous to use the phenology of certain wild animals and plants to determine the farming season. A farmer's proverb in Guiyang says: "The poor will not listen to the coaxing of the rich, so the thorns of the king of hell will bloom and scatter rice seeds." Using the thorns of the king of hell to bloom to indicate and predict the sowing date of rice is simpler and more reliable than any other method. What's more, our country's hilly and mountainous areas account for more than two-thirds of the country. The records of a weather station can only represent a limited range in mountainous areas. However, wild animals and plants can be found everywhere. As long as you pay attention to observation, you can provide reliable information on seasons and farming times. information. It can be said that phenology is the most direct language that nature tells us about seasonal changes.

Meteorology

[Explanation] 1. The state and phenomenon of the atmosphere, such as wind, lightning, thunder, frost, snow, etc.

2. Meteorology.

3. Scenario; situation. Such as a new atmosphere.

A general term for various physical phenomena and physical processes such as heat and cold, dryness and humidity, wind, clouds, rain, snow, frost, fog, thunder and lightning in the atmosphere.

Meteorological observation items include: temperature, humidity, ground temperature, wind direction and speed, precipitation, sunshine, air pressure, weather phenomena, etc.

The objects of meteorological research are the laws of atmospheric movement in each layer of the atmosphere, weather phenomena occurring in the troposphere, and the distribution of drought, flood, and heat on the ground. Clouds, fog, rain, snow, hail, thunder and lightning, typhoons, cold waves, etc. are all our common weather phenomena. Its research scope is the atmosphere on the earth's surface, which is about 3,000 kilometers thick. From bottom to top, it can be divided into the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, natural layer and outer layer.

1. Halo

There is a layer of high clouds in the sky. When sunlight or moonlight passes through the ice crystals in the clouds, it is refracted and reflected, creating a colorful halo around the sun or moon. The order of halo colors is inner infrared violet. These seven color rings are called the solar halo or the lunar halo, collectively called the halo. Among them, haloes with an angular radius of 22 degrees are the most common and are called 22-degree halos. Occasionally, haloes with an angular radius of 46 degrees and other forms of light arcs similar to halos can also be seen. Halos appear due to the presence of cirrostratus clouds, and cirrostratus clouds are often located hundreds of kilometers away from the frontal rain area. As the front advances, the rain area may move in soon, so halos often become a precursor to rainy weather.

2. Hua

There is a thin layer of light-transmitting clouds in the sky. The water droplets in the clouds are uniform in size. If the cloud is composed of ice crystals, the ice crystals must be uniform in size. When moonlight or sunlight transmits through clouds, it is diffracted by uniform cloud droplets (water droplets or ice crystals). As a result, an inner ultraviolet red colored ring is formed around the moon or sun close to the moon or sun disk, called a bloom. Because the sun is too bright, it is difficult for people to observe the sunrise, while the moonrise is more common. The flower that is close to the moon disk is also called the canopy. Usually the purple color of the canopy is not very obvious, so the inner ring is cyan blue, the outer ring is mainly yellow, and the outermost part is red. Sometimes, after a dark circle outside the canopy, there will appear one or even several concentric rings with the same color order as the canopy but with much weaker brightness, which are called secondary blooms.

3. Rainbow and neon

Sunrays containing seven colors of light are ejected into water droplets (raindrops or fog droplets) in the atmosphere. After various colors of light undergo refraction and reflection, they can Creates a colorful light arc ring on a rain or fog screen. When the angular radius of the light arc ring to the observer is about 42 degrees and the color order of the light ring is inner ultraviolet red, it is called a rainbow.

Outside the rainbow, sometimes there is a colored halo that is weaker than the rainbow. The angular radius of the halo to the observer is about 52 degrees. The order of the color rings is opposite to that of the rainbow, that is, inner infrared and purple, which is called inner infrared and purple. Neon or secondary rainbow.

Hongs and neons can only be observed by standing with your back to the sun. In the evening of summer, when the sky is clear in the west and there are clouds and rain in the east, it is easiest to see rainbows and neon lights.

4. Twilight

Before sunrise, that is, before the sun rises above the horizon, sunlight shines into the upper atmosphere. The sunlight is scattered by atmospheric molecules, causing the sky to be slightly bright and the ground to be slightly bright. , the light from this moment until the sun appears above the horizon is called dawn.

After sunset, that is, after the sun sinks below the horizon, there is still a period of time when sunlight can reach the upper atmosphere. Due to the scattering of air molecules, the sky and the ground remain twilight. The light during this period is called twilight. .

Dawn and twilight are collectively called twilight. The twilight period is called dawn, and the twilight period is called dusk. Because the standards for the beginning and end of twilight are different, they are usually divided into civil twilight, nautical twilight and astronomical twilight. On a clear day, civil twilight begins and ends when the sun is approximately 7 degrees below the horizon; nautical twilight begins and ends when approximately 12 degrees; and astronomical twilight begins and ends when approximately 18 degrees. The duration of twilight is shortest at the equator and increases with latitude.

Related words:

Meteorological observatory: a scientific institution that observes, studies and forecasts the atmosphere. Smaller ones include weather stations, weather posts, etc.

Thousands of things: describing the variety of scenery and things, very spectacular.

Weather

The weather

The atmospheric state that is constantly changing is not only the atmospheric state within a certain time and space, but also the atmospheric state within a certain time interval. continuous changes. Therefore, it can be understood as a collective name for weather phenomena and weather processes. Weather phenomena refer to various natural phenomena that occur in the atmosphere, that is, various meteorological elements in the atmosphere at a certain instant (such as temperature, air pressure, humidity, wind, clouds, fog, rain, snow, frost, thunder, hail, etc.) Comprehensive performance of spatial distribution. Weather process is the process of changes of weather phenomena in a certain area over time.

Weather is a general term for the atmospheric state (such as cold and warm, wind and rain, dryness and humidity, cloudy and sunny, etc.) and its changes in a certain area within a short period of time. Weather systems usually refer to atmospheric motion systems with typical characteristics such as high pressure, low pressure, high pressure ridges, and low pressure troughs that cause weather changes and distribution. Various weather systems have certain spatial and temporal scales, and systems of various scales are intertwined and interact with each other. The combination of many weather systems forms a large-scale weather situation and constitutes hemispheric or even global atmospheric circulation.

Weather systems are always in the process of being reborn, developing and dying, and there are corresponding distributions of weather phenomena at different stages of development. Therefore, the weather and weather changes in a region are related to the weather system and its development stage, and are the comprehensive result of the dynamic and thermal processes of the atmosphere.

All kinds of weather systems are formed, developed and evolved in certain atmospheric circulation and geographical environments, and they all reflect the environmental characteristics of certain regions. For example, the polar region and its surroundings are covered with ice and snow all year round, and the air is cold and dry. This unique geographical environment has become the background condition for the formation and development of low-altitude cold high pressure in the polar region and high-altitude polar vortices and low troughs. The equatorial and low latitude areas are hot and humid all year round, and the atmosphere is in an unstable state, which is a necessary condition for the occurrence and development of convective weather systems. Mid-to-high latitudes are areas where cold and warm air currents often intersect. Not only do cold and warm air masses alternate frequently, but their baroclinic instability is also an important basis for the formation and development of fronts and cyclone systems. The formation and activities of weather systems will, in turn, have a profound impact on the structure and evolution of the geographical environment. Therefore, it is very important to understand and master the formation, structure, movement and change rules of the weather system and the relationship with the geographical environment to understand the formation, characteristics and changes of weather and climate and to predict the evolution of the geographical environment.