Explain the various death sentences in ancient China. What's the difference?
Executed by the executioner or others.
Mid-year (inches)
Ling Chi, commonly known as "Thousand Pieces", is one of the tortures in China. The executioner divided the victim's meat into hundreds to thousands of pieces and cut it off with a knife. Moreover, the implementation is very particular. If the victim dies immediately, it means that the executioner failed to execute. Prisoners often suffer for hours before they die. When Constantine the Great was in the Roman Empire, the West ordered similar punishments for witches, and separated their flesh and blood with iron hooks to death. Hipatia, the first famous female mathematician in history, was also killed by a group of Christian thugs in a similar way. In medieval Europe, the death penalty for cutting off meat with an iron comb was still carried out in Germanic areas in the16th century.
The word "mid-year" was first seen in Xunzi Zuopian: "A mountain of a hundred miles, if it is negative?" Ling died late. The original meaning is "the hills and hills are gradually slowing down", which is extended to the punishment, that is, "the murderer wants to die slowly." "
Ling Chi began in the Five Dynasties. According to the literature, Ling Chi was used in the middle and late Song Dynasty, and this punishment was first included in the Qing Dynasty's "Yuan Tiao Ritual". "History of Song Dynasty Criminal Law Annals" said: "Those who are in the middle of the year must have their limbs amputated first, which was the most extreme method at that time." In the first year of Gande in Song Taizu (963), Wang Duan "gathered thousands of people to be thieves", and after being captured, "Wang Duan was in Langzhou". In the fifth year of Chunhua (994), "Yu Fengxiang married eight members of Li Shun Party". In the eighth year of Xining (1075), Zhu Tang, a native of Yizhou, reported a rebellion in Yuyao County, Yuezhou, implicating Liu Yu, a Yong Lian ambassador and medical officer of Xiuzhou. Finally, Li Feng and Xu Ge, an inspector of Liu Yuhe Union House, were executed by Ling Chi. History of Criminal Law in Liao Dynasty: "Death penalty belongs to strangulation, beheading and year-end".
After the Yuan Dynasty, it officially became an official punishment, which was juxtaposed with beheading and hanging in the same code. The fourth fold of Guan Hanqing's "Dou E Yuan" wrote: "Zhang Lver poisoned his grandfather and raped a widow, so he planned to be in the middle of the year. He was taken to Cao Zhong in the city, nailed to a wooden donkey, and executed with 120 knife. " .
In the early years of the Ming Dynasty, Zhu Yuanzhang listed Lingchi as a large height, which was quite extensive. Daming Law abolished the abuse of Ling Chi by high officials, but it still expressly stipulated that serious crimes such as treason, patricide, incest and serial murder should be executed by Ling Chi, and Ling Chi's cruelty was different, with treason as the most serious. "Daming Law Criminal Law": "Rebellion: Any rebellion is a dangerous country; Treason refers to the destruction of ancestral temples, mountain tombs and palaces. But the conspirators, regardless of their first offense, were all executed in the middle of the year. " In the twenty-first year of Jiajing (1542), maid-in-waiting Yang and others attempted to murder Ming Shizong and were arrested. Yang, Yang Lianxiang and other 16 maids and two concubines, Cao and Wang Ningqi, were killed in the city, which was the only case in which members of the royal family were formally sentenced to death (according to the usual practice, members of the royal family were sentenced to death). In the thirty-fourth year of Wanli (1606), Liu Tianxu and others rebelled, were defeated and captured, and seven people were killed.
In the second year of Tongzhi (1862), on June 25th, Shi Dakai was cut down by the Qing army for more than one hundred times, and remained silent. Liu Rong, the envoy of Sichuan Province, said that he was "arrogant and strong, but his words were neither humble nor supercilious." ..... At the time of execution, I looked very happy, and I was the ugliest. "When his colleague Lin Fengxiang was tortured," wherever the knife went, he looked straight at it, but he didn't make a sound ". In the fifth year of Tongzhi, Wade, Counsellor of the British Embassy in China, suggested to the Foreign Affairs Office of Premier China to close the year number. Therefore, North Korea only allows prisoners delivered by foreigners to be exempted from using the year. Until 1905 (thirty-first year of Guangxu), Shen Jiaben presided over the revision of the current laws of the Qing Dynasty, and the torture of Ling Chi and decapitation of corpses was "deleted forever and changed to decapitation".
Realization method
1858 French newspaper Le Monde illustrated the French missionary who was killed that year.
Before the execution, the prisoner was tied to the execution ground, and the torturers cut off the victim's flesh piece by piece with a knife. The number of knives punished is not a fixed number, which varies from person to person and from time to time. In the Song Dynasty, there were only eight to one hundred and twenty knives, but in the Ming Dynasty, it often exceeded one thousand knives and even reached three thousand knives. Wang Mingde said, "If you are in the middle of the year, your methods will be endless, and then you will cut off your potential. If she is a woman, she will be secluded, revealing her internal organs, so that she will die, and the branches will be untied and the bones will be broken. " "Chess" is worthy of the name at this point.
Zhicheng Deng's "Gu Xu Dong Ji" Volume II "Inch" has a cloud: "Secular words, the punishment of burning an inch in the Ming Dynasty was 4,200 yuan for Liu Jin and 3,600 yuan for Zheng Zhi. Li Ciming also said in his diary. " However, according to records, Liu Jin was actually cut 3357 times. The plan is divided into three days. On the first day, I cut 357 knives and cut 10 knives to rest. After Liu Jin woke up, he was cut again, but Liu Jin died the next day.
The executioner may be punished if he cuts too many knives or too few knives, or dies at an inappropriate time. In theory, when the last knife is about to be cut in a year, the prisoner has just died; But there are also legends that family members can sometimes buy off the executioner, stab the heart with one knife, and end the prisoner's life ahead of schedule to reduce the pain. There are also certain restrictions on the order of cutting: if it is a female prisoner, start with the nipple, then cut the breast, then cut the chest muscle, and then cut the genitals; If it is a male prisoner, after cutting the chest muscle, he will continue to cut his genitals; Then thighs, arms, abdominal muscles, buttocks. Finally, cut your ears, nose, eyes and lips. When cutting, the assistant is responsible for reporting the number of knives and arranging the cut meat on the table for inspection; But some of them were thrown to the ground and even sold to onlookers. At some point in the future, Lingchi will cut off the head with a sharp knife and file the body with a giant axe.
Famous prisoner
Fang Xiaoru: Ming Huidi was an important official at that time, but he failed in the battle of Jingnan. After being captured, he refused to cooperate with Judy, so he was sent to the market and executed in Lingchi.
Liu Jin: During the Ming Wuzong period, it was widely rumored that eunuchs were sentenced to three days late and chopped 3,300 knives. During the execution, Yanjing watched the people fight for their meat with a sum of money and drink raw food to vent their anger.
Aric: At the end of the Ming Dynasty, Jianzhou was a powerful country and was appointed as the commander of the right capital of Jianzhou. He was executed by Ling Chi in Beijing on 1575 for repeatedly violating the border.
Zheng Zhi: During the Chongzhen period, Jishi Shu was accused by Wen Renren and others of "raping his mother with a stick" and was executed on 1636.
Yuan Chonghuan: A well-known general in Chongzhen period was executed by Ling Chi for "conspiring with Lu" because Emperor Chongzhen suspected his rebellion. It is said that people in Beijing were fighting for his meat at that time.
Geng Zhongjing: During the reign of Emperor Kangxi in the Qing Dynasty, Emperor Kangxi was executed that year for withdrawing from the vassal and resisting the failure of the Qing Dynasty.
Shi Dakai: The most meritorious general of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, Wing King, led his troops to be trapped in the Dadu River and rescued the whole army. Belong to the same year as you. The subordinate was miserable, and Shi Dakai scolded him: "Why can't you endure this moment?" How delightful it is when I miss my generation. "For death and silence.
Tianguifu Hong: The son of Hong Xiuquan, the king of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, was captured by Shen Baozhen, the minister of the Qing Dynasty, and was sentenced to death by Ling Chi (he was only fifteen years old at the time of execution, and may be the youngest victim).
Kang Xiaoba: Known as Master Kong, he robbed and killed countless evil bandits. He was ruthless, stole a foreigner's pistol, made it to the capital, alarmed Empress Dowager Cixi, and was finally punished. Probably the last person to be executed this year.
Fu (pinyin: fü zh ū li): He was sentenced on1April, 905 10, and may be the last person to be sentenced within one year in the history of China.
Chop up someone's body (as a form of torture and execution)
The instrument of torture, also known as phlegm, is one of the ancient instruments of torture in China, which refers to chopping a corpse into phlegm (that is, meat sauce). According to legend, this kind of punishment was created by Shang Zhouwang to deal with nine marquis. But there are also users who want to live.
Famous prisoner
Boyikao: The son of Xibo, who angered da ji and was killed by Shang Zhouwang.
Jiuhou: Yin, one; Be punished after death.
Luz: Zhong You, a disciple of Confucius; Be sentenced to death after death
Peng Yue: Liang Wang, a different surname in the Western Han Dynasty; Sentenced to death after beheading.
Lai Junchen: Minister of Wu Zhao, killed by Wu Zhao and sentenced to prison.
Zhang Jun: the victim of early literary inquisition;
Retention punishment
Breast-conserving punishment was one of the ancient death sentences in China, that is, the criminal was killed and dried into dried meat.
After being demoted to nine marquis in the last years of Shang Dynasty, Hubei marquis thought that he should not be demoted to nine marquis. Zhou Wang didn't argue about the pros and cons of this matter, but killed Hubei Hou and dried him into jerky.
Sakuma
It is a kind of death penalty and a cruel punishment in ancient feudal society. This criminal law is also aimed at the traditional family-centered society, such as ancient China. When a family member commits heinous crimes such as treason, deceit and rebellion, the authorities will impose such severe punishment on the offender in order to avoid future troubles, eradicate the root causes and consolidate their political power. Clan is the collective name of relatives who are related by blood [2].
South Korea, Japan and Vietnam, which belong to the Confucian cultural circle with China, have also used this kind of punishment. The definition of "clan" in Korean system is almost the same as that in China system.
In the history of China, clan feudalism began in Shang Dynasty. At that time, it was called "Left", which was the original form of clan punishment and the punishment of beheading criminals and their descendants. After Qin Dynasty, it developed into three, five and seven clans. By the Sui Dynasty, it was abolished by Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty, but it was restored by Yang Di and extended to nine families. The only time in the history of the Ming Dynasty that the top ten families were overthrown.
Zhu sanzu
Or "Yi San Zu". For the three, there are also differences. It is said that there are three parents, brothers and wives; On the other hand, father, mother and wife are three families; There is also a saying that the father and son Sun San's family. [4] At the end of the Qin Dynasty, Li Si, the prime minister of the three clans, and Zhao Gao, the eunuch, were sentenced to punishment, which is one of the historical examples. [5] In Vietnam, in July of 1442, Li Taizong went to Lingzhi County for a military parade, stopped by Ruan Geng's mansion, and saw his wife (or concubine) Ruan Shilu's beautiful appearance, so he was asked to wait on the bus. Unexpectedly, Emperor Taizong suddenly died suddenly, Ruan Geng was framed and killed by three families.
Zhu jiuzu
Jiuzu also have different opinions. There are two doctrines of Confucianism in the Han Dynasty, namely, paternal clan four, maternal clan three and wife clan two [4], that is, relatives with different surnames. Among them, the fourth paternal family includes convicted families, that is, parents, brothers, sisters and children of criminals, as well as aunts, her sons, nephews and grandchildren. There are three people in the mother's family, namely her grandparents, aunt and her son. The second wife is father-in-law and mother-in-law. [6] Another way of saying it is that the punished person pushed up four generations to Gao Zu and down four generations to Great-great-grandson; Push three followers, brother. That is, grandfather's uncle, great-grandfather, grandfather, father, great-grandson, great-grandson, son, brothers, cousins and even brothers are all related. [4][7] In South Korea, in the first year of King Zhenping (Southern and Northern Dynasties in China), there was a Yi 'a canteen and a rice stone product in Silla. Because of his rebellion, he was sentenced to nine families in Dongshi.
ancestor
See: Fang Xiaoru
In the history of China, the first and only ten-clan massacre took place when Judy ascended the throne in the Ming Dynasty. Fang Xiaoru, a famous writer with high reputation at that time, was sentenced to this punishment. Judy, the prince of Yan, launched the Jing Nan Rebellion, seized the throne of his nephew Ming Huidi and entered Jinling. After Judy acceded to the throne, she ordered Fang Xiaoru, who was loyal to the royal family, to draft a letter of accession. Fang not only would rather die than surrender, but also insulted him. He wrote the words "Yan thief usurped the throne" in the letter. Judy was angry and threatened to punish the nine tribes. Fang Yizheng said sternly and wryly, "What can I do?" Even if I kill ten families, what can you do with me? ) "Judy put his protege friends into the tenth clan and killed them with the original nine clans. In the end, * * * killed 873 people, so thousands of people were imprisoned and exiled.
Cooking punishment
Cooking, or cooking and killing, is a kind of torture. The torturer first stripped the prisoner naked, pushed the prisoner into a cauldron as high as an adult and cooked it on firewood. Most prisoners died of burns, and some even suffered burns all over their bodies.
In the famous ghost novel The List of Gods, when Xibo, the ancestor of the Western Zhou Dynasty, was imprisoned, Bo Yikao, the son of Xibo, was framed by da ji, punished and thrown into the cauldron.
Sima Qian's Historical Records records that Xiang Yu often used such punishment at the end of Qin Dynasty. He once cooked and killed Zhou Ke, a Han general who refused to surrender. He also threatened to cook Hanwang Liu Bang's father, and Liu Bang said he didn't care. Finally, Xiang Yu had to give up the idea.
Famous prisoner
Qi aigong
Li Shiqi
Zhou Ke
bright red
Cold swill
Pig soaking cage
As a lynching in ancient times, soaking in pig cages was to put "prisoners" into bamboo cages filled with pigs, tie them with ropes at the opening and soak them in rivers or ponds. Those who commit misdemeanors let their heads emerge from the water and soak for a period of time; A felony can drown him headless.
In ancient China, this kind of punishment was usually used as lynching to execute men and women who committed adultery.
fruit peel
Skinning was a kind of torture in ancient times. Different areas skinned prisoners in different ways. Generally speaking, the skin will remain as intact as possible when peeling. In ancient China, mercury was injected between the prisoner's skin and his body, thus peeling off his skin; In western society, a special skinning knife is used to cut off prisoners' skin.
Generally speaking, animals are skinned before being used by humans, whether for fur or specimen making.
As a punishment, skinning can be a form of torture or execution, depending on how the victim was skinned.
In addition, in the early modern western society, for various reasons, the covers of human books were made of the skin of the dead. These reasons include legal reasons or religious reasons.
history
The punishment of peeling has a very long history. The oldest extant document records appear in the Assyrian Empire in Mesopotamia. At that time, the country used to nail prisoners of war or rebels to the walls of the city where he lived as a warning. In Central America, the Aztecs also skinned people who were chosen as living sacrifices after death. In medieval Europe, there was a penalty of cutting off the skin or meat of a traitor in public, which was implemented in France until the17th century.
At the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, Zhu Yuanzhang set a heavy code, and officials embezzled 62 taels of silver, all of which were sent to the land temple on the left side of the yamen in Fuzhou County. There is a "peeling booth", and the punishment is to peel grass, that is, the skin of the peeled person will be filled with grass and hung in the government to warn other officials. When peeling, if the person being peeled dies early, it is also stipulated: "Immediately treat the dead, treat the dead and sit dead." (Ye's "Vegetation Legacy")
Because peeling was extremely cruel, it was abolished after the founding of the Republic of China. However, in recent years, there are still various medical researches to strip corpses. In 2007, the related skin was exhibited all over China, which caused a high degree of controversy.
Riding a wooden donkey
Riding a wooden donkey, a female penalty in ancient China, originated from literary works such as novels and the results of word of mouth, which has not been confirmed by the actual criminal files, and has the significance of exaggeration and intimidation.
Punishment object
Huang in China's ancient novel case murdered her husband and was punished. Guan Hanqing's Dou Eyuan also mentioned: "Zhang Luer poisoned her husband and raped a widow, intending to die within the year. He was taken to Cao Zhong in the city, nailed to a wooden donkey and executed with 120 knife. " Li Biao in The Journey to the West was also nailed to a wooden donkey. The penalty of "riding a donkey" in the novel is generally aimed at women who collude with adulterers to murder their husbands, which prevailed in the Ming Dynasty.
Wooden donkey structure
Some improved wooden donkeys have four wheels under them to push. The built-in eccentric wheel can drive the log to move up and down when wandering the streets to stimulate female prisoners, so that they can feel forced sexual intercourse in the process of public display. In the construction case, Shi showed his invention to the audience.
Execution mode
If this punishment is imposed on a woman sentenced to death, she needs to be stripped naked, sit on a wooden donkey, and insert a cylindrical wooden stick into her genitals until the wooden stick "passes through her nose and mouth, and the Japanese will die." There are also nails to fix the human body to the donkey. Then the female prisoners were taken to the street to demonstrate. In the process of public display, female prisoners should be whipped with Vitex negundo to enhance the effect.
In the official history, it is recorded that the wooden donkey is a kind of torture device that crucifies prisoners' hands and feet, which is unisex. It is recorded in The League of Three Dynasties to the North that Zhao Ye abandoned the city in October 165438+ in the year of Jian Yan, and was nailed to a donkey when it was taken back by the soldiers of Mizhou Du Yan, Li Kui jy and Wu Shun.
Cut sb.' s waist in half and put him to death
Waist cutting is one of the most cruel ways to execute the death penalty. The purpose of cutting criminals into two sections (or more) from the waist is to prolong their death time and increase their pain. Gao Qi, a poet in Ming Dynasty, was cut in half by Ming Taizu because of Wen Jia's misfortune. Generally speaking, the ultimate cause of death of prisoners is hemorrhagic shock, and beheading in Bao Qingtian's plays is one of them.
It is rumored that Yu Hongtu, a scholar in Henan Province, was beheaded on March 12th, the 12th year of Yongzheng. He was the last government official in China who was beheaded by Zou. Yu Hongtu's fingers were stained with blood, and he wrote seven "miserable" words on the ground in a row before he died slowly and painfully. Afterwards, Zou performed this scene, and Yongzheng also felt sad and announced the abolition of this penalty.
Nowadays, the extended meaning of the word "halving" has been gradually applied to the media.
Famous prisoner
Rees
Chao Cuo
Gongsun' ao
Liu Quli
Yang Yun
Yu Fang
Wang ya
Shu Yuanyuan
Gao qi
Yu hongtu
Hot bronze column torture
Branding was a kind of torture in ancient China. The torturer was tied to a copper pillar, which was as big as a bell, and there was charcoal fire in the bell, which burned his skin and was dying. This kind of punishment first began when Shang Zhouwang, the last monarch of Shang Dynasty, was designed for people's grievances and princes' rebellion.
Burning punishment originated in Shang and Zhou Dynasties. Xun's Zi Yibing recorded: "Killing each other and imprisoning Ji Zi is burning punishment." "Han Feizi Yulao" notes: "Set up a meat garden, set up a barbecue, climb the rotten mountain and face the wine pool." "Historical Records Yin Benji" wrote: "Zhou is a heavy punishment, and there is a gun law."
But another way of saying it is that the scorching was invented by Xia Jie. "Han Yu Shan Fang Yi Ji", said that watching the burning at Yao Tai, Guan Longfeng remonstrated, Jie killed the dragon and phoenix with the burning. Bai Yang said in the 18th century BC in the History of China Nationalities: "If you put ointment on a copper column and burn charcoal fire underneath it, you must teach the prisoners to walk barefoot on the copper column. If you slide down, you will fall on the coal and be burned to death. He likes to watch others struggle and wail like this. "
Automobile crack (dismemberment)
Automobile cracks, also known as shafts and cracks. The dismemberment of five horses, commonly known among the people, was a form of torture in ancient China. According to legend, this punishment is to tie the prisoner's head and limbs to five cars respectively, and the horse pulls the car forward to tear his body.
Shang Yang and Lao Ai of Qin were both punished, but the execution time was controversial. The following will elaborate on the relevant arguments.
Debate on automobile cracks
Some people think that car cracks are not the so-called dismemberment circulated by the people for the following reasons:
The East China Chinese character book Shuo Wen Jie Zi compares the car crack to beheading: "Cutting is also a car crack".
The word "car" in the car crack does not mean "car", but some archaic words "respect?" In the change of font, corruption became the word "car". The dismemberment of five horses is just a folklore. In fact, when the historical novel "The Story of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty" appeared, it was dismembered by pulling a cart with an ox. Some people think that car splitting refers to dismembering five horses. Taking the sentence in Liao Shu as an example, they said that "those who commit fornication and misconduct are divided into five axes", which proves that the two are indeed related.
In addition, there are different opinions about the execution time of car crack. There is also a saying that car cracks are used on corpses (including beheaded people) instead of tearing the living.
Famous prisoner
Shang Yang (suicide)
Bury sb alive
Pit killing, or fire killing, refers to the behavior of ancient troops killing enemy prisoners and piling up bodies. Historians generally use the word "pit killing" as a condemnation, which refers to killing innocent people, such as mass killing of prisoners and civilians. Some people tend to look for justice from literature, thinking that trapping means burying alive, which is incorrect. In ancient books, there are often descriptions of the accumulation of bodies after pit killing. For example, Mu Rongchui saw the remains of Yan Jun soldiers who were killed by the Northern Wei Dynasty in the Battle of Shenhe North, piling up and dying of depression. It can be seen that there is no burial scene in the pit killing. Take the battle of Changping as an example. It is impossible for Tian Lei to dig a big pit with 400,000 people buried alive, and the surrendered Zhao army did not resist.
Record of "pit"
The record of "pit" is even more unique, almost every dynasty has it. For example, Yuan Chuan in the later Han Dynasty recorded that Cao Cao and Yuan fought a decisive battle in Guandu for 200 years, and Cao Cao narrowly won, leaving an army forced to surrender. The reflection of Wei Benji did not mention this matter. In 258, Si Mazhao attacked Shouchun City occupied by Zhuge Dan and captured reinforcements from Wu Dong. Some people have suggested that these Wu Junbing will not really surrender, but should be "pitted". Si Mazhao disagreed, but moved the prisoners from the border area. It can be seen that I was still used to "pit" to kill unnecessary prisoners. During the 16th National Congress of the Communist Party of China recorded in the Book of Jin, there are countless records about "pits", such as Liang Ju, the top scholar general of Schleswig-Oxley in 3 10, "more than 10,000 people died in the pits". 3 17 years ago, Cong suppressed Pingyang nobles. "There are more than 15,000 people in the pit, and Pingyang street is empty." In 320, before Shi Hu's crushing defeat, Zhao Liuyao was "sixteen thousand foot soldiers in the pit". 32 1 year, there were 30,000 Jin troops in the headquarters of Schleswig Cao. After the death of Shi Hu in 349, several sons competed for the throne, and the youngest son, Shi Chong, was defeated and "cheated more than 30,000 people". There are also a large number of records of "pit" defeated prisoners of war. These pits are not buried alive. It is recorded in the book that after 40 1 year, Qin and others attacked the city for a long time, and Lulong ancient Tibetan (now Wuwei, Gansu) city was short of food, but Lulong refused to let people out of the city, and those who tried to escape from the city were "pitted, so the bodies were accumulated in the winding road". It can be seen that the "pit" record in this book is actually the "Beijing view" of burying the bodies of the victims. When Emperor Taizong levied Koguryo, he "collected 3,300 cymbals and left them empty". In the Northern Song Dynasty, Tian Kuang suppressed the rebels in Baozhou. First surrendered, then "429 people were trapped", which was appreciated by the court. However, the annotation of Biography of the History of the Song Dynasty holds that due to the death of soldiers, the field situation is "no queen". "Ming History" records that Chang Yuchun, a hero in the early Ming Dynasty, trapped and killed enemy prisoners, and Xu Da could not stop him. Later, Xu Da was able to be commander in chief of the whole army.
Flail neck
The cangue item is a kind of punishment to tie the prisoner in front of the yamen or in the city center. If the weight of the cangue is too high, it is easy to kill the prisoner, so the cangue item is not only torture, but also death.
history
The cangue was originally used in agricultural society to hit the rice piled up in the grain field, and it is still in use now.
Later, cangue was used for punishment. As early as a week ago, cangue began to appear in the punishment. The book Zhouyi Bite once mentioned: "Why do you learn to kill your ears?" The annotation said: "Learning, flail and sin should be one of them." , that is, cangue item. In addition, Jin Zai Ji also records that Ma Teng, the secretariat of Bing State, captured the conference semifinals as slaves in Shandong and sold them to the Fu family for military expenses. Two captured conference semifinals were locked together, and Schleswig, the monarch of Zhao, was one of them. It was not until the Northern Wei Dynasty that the cangue became an officially recognized instrument of torture, but its production was not uniform, and the cangue instruments used in different places were not necessarily the same. In the fifth year of Taihe (that is, 48 1), Emperor Xiaowen wrote that only those who committed treason and had conclusive evidence could use cangue. After Xuan Wudi acceded to the throne, in the first year of Yongping, Gao Zhao, Shangshu servant shot Qinghe Wang Yuan and others visited the big cangue all over the country, and issued an imperial edict, which clearly defined the size, weight and thickness of the big cangue. The big cangue should be "three feet long, three feet long under the throat, and five inches long on all sides of the cheek wood", and everything that does not meet the specifications should be burned. After the regulation of big cangue, Gao Chao and Yu both adopted cangue. The history books mentioned respectively: "Those who commit crimes are locked, and those who are not locked are cangue." "Every death penalty is a flail." Therefore, flail has become an indispensable instrument of torture. Later, there were cangue along the Sui Dynasty. In the Tang Dynasty, cangue was more widely used. The cangue is six to five feet long (the cangue is more than five feet long and less than six feet long), the cheek is two feet six inches to two feet five inches long, the width is one foot four inches to one foot six inches, and the diameter is four inches to three inches. Therefore, "the sick and the insured" do not need to wear flail.
Although there were civilized rules and regulations about cangue in the Tang Dynasty, during the reign of Wu Zhao, a group of cruel officials under her, such as Lai Junchen, invented many cangue, and all of them had their own names from the heaviest to the lightest, including: begging for ruin, begging for death, worrying about dead pigs, counterfeits, counterfeits, losing souls, losing heart, and whitewashing. Lai Junchen often used cangue to deal with political opponents and courtiers who opposed him, and got "testimony". Suo Yuanli, a cruel official with Lai Junchen, invented instruments of torture that were more beneficial than ten cangues. He put the cangue on the victim's hand, added a brick on the cangue board, called "Immortal Offering Fruit", and set up a "climbing ladder by himself" to let the victim stand on the crossbar and put it. After Wu Zetian abdicated, his cruel officials and ten cangues were also disintegrated, but after the eunuch dictatorship, cangues were widely used as torture devices. In the Five Dynasties, cangue was used. In the early Song Dynasty, the cangue was divided into two levels, one weighing 20 Jin and the other weighing 25 Jin. Zhao Heng, the third emperor, accepted Chen Gang's suggestion from Hebei Road Criminal Prison and added 15 Jin cangue. In the early Ming Dynasty, Zhu Yuanzhang stipulated that the national cangue was made of dry wood, which was five feet five inches long and one foot five inches wide, and was divided into three classes. The lightest 15 kg is used for prisoners beaten with sticks, the second 20 kg is used for prisoners sentenced to exile and imprisonment, and the highest 35 kg is used for death row. At the same time, it also issued a decree that the cangue used on the ground must be produced by the government's Longjiang Lifting Department. Even so, the Royal Guards, the East Factory and the West Factory did not adopt cangue tools according to Mao's intention, but made various types of cangue tools privately. During the Yingzong period, the eunuch Wang Zhen won the trust of Yingzong. During the Orthodox period, Wang Zhen put on the shackles of 100 catties for Li Shimin, Zhao Wan and Jin Jian who had offended him. After the Empress Sun Shi knew about this, she immediately released three people. In the thirteenth year of Chenghua, the Ministry of Punishment said: In recent years, private people have privately cast money, resulting in "merchants gather to buy, rape and abuse every day, and block money." Therefore, the construction of Zhu Jianshen will show a flail to practitioners, insiders and users, and send border guards to the army. Xianzong agreed. Four years later, Xianzong wrote a letter: "In the future, only the money of Hongwu Yongle Xuande will be exchanged every 80 articles." When Liu Jin was in power, he often used flail. In the year of Zheng Deyuan, Liu Jin was dissatisfied with the insufficient bribes given to An Kui and Shi Yu yu zhang, so he put the one hundred and fifty gold of flail germanium on them and Wang Shizhong. Because he offended Liu Jin, Wu Xian, who impeached Liu Jin, was also handcuffed by him. According to historical records, "flail heavy money and die in a few days." It can be seen that it is tragic.
Sejong acceded to the throne, only to realize the pain of the cangue. When the weather is hot, the execution of the cangue item can be postponed, but the Royal Guards will ignore it. During the Jiajing period, a man named Liu Shandong reported to the court that Zhang Tingling, a member of the royal family, had the intention of rebellion. However, Wang Zuo, commander of the Royal Guards, accused Liu Shandong of falsely accusing Zhang Tingling and was sentenced to exile three months later, which was the longest cangue in the history of China.
During the reign of God, a vertical cangue weighing more than 300 Jin appeared. This kind of torture device is a tall wooden cage with a long front and a short back, and a round hole at the top. The victim's neck will be handcuffed. The prisoner can't put his whole foot flat on the bottom of the instrument of torture, but stand up straight and sit on his knees, which makes the prisoner die of fatigue, and the prisoner will die in the vertical cangue within one day.
In the Qing Dynasty, when cangue and cangue articles had not been cancelled, Emperor Kangxi stipulated that the upper limit weight of cangue was 70 Jin, the second level was 60 Jin, three feet long and two feet nine inches wide, and all local government offices were required to punish cangue according to the sample of punishments. After the Qing dynasty, the two never appeared again.
death by hanging
Hanging is actually divided into hanging and strangulation.
Hanging, commonly known as hanging, refers to hanging a person's neck in mid-air, tightening the neck rope by its own gravity, thus causing death. Strangulation means strangling a person with a rope.
Hanging generally refers to the execution of the death penalty. Also known as the hanging, the first hanging, the first hanging death penalty. Cantonese is called hanging neck, and Minnan is called hanging head.