Who is the owner of the Chu tomb in Xiongjia, Jingzhou?

Gu Zhenmin, the owner of Xiong Jiazhong's tomb, suspects that it has been some time since Xiong Jiazhong's chariot pit was excavated, and a mystery is still in front of the world: Who is the owner of Xiong Jiazhong's tomb? When Xiongjiazhong was first excavated, it was reported that it might be Chu Zhuangwang's tomb, but it was quickly denied by experts. Xu Zeng, a professor at Yangtze University, used the method of exclusion to infer King Zhao of Chu, but there are still doubts. This is because: King Zhao of Chu was the monarch of Chu at the end of the Spring and Autumn Period, and his age was different from that of Xiong Jiazhong. It must be the Chu tomb in the early and middle Warring States Period. According to the ancient book Shui Jing Zhu, the tomb of King Zhao of Chu is located in Zhao Qiu, where Qushui meets Zhangshui. Zhu's Jianghan in Zhang Ju-the Cradle of Jingchu Culture records that there are local old farmers here. Before liberation, there was Guandi Temple, and there was a stone tablet in front of the temple, engraved with the four characters of "Tomb of Prince Zhao". Accordingly, Xiong Jiazhong is not at the junction of Qushui and Zhangshui, so the owner of the tomb should not be King Zhao Chu. Then, since the Xiong family is not the tomb of King Chu Zhao, is it possible that it is the tomb of King Chu Zhao? If it was the tomb of the king of Chu, which king of Chu would it be? 1. Xiongjiazhong is a large-scale tomb of the King of Chu (1). The shape and specifications of the tomb are based on the unearthed archaeological data. Xiongjiazhong should be a large-scale tomb of the King of Chu. Xiong Jia's tomb is mainly composed of five parts: the main tomb, the tomb buried with him, the chariot pit, the burial pit and the trench. The main tomb is an A-shaped wooden tomb with an inclined mound, and there are more than 90 burial pits in the south of the main tomb. The scale of this ancient tomb is extraordinary. According to Liu Deyin's "Chu Tomb Around Jinan", there was still a tall mound in Xiong Jia's tomb in 1950s, with a diameter of over 100 m and a height of nearly 20 m.. The existing fence is about 4 meters high. According to archaeological shovel and geophysical data, Xiongjia is a slightly square wooden tomb with an inclined mound facing east with a direction of 50. The tomb entrance is 68-70 meters long and 68 meters wide, and the tomb entrance is 33 meters long and 16-20 meters wide. The exploration and excavation of the whole cemetery show that these relics span about 550 meters from north to south and about 150 meters from east to west, covering an area of more than 80,000 square meters. A step was exposed to the west of the tomb. The exposed step is the first step, with a height of 0.5m and a width of1m. The second, third and fourth steps are 1m high and 0.8 ~ 1m wide. It is speculated that the tomb may have 15 steps. The bottom of the tomb is 27 meters long and 25 meters wide. According to the analysis of drilling and bench series, the tomb is large, about 22 meters long, 20 meters wide and 3.5 meters high, with an area of about 440 square meters. Its specifications are the largest among the royal coffins known in China in the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. After archaeological excavation, rows of cylindrical traces were found on the top and edge of the enclosure of Tomb No.1, indicating that there is a high-rise building consisting of a hall and a cloister on the tomb, with the enclosure in a bucket shape and the tomb facing east. The pit mouth of Tomb No.1 is about 68 meters long and wide, and the pit depth exceeds 15 meters. Therefore, the structure of Xiong Jiazhong's tomb has the typical characteristics of the tomb of the King of Chu. The tombs of Chu nobles unearthed in Jingzhou include Tianxingguan, Yang Di, Fan Jun, Baoshan Zuoyin Shaotuo and Wangshan Funeral. Lingyin Tomb of Si Xia Chu in Xichuan has been excavated in other areas, including the tomb of Qing Xiang, the king of Chu in Huaiyang, Henan, and the tomb of Li Sangudui Chu Youwang in Shouxian, Anhui. In contrast, the scale of these tombs is much smaller than that of Xiong Jiazhong's cemetery. For example, Yang Dijun of Tianxingguan is the monarch, ranking second only to the King of Chu, but his wooden coffin is 8.2 meters long and 7.5 meters wide, with an area of 6 1.5 square meters, which is only 1/8 of Xiong Jia's tomb area. The tomb of Hou Yi of Zeng, which was deeply influenced by the State of Chu, is owned by the King of Zeng, with a multi-chamber structure and an area of 140.5 square meters. Compared with the tomb of Zeng Houyi, the area of Xiong Jia's tomb is almost three times that of Zeng Houyi's tomb. Compared with 1986, the No.1 tomb in Qin Gong (Qin Jinggong, 576-537 BC) was excavated, with a total length of 300 meters, of which the tomb was 60 meters long, 40 meters wide, 24.5 meters deep and an area of 2,400 square meters. There are 184 martyrs in Tomb No.1 of Qin Gong. The chariot pit is located at the right front of the tomb, with a length of 86.3 meters from east to west and a width of 24 meters from north to south. Qin Gong No.1 Tomb has a burial pit, a sacrificial pit on the southwest side of the tomb, and a cemetery sacrificial building on the ground. Qin has been married to Chu for a lifetime. Qin's mother is the daughter of a Chu nobleman, and King Zhao's mother is the daughter of Qin. The age of Qin No.1 tomb differs from that of the tomb by only over one hundred years. Therefore, although the shape of the tomb of the King of Qin is different from that of Chu, its specifications are similar to that of Chu. Qin Jinggong (577 ~ 537 BC), a famous figure, was the grandson of Qin Mugong IV, one of the five tyrants in the Spring and Autumn Period. He ruled the state of Qin for 39 years. During his reign, he inherited the ruling strategies of Mu Gong and Huan Gong, insisted on external expansion, pushed the forces of Qin State to the Central Plains, and won many victories with Jin State and its allies, which made Qin State grow and develop continuously. The burial system of this magnificent mausoleum dared to exceed the specifications of the Zhou Emperor, which not only witnessed the great national strength of Qin at that time, but also showed Qin Jinggong's prominent position in the history of Qin. Compared with Qin Gong No.1 Tomb, Xiong Jiazhong's tomb area, chariots and horses, sacrificial pits, sacrificial pits and ground cemetery sacrificial buildings are all larger than Qin Gong No.1 Tomb. The number of martyrs in the tomb is unknown, because it has not been fully excavated, but what is certain is that the scale of Xiong Jia's tomb is no less than that of Qin Gong No.1 tomb. Therefore, Xiong's home should be the tomb of a king of Chu in the early and middle Warring States period when the national strength of Chu was strong. (2) The burial pit "Mourning on Mozi Festival" said: "The Emperor killed hundreds of people and dozens of people; Generals and doctors killed martyrs, ranging from dozens to several. There are music for horses and girls. ..... At present, there are more than 20 small tombs/kloc-0 in the south of Tomb No.1 and the north of Tomb No.2 in Xiongjia, and the number of martyrs has exceeded the level of "general doctors". The excavated sacrificial pits are small tombs with rectangular pits and vertical holes. The pit mouth is 4-5 meters long, 3-4 meters wide and the pit depth is about 4.5 meters. In the excavated tombNo. 1 1, the human bones and funerary utensils are well preserved, leaving only traces of gray coffins in the funerary utensils, one coffin at a time. The funerary objects are all from coffins, mainly jade and stone ornaments, with jade, yellow, rings, beads, tubes, dragons and so on. There are also a few small bronzes, such as hooks, knives and bells. These martyrs in Xiong Jiazhong Cemetery may have died for themselves or committed suicide. The pits are arranged orderly according to different grades and sexes, which is the result of careful planning and synchronous burial. There is a coffin in all the excavated burial pits, which shows that human martyrs have a certain status. There are 184 martyrs in Tomb No.1 of Qin Gong, 72 of whom are buried in boxes. There are more than 90 burial pits with coffins in Xiong Jiazhong's main burial place, and the number of martyrs is equivalent to that of Qin Jinggong. (3) There are two points worth noting about Ma Keng Xiong Jiazhong Ma Keng. One is its large scale, and the other is that there are jade ornaments in the horse ornaments in the horse pit. Xiongjiazhong Chemakeng, also known as Qin Gong No.1 Tomb, is located in the right front and southwest of the main tomb. The chariot pit is about134m long and 23m wide. In which 1 Chemakeng is132.6m long from north to south and12m wide from east to west. The scale of the chariot pit is far larger than that of Jiuliandun Warring States (52 meters long, 9.5 meters wide and 2.3 meters deep, with 33 chariots and 72 war horses. )。 There may be more than 80 chariots in Xiongjiazhong chariot pit, which is bigger than Qin Gong No.1 Tomb and Jiuliandun Warring States chariot pit. It is the largest chariot pit discovered by archaeology in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. There are more than 30 small chariots and horses pits arranged in order on the west side of 1. Among them, No.33 Chemakeng has been excavated. There is a car and two horses buried in the pit of No.33 chariot. A car consists of wheels, axles, axles, scales and wheels. The cars are arranged in east and west, with two horses lying on both sides of the axle and their heads facing west. The wood of the car has rotted, leaving only traces of dark brown paint on the surface. The wheel is deformed into an oval shape, and the lower part is placed in the wheel groove at the bottom of the pit. The wheel has 36 spokes. Each of the two hub ends is covered with a bronze collar, which is connected to the collar. Jade is a rectangular box. Horse bones are basically intact and gray. The horse has a bronze bit in its mouth, a tin container wrapped in gold foil on its head, and jade ornaments such as jade bracelets, Yu Pei and jade ornaments under its neck. " Zhang Heng's anthology "Xijing Fu" "The son of heaven drives six generals to refute, wearing a jade hat, relying on gold to compare, leaving a jade tassel." General manager Xue wrote a cloud: "It's a horse crown carved from jade. Ying and Mayang are also decorated with jade. " At present, there is a car and two horses in the No.33 chariot pit, and its car immediately has jade ornaments such as "leaning on gold, making jade tassels and leaving light". The Jade Road in Tian Zi in the Book of the Later Han Dynasty is decorated with jade ... below the king, the room is weak, and the princes are in the way. "In the chariots and horses pits excavated all over the country during the Warring States period, including the chariots and horses pits in Qin Gong's No.1 tomb and those buried with Qin Jinggong, no jade ornaments were found in The Road of Princes, but in the chariots and horses pits in Xiong's home. Looking at the large chariot pit again, a wheel with a diameter of 1.5 m was unearthed, which is equivalent to six in Zhou Li's Dongguan Kau Gong Ji. This car is four feet long. It's called first class ... six feet with a six-inch wheel. " It can be seen that the chariot or bus found in Xiong Jiazhong's chariot pit has a high specification. (4) Jade Articles in Xiongjia Xiongjia Cemetery Nearly 30 sacrificial tombs have been excavated, and more than 300 jade articles/kloc-0 have been unearthed. The jades unearthed in Xiong's home are not only various, but also cover all the jades of Chu since the Spring and Autumn Period. And the production process is exquisite, and artistic techniques such as through carving, male carving and female carving are used. One of the big jade, with a diameter of 22 cm, should belong to the arch wall. The arch wall is a container for holding and offering sacrifices, including big jade, valley jade and general jade. The decorative patterns in these jade treasures are mainly grain, plain grain and plain grain, which have the characteristics of jade in the Warring States period. The great wall was used by the emperor to serve the heaven, and the princes also used it to worship the emperor. "It is nine inches, and the princes enjoy the emperor." This big jade jade with a diameter of 22 cm was found in the No.1 sacrificial pit, which shows the nobility of the tomb owner. More importantly, in Xiong Jiazhong's archaeology, jade articles appeared in the graves of martyrs for the first time in the form of groups, which also shows from one side that the identity of martyrs is by no means ordinary. Second, the owner of Xiong Jiazhong's tomb may be Moring (1). Xiong Jiazhong lived about 2300 ~ 2400 years ago, and Moring, the king of Chu, died in 38 1 year BC, about 2400 years ago, which is similar to Xiong Jiazhong's time. (2) During the Warring States Period, before Qi took Ying, there were eight Chu kings in the State of Chu: Hui, Jian, Sheng, Mourning, Su, Xuan, Wei and Huai. King Hui of Chu reigned for 57 years. During his reign, he carried out the policy of national prosperity and people's security, and expanded abroad, making Chu one of the seven heroes of the Warring States. But in his early years, there was a rebellion in which Bai Gong won, and he died in 432 BC. As for the tomb of Zeng Houyi, it can be traced back to 433 BC or later, belonging to the early Warring States period of Chu Wanghui. There are also martyrs in the tomb, but there are no chariots and horses. Compared with the tomb of the King of Wu in Lingyin, Si Xia, Xichuan, the King of Wu is the son of Chu Zhuangwang, and his tomb is in the middle and late Spring and Autumn Period, but the pyramid-shaped mound is short. Therefore, if the owner of Xiong Jiazhong's tomb is Chu Wanghui, the basis is limited. King Chu Jian has been in power for 24 years, and his political achievements are few; King Chu Sheng was killed by a "thief" after only six years in power. During the reign of King Su of Chu 1 1 year, the national strength was greatly reduced because of "more than 70 Yi people died" and the battle between Chu and Ba. Although Chu Xuanwang and Chu Weiwang were resurrected for the second time, according to the large-scale Chu tombs in the mid-Warring States period, there are no features of martyrdom. There are 92 martyrdom pits in the main tomb of Xiongjiazhuang, so it can be ruled out that the owners of Xiongjiazhuang tomb are Chu Xuanwang and Chu Weiwang. According to this standard, considering the extra-large chariot pit, Xiongjia Tomb should be a tomb of the King of Chu in the early and middle Warring States Period, and its owner should be the King of Chu. In 2 1 year, the king of Chu was in power, and "the Chinese were crowned king". He boldly reused the foreigner Wu Qi to preside over the political reform, which made the State of Chu rejuvenated and powerful. In a few years, the power of Chu expanded rapidly, and the Chu army reached the Yellow River in the north. The south is quite beyond, so there are Dongting and Cangwu. "Historical Records Biography of Wuqi" said that Wuqi's reform "should be in" and "so Nanping Baiyue; North and Chen, Cai, but Sanjin; Sivachin The princes were strong by Chu, which shows that the army of Chu is strong. Moreover, the king of Chu mourned the victory of the Northern Wei Dynasty and ordered his soldiers to die in the Yellow River. Therefore, after the death of the King of Chu, it is very likely that there will be such a large chariot pit, which is 130 meters long and can bury eighty or ninety chariots (bows and arrows have been found in the chariot pit). In addition, there are horses in some chariots and horses pits, and there are no cars, so it is possible to sacrifice horses, because there were quite powerful cavalry during the period of mourning the king of Chu. (3) Xiongjia is located in Sichuan and Yunnan, northwest of the old Chu capital. The Chu tombs in the area from Dangyanghe Town to Baling Mountain in Jingzhou area are large and dense, which accords with the characteristics that large tombs are located near the capital during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. In addition, the sword of the King of Yue was unearthed in the tomb of Zhao Gu in Mashan Shazhong excavated in 1965. Zhao Gu is the great-grandson of King Chu, so this area may be the family cemetery of King Chu. (4) Wuqi's political reform failed. The old nobles shot arrows at Wuqi and the king of Chu at the same time. " Lu's "Spring and Autumn: Your Soldiers" said: "The law of the State of Jin: Those who wish to attack the corpse of the king will do their utmost to aggravate their crimes and detain the three clans. "After Su Wang, the son of the King of Chu, acceded to the throne, according to his law," If Yin shoots Wuqi, those who do their best will get the king's corpse and shoot more than 70 people "(Biography of Wuqi in Historical Records). These nobles, their wives and daughters, among the "dead in Zong Yi", may be killed or killed around the main tomb of the King of Chu. This shows that the rank of Xiong Jiazhong's martyrs in the burial pit can also explain the identity of the martyrs in the burial pit. Because the death of King Mourning of Chu was "a soldier" by some rich nobles, King Su of Chu could completely bury King Mourning of Chu with extremely high specifications. Moreover, the King Su of Chu, relying on the comprehensive national strength established in the era of the funeral of the King of Chu, has the ability and reason to build such a huge mausoleum for the funeral of the King of Chu. (5) Forty or fifty years after the death of the King of Chu, Chu Xuan and Wang Wei were in power. The two kings, Chu Xuan and Wang Wei, took advantage of the foundation laid by the funeral of the king of Chu, and always adopted the strategy of pampering and waiting for opportunities. They took the area between Sui and Si in the north to Surabaya, expanded Bashu in the west, and collected wuyue in the east, making Chu a big country and a powerful country. " "The Warring States Policy Chu Ce Yi" records that the counselor said in Chu Weiwang: "Chu is a powerful country in the world. Your Majesty, the wise king of the world. There are central Guizhou and Wu Jun in the west of Chu, Zhou Xia and Haiyang in the east, Dongting and Cangwu in the south and Fenhong and Zhuyang in the north. The place is five thousand miles away, with a million pieces of armor, thousands of cars and horses, and ten years of millet, and it is also the capital of overlord. Husband is stronger than Chu, wisdom is king, and the world cannot do it. " Therefore, in order to commemorate their great-grandfather King Chu, Chu Weiwang or Chu Xuanwang has the strength to build a memorial temple and other buildings in the tomb of King Chu. Today, there are cloisters, memorial temples and other architectural sites in Xiong Jia's tomb, which dates from 2300 to 2400 years ago, which is basically the same. It can be inferred that the owner of Xiong Jiazhong's tomb is probably the King of Chu, but the final conclusion has yet to be confirmed by Xiong Jiazhong's excavation data.