What is the reform (within 120 words)? Thank you for your help.

The Reform Movement of 1898, also known as the Hundred Days Reform, was a political reform movement during the 24th year of Guangxu in Qing Dynasty (1June 8981-September 2 1). This reform advocated that Emperor Guangxu personally led the political system reform, and hoped that China would embark on the modernization road of constitutional monarchy. The helpless reform was opposed by the conservative forces of the Qing court, especially the Empress Dowager Cixi, and finally turned into a coup, and the reformists were killed. The failure of the Reform Movement made China lose a group of elites and supporters who were keen on national reform, and pushed China onto the road of revolution. Directory [Hidden] 1 Background 2 Preparation 3 Start 4 Reform Content 5 Failure Reasons 6 Impact of Reform 7 Significance of Reform 8 and 1 1 Failure Reason of Meiji Restoration in Japan 9 Another Failure Reason of the Reform Movement of 18981Yuan Shikai Informed. 8+03 Open Classification 14 Source: Reform Movement of 1898-Background After the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895, China faced an unprecedented national crisis. Some bourgeois and progressive intellectuals put forward the requirements of developing capitalist economy, politics and culture, and formed the social ideological trend of bourgeois reformism. 1April, 895 (Guangxu March 21st), the Qing government was forced to sign the treaty of shimonoseki with Japan. When the news reached Beijing, people became angry. Kang Youwei took the exam when he was in Beijing, that is, he joined hands with the provinces to take the exam and discuss the book. After the meeting, Kang Youwei drafted a book of several thousand words, put forward three suggestions: refusing to sign a peace treaty, moving the capital to fight against Japan, and reforming the law to strengthen the country, and discussed in detail the specific measures to enrich the country, help the people and educate people. Wanyan Book collected the signatures of 1300 juren and submitted them to Duchayuan. Duchayuan refused to submit it, but Wan Yan Shu was widely circulated. This is the so-called writing on the bus, which has great influence and vibration on society. Kang Youwei wrote to Emperor Guangxu again and again, and repeatedly stated his ideas of political reform. Emperor Guangxu praised it after reading it. Preparation for the Reform Movement of 1898-1In April, 895, the news that treaty of shimonoseki was forced to be signed by Japan reached Beijing. Kang Youwei mobilized 1300 juren who were taking the exam in Beijing to jointly write to Emperor Guangxu, complaining about the grim situation of national peril during the Reform Movement of 1898, and proposing to reject peace, move the capital, train troops and change. Writing on the Bus started the reform. In order to push the reform to a climax. 1895 In August, Kang Youwei, Liang Qichao and others published "Chinese and Foreign Records" in Beijing, advocating political reform; Organize a strong society. 1In August, 896, The Times was founded in Shanghai and became the center of public opinion for the reformists to publicize the reform. /kloc-in the winter of 0/897, Yan Fu edited the National Newspaper in Tianjin, which became an important position to publicize the political reform and reform in the north, and was as famous as the Wu Shi Newspaper. 1898 In February, Tan Sitong, Tang and others founded the Southern Society in Hunan and founded Hunan Daily. Under the propaganda, organization and influence of Kang and Liang, the national atmosphere of discussing current affairs has gradually formed. By the end of 1897, there were 33 societies, 7 new schools and 9 kinds of newspapers 19. By 1898, there are more than 300 societies, schools and newspapers. 1897, 1 1 In October, Germany occupied JIAOZHOU Bay, and the whole country was furious. In February, 65438, Kang Youwei wrote a letter for the fifth time, indicating that the situation that the powers carved up China was imminent. 189865438+1On October 29th, Kang Youwei published "Overall Planning by Imperial Decree". In April, Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao initiated the establishment of the Bulgarian National Assembly in Beijing, which made direct preparations for the reform and reform. 1At the end of 897, a religious case in Caozhou occurred in Shandong, and two German missionaries were killed. Germany took the opportunity to occupy Jiaozhou Bay (now Qingdao), Russia occupied Lushun Dalian, France occupied Guangzhou Bay (now Zhanjiang, Guangdong), and Britain occupied Weihai, Shandong, demanding the expansion of Kowloon New Territories. The intention of the powers to carve up China, which had just been defeated by the Japanese, once again sounded the alarm in North Korea. Although Emperor Guangxu was nominally pro-government at the age of 1887 17, the real power was still in the hands of Empress Dowager Cixi. Faced with the danger of partition by the great powers, Guangxu demanded actual power from Cixi in 1898 (the Reform Movement of 1898) to carry out state reform. 1June 8, 898, Xu Zhijing wrote "Please Make the Country Sparse" (drafted by Kang Youwei), requesting Emperor Guangxu to formally change the old law and implement the New Deal. On June 1 1 day, the third day after the letter was written, Guangxu promulgated the "Imperial Decree on the Establishment of the Country", indicating the determination to change the system, which was also the beginning of the Hundred Days Reform. Later, Guangxu summoned Kang Youwei and appointed him as the think tank of Zhang Jingdang's political reform. Later, Tan Sitong, Yang Rui, Xu Lin, Liu Guangdi and others were used to assist the political reform. The Reform Movement of 1898-Beginning in June of 1 1, Emperor Guangxu promulgated "making the country an imperial edict", and the reform officially began from then on, until Empress Dowager Cixi staged a coup on September 2 1, which was called the Hundred Days Reform in history. /kloc-in June of 0/6, Emperor Guangxu summoned Kang Youwei to discuss the specific steps and measures of political reform. At the suggestion of Kang Youwei and others, Emperor Guangxu issued dozens of New Deal letters during the Reform Movement of 1898. Among them, the economic aspects mainly include: the establishment of the General Administration of Agriculture, Industry and Commerce to reclaim wasteland; Advocate private enterprises and reward inventions; Set up the General Administration of Railways and Mines; Encourage railway and mining business; Cancel the post office and set up a post office; Reform finance, establish a national bank, and prepare the national budget and final accounts. The military aspects mainly include: strictly investigate Jiabao and implement group training; Reduce green camp, eliminate redundant soldiers, and adopt new methods to train Lu Haijun. Cultural and educational aspects mainly include: reforming the imperial examination system, abolishing stereotyped writing and changing the theory of strategy; Change academies and temples into schools; Encourage local and private schools, set up the Capital University Hall, and all schools at all levels will have both middle school and western learning; Allow people to set up newspapers and associations; Set up a translation bureau to translate foreign new books; Send people abroad to study and travel. Politically, it mainly includes: clearing the way, allowing officials and people at all levels to write books and talk about things, and prohibiting officials from blocking the grid; Delete rules, cancel overlapping idle institutions and reduce redundant staff; Cancel the parasitic privilege of the flag bearer and allow him to make a living by himself. These boycott and opposition measures are conducive to developing the national capitalist economy and spreading bourgeois cultural ideas, which are warmly welcomed by reformists and landlords. The Reform Movement of 1898-The reform mainly involved policies and systems in education and military affairs. Its ultimate goal is to implement constitutional monarchy. Kang Youwei presented Emperor Guangxu with Kang Youwei's own works, The Political Reform of Japan and Peter the Great of Russia, as well as translated books on reform in various countries, such as Timothy Richard's A New History of Taixi. This makes Guangxu tend to take Meiji Restoration as the blueprint for reform. 1, the education reform changed all the academies, temples, volunteer studies and sociology in Shi Jing University Hall into schools that also studied in Manabu Nakanishi; Colleges and universities are set up in provincial capitals, middle schools are set up in counties and cities, and primary schools are set up in counties. Private schools are encouraged to set up accelerated schools in translation, medicine, farming, commerce, railways, mining, tea industry, sericulture, etc. Send imperial clan to travel abroad, send students to study in Japan, abolish stereotyped writing, having obtained the provincial examination and the examination of children's age and science, change history, politics, current affairs and the four books and five classics, hold book translation bureaus for special economic subjects regularly, issue articles of association for awarding books and inventions, and sponsor talented people. 2, the economic construction of the Railway Mining Bureau, the General Administration of Agriculture, Industry and Commerce, and set up branches in various provinces; Widely set up farmers' associations, print agricultural newspapers, buy farm tools, establish plans to reward learning skills and agriculture, compile foreign agricultural books, and use Chinese and western methods to effectively reclaim land; Issue articles of association to reward manufacturing machines and revitalize technologies; Set up factories in various places; Establish business bureaus and chambers of commerce in all provinces to protect commerce and promote port commerce; Open the ban on doing business with the Eight Banners, and ask them to learn from the scholars, farmers and businessmen and stand on their own feet. Dissolve the old, weak and disabled soldiers, reduce their pay, implement the policy of eternal service, cut off green camp and organize militia; To issue the articles of association of the special prize for the development of firearms; Establish a armament university hall; Wu Ke stopped trying to control the sword with bows and arrows, and changed to subject four. Political redundancy; Set up a bachelor's degree in Beijing and Qing, and brainstorm; Allow local officials and scholars to write; The Shanghai Times was changed into an official newspaper, and The Shi Jing Newspaper was founded. Open the freedom of the press; List annual income and expenditure by month; Kang Youwei also has many undisclosed New Deal policies, such as respecting Confucius as the state religion, establishing the Ministry of Education and the church, formulating the constitution based on Confucius' calendar, establishing the founding conference, ruling the army and the people together, and equality between Manchu and Han. The emperor personally directed Lu Haijun, changed his name to "political reform", broke his hair, changed his clothes and moved the capital to Shanghai. According to Kang Youwei, all the new policies since the combination of military and civilian were approved by Guangxu. The Reform Movement of 1898-Reasons for Failure The Reform Movement of 1898 endangered the interests of feudal conservatives and was resisted and opposed by them. Except Chen Baozhen, governor of Hunan Province, other governors failed to promote Yingtai Hanyuan Temple in Zhongnanhai, Beijing. Guangxu was imprisoned in the New Deal by Empress Dowager Cixi after the failure of the Reform Movement of 1898. In the central government, the royal family and central officials either openly opposed the New Deal or secretly obstructed it. Four days after the promulgation of "Ming Ding Guo is the Imperial Decree", Empress Dowager Cixi forced Emperor Guangxu to issue three orders: to oust Weng Tonghe; Officials who have newly awarded more than two awards must thank the queen mother; Appointed the Governor of Zhili (now Hebei) of Rong Lu Department, and took charge of Dong Fuxiang (Gan Jun), Nie Shicheng (Wu Yijun) and Yuan Shikai (New Army). The purpose is to isolate Emperor Guangxu, crack down on reformists, and firmly hold the elite Beiyang army in the hands of the post-Party. And then completely control the defense of the capital. Later, it was announced that the Empress Dowager and the Emperor were scheduled to go to Tianjin for military parade in June 10 and June 19, that is, there were rumors at that time that Emperor Guangxu would be abolished. In view of the post-Party's various anti-reform measures, the Imperial Party also resisted. While introducing new people, Emperor Guangxu cracked down on conservative officials who obstructed the New Deal. On July 3, Emperor Guangxu summoned Liang Qichao to reward Liu Pinqing, who was in charge of translation publishing house affairs. On August 10, Chen baozhen, governor of Hunan province, issued a letter. On September 4th, six people, including Huaitabu, the minister of rites who blocked the political reform, were dismissed. On the 5th, Yang Rui, Liu Guangdi, Tan Sitong and Xu Lin won the championship. On behalf of the emperor, they reviewed the throne and drafted imperial edicts, both light and heavy. 1 1 day, according to Kang Youwei's instructions, Xu Zhijing published "Yuan Shikai's Secret Protection", suggesting that Emperor Guangxu should guard against unexpected events and win Yuan Shikai's favor in order to strengthen the military strength of the imperial party. The next day, Yuan Shikai received an order to visit Beijing immediately. However, under the pressure of Empress Dowager Cixi, Emperor Guangxu had to pay attention to making concessions to the post-party from time to time and appointed some post-party bureaucrats to try out the New Deal. He also ordered the daily important memorials to be presented to the Empress Dowager for reading, and 12 times went to the Summer Palace to report to the Empress Dowager and ask for instructions on political reform. From the beginning of September, the six rites were deposed, and the party struggle after the emperor became fierce. Huaitabu and Yang Chongyi successively went to Tianjin to meet Rong Lu and secretly discussed the abolition of the Lord. After Yuan Shikai left Beijing, Rong Lu moved Nie Shicheng's department to Chenjiagou in Tianjin and Dong Fuxiang's department to Changxindian in Beijing. A coup is imminent. On September 13, 2003, Emperor Guangxu decided to open the Maoqin Hall, so as to select reformists as New Deal advisers. The next day, Emperor Guangxu asked the Empress Dowager Cixi for instructions and was severely reprimanded. He had a premonition that the throne would be in danger, so he wrote a letter to Yang Ruimi the next day, ordering Yang Rui, Xu Lin, Liu Guangdi, Tan Sitong and others to raise a plan as soon as possible. Two days later, Yu Ming and Zhao Mi were released (bringing Xu Lin out), which made Kang Youwei go to Shanghai to supervise the times. /kloc-in September of 0/8, Kang Youwei, Tan Sitong and others saw two secret letters and discussed countermeasures urgently. Yuan Shikai once joined the strong society, indicating that he was inclined to reform, and decided that Tan Sitong would go to Huokeji in the suburbs of Beijing overnight to lobby. Tan Sitong asked Yuan Shikai to protect Emperor Guangxu during the military parade in Tianjin and kill the Houdang. Yuan Shikai pretended to promise and immediately rushed back to Tianjin to inform Rong Lu. On the same day that Tan Sitong lobbied Yuan Shikai, Yang Chongyi secretly folded a letter to Empress Dowager Cixi, falsely accusing Kang Youwei of being a fellow of Sun Yat-sen's Datong Society, inciting people to enter and leave the imperial palace in Beijing; Attacking Guangxu emperor to reform the law, expelling old ministers and resettling henchmen; It is rumored that former Japanese Prime Minister Ito Bowen will come to Beijing to pick up dictatorship this day; Finally, I visited the Queen Mother on the same day to teach me a lesson. The next afternoon, Empress Dowager Cixi hurried back to the palace from the Summer Palace. On September 2 1 day, the imperial edict was issued, announcing that he would go to North Korea to receive political instructions. And ordered the arrest of Kang Youwei and his younger brother Kang Ren Guang, and put Emperor Guangxu in the South China Sea. Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao fled overseas. Political reform failed. On the 28th, Tan Sitong, Liu Guangdi, Kang and Yang Rui were killed, and they were called the Six Gentlemen of the 1898 Movement. The New Deal was abolished except imperial academy Hall. In recent years, some historians believe that the reform movement had no hope of success from the beginning. Apart from the fact that Emperor Guangxu lacked the power and prestige to carry out reforms, the reformists (especially Kang Youwei as a think tank) were doomed to failure because of their ignorance of political reality and their rough understanding of western social systems. The Reform Movement of 1898-The Significance of the Reform Movement of 1898 was an event of great significance in the modern history of China, and it was a patriotic movement to save the nation. It demands the development of capitalist economy and the expansion of bourgeois regime, which conforms to the historical trend of modern China's development, and is therefore a progressive political reform movement. It spread new bourgeois culture and new ideas, criticized old feudal culture and old ideas, and was another enlightenment thought. The Reform Movement of 1898-and the reasons for the failure of Meiji Restoration in Japan 1, the radical reform of Emperor Guangxu and several scholars offended the whole upper class, including intellectuals, and the abolition of the imperial examination hindered the promotion of some intellectuals. Japan is steadily reforming; Both the Reform Movement of 1898 and the New Deal of Empress Dowager Cixi were destroyed by foreigners. Japan's reform has been supported by foreigners; 3. Reformists rely on emperors who have no real power and lack the support of central and local officials and people. Imperialism and the feudal die-hards headed by Empress Dowager Cixi are powerful, while the reformists representing the democratic bourgeoisie are weak and unable to compete with them. In addition, the bourgeoisie is weak and divorced from the masses. The first is the most important of the above two reasons. Let me elaborate on my reasons: As for some people who say that failure is due to "subjectively, the development of the bourgeoisie in China is incomplete, with softness and compromise. Objectively speaking, the feudal reactionary forces in China are too strong and seriously hindered. " This is the standard answer in textbooks, but it is not the case. In fact, the subjective and objective factors in Japan and the Qing Dynasty also had this problem. The resistance of Japanese feudal reactionary forces is even stronger than that of China. For example, after the Japanese Reform, the feudal forces in Kyushu, Japan launched an armed attack on the new regime. 1895 After the failure of the Sino-Japanese War, 1898, the Reform Movement of 1898 presided over by Emperor Guangxu came into being. Under the influence of textbooks and mainstream media, people basically think that the Reform Movement of 1898 was suppressed by Empress Dowager Cixi, who was the bane of China's progress. But this is not the case. How can Lafayette be indifferent to the fiasco in the Sino-Japanese War? According to Fei Xingjian's biography of Empress Dowager Cixi, as early as the beginning of the political reform, Empress Dowager Cixi said to Emperor Guangxu: "Political reform is an ambition. In the early years of Tongzhi, Zeng Guofan was invited to study abroad, and his children were sent to build ships and machines in order to be rich and strong. " "If you can be rich and strong, you can do it yourself. I don't do it internally." Emperor Guangxu has always been afraid of Empress Dowager Cixi. Empress Dowager Cixi, when her true feelings were revealed and her mood was low, took bold actions surrounded by several literati, hoping to complete the Millennium task within one week. Haste makes waste, but it backfires, offending a large number of vested interests. The radical changes advocated by Emperor Guangxu and the reformists have caused a strong shock to the whole social structure and threatened many social groups and political forces with interests in the existing society. During the Reform Movement of 1898, there were more than 1 10 imperial edicts, which were dizzying. Local officials complained bitterly. Emperor Guangxu severely punished officials who obstructed political reform and made too many enemies. As for the reform of abolishing stereotyped writing in the imperial examination system, it also caused widespread panic among a large group of scholars. The actions of several literati will lead to the collapse of the Qing Dynasty, and Empress Dowager Cixi has to come out to stabilize the political situation and swallow the consequences of the "bloody coup". Empress Dowager Cixi had both merits and demerits in dealing with the Reform Movement of 1898. It is positive for autocratic and corrupt governments and extremely toxic to the people. If Empress Dowager Cixi really wants to be as ambitious as Empress Wu Zetian at that time, why not proclaim herself emperor? If you commit adultery with a married woman, why don't you marry her? For various reasons, Empress Dowager Cixi could not be uglier. (The ugly one is still ugly even if he wears rouge that wastes beiyang fleet's annual salary. Empress Dowager Cixi supported reform. (She also supports the invulnerability of the Boxers. This new policy led by herself proves this point. "Because of the long-standing disadvantages at home and abroad, we have to make efforts to correct it according to the times. And hooligans, stealing the law, disturbing it. The industry has been severely punished to curb cross-flow. Whatever is politically related to the national economy and people's livelihood, the old and the new must implement it for the second time, and they must never give up food because of choking. " But in such an era of great social change, she does not have the knowledge literacy that a supreme ruler should have. She didn't take the initiative to absorb new knowledge, so she showed amazing ignorance on many issues. For example, she thought that building a railway would destroy Feng Shui, and the train would use donkeys and horses (but this can't be entirely her fault, and the knowledge background of that era was like this). Her ignorance affected the Westernization Movement she supported and the achievements of Tongzhi Zhongxing. More importantly, due to the limitation of education level and times, she did not have enough psychological preparation and overall consideration for the seriousness of the situation, the process and goal of reform, and passively adjusted her policies under the stimulation of external forces. After the implementation of the New Deal, it still made a rash mistake of the Reform Movement of 1898 presided over by Emperor Guangxu. Japan's reform took 20 years to complete, and Empress Dowager Cixi took 8 years. Because the pace of reform is too big and too fast, it leads to political instability and decentralized power. The most obvious example is the road protection movement. It is emphasized here that the demise of the Qing dynasty was not due to corruption, but to its own great leap forward in reform. This is similar to the reason for the disintegration of the Soviet Union. The disintegration of the Soviet Union was not due to corruption, but to radical reform. Judging from the international environment. The Meiji Restoration in Japan took place in the late 1960s in 19. At that time, the world was still in the period of free competition capitalism, and the climax of colonial conquest had not yet begun. The main target of western powers' aggression in East Asia is China, which has a vast territory and rich resources. In addition, the national liberation movement in Asia, especially the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom movement in China, contained the western powers and provided a more favorable international environment for the Meiji Restoration in Japan. Japanese reformists themselves pay more attention to the strategy of diplomatic struggle and make great use of the contradictions between Britain and France, Britain and Russia. However, the Reform Movement of 1898 in the Qing Dynasty had reached the end of 1990s, world capitalism had already transitioned to the stage of imperialism, and the great powers basically carved up the world through the climax of the struggle for colonies. China became the "only rich source" that the great powers competed for in the East, and there was a frenzy to carve up China. At this time, the imperialist powers never wanted China to become an independent and powerful capitalist country, and the international environment was very unfavorable to China's reform movement. Because China has a vast territory and a large population, its development is unfavorable to other countries, and the resources in the world are limited. Other countries are also for their own interests, so it is not important to evaluate whether their aggression is good or bad. The West strongly supported Japanese reform and took destructive actions against the Reform Movement of 1898 in the late Qing Dynasty, precisely to make China, a sleeping lion, never wake up. Therefore, from the perspective of national interests, the West's suppression of People's Republic of China (PRC)'s development began with the first collision between the East and the West, and the West's policy of suppressing China continues now and will continue in the foreseeable future. The suppression of China by the West has nothing to do with Chinese surnames Feng, Zi and She. However, Japan is a small country, and no matter how it develops, it will not pose a serious threat to the West, which is why the West has been supported by the West since the Meiji Restoration, and a powerful Japan controls the development of China.