What are the styles of western architecture?
Ancient West Asian architecture:
Ancient Asian architecture was built in the two river basins, as well as Persian architecture. The culture in the lower reaches of the two rivers developed earliest, roughly at the same time as Egypt.
In 4000 BC, many small slave countries were established here.
At the beginning of the 9th century BC/kloc-,the new kingdom of Babylon seized the western half of the Assyrian empire, that is, the southern part of the two river basins, Syria, Palestine and Phoenicia, and rebuilt the new kingdom of Babylon (626-538 BC), also known as the Kingdom of Chaldea.
The king of Babylon unified the lower reaches of the two rivers and even conquered the upper reaches.
Ancient Greek architecture:
The architectural art of ancient Greece is the source and treasure house of European architectural art, and the architectural style of ancient Greece is characterized by harmony, perfection and loftiness. Temple architecture in ancient Greece is the concentrated expression of these style characteristics. The characteristics of ancient Greek "column" are the strict and harmonious proportion of eaves (including forehead, eaves and cornices) and columns (column base, column body and stigma) and the modeling format with human scale.
Ancient Roman architecture:
Ancient Roman architectural art: it is the inheritance and development of ancient Greek architectural art. If the ancient Greeks worshipped people by worshipping "God", then the ancient Romans worshipped people. Vitruvi, an ancient Roman architectural theorist, once pointed out in his Ten Books on Architecture that the basic principles of architecture should be "rules, configuration, symmetry, balance, suitability and economy". This can be said to be a theoretical summary of the architectural characteristics and artistic style of ancient Rome. As a result, in terms of roof modeling, there appeared a "dome" roof that was difficult to see in ancient Greek architecture. It is this "dome" roof that has become the most obvious difference between ancient Roman architecture, especially residential architecture and ancient Greek residential architecture. "Round" style is a typical feature of ancient Roman architecture. Representative figures: Colosseum, Pantheon (also known as Pantheon).
Byzantine architecture:
Byzantium was originally a castle in ancient Greece. In 395 AD, the once famous Roman Empire was split into two countries, East and West. The capital of West Rome was still in Rome, while the capital of East Rome was moved to Byzantium, and the country was called Byzantine Empire. The characteristics of Byzantine architecture mainly include four aspects: the first aspect is the roof modeling, and the "dome" is widely used. The second feature is that the overall modeling center is prominent. Tall and large domes often become the center of the whole building. The third feature is that it creates the structural method of supporting the dome on independent square columns and the corresponding centralized architectural modeling. Its typical practice is to distribute coupons on the four sides of a square plane, and build a dome with diagonal diameter between four coupons, as if a complete dome was cut by distributing coupons on four sides, and its weight was completely borne by four coupons, thus making the internal space extremely free. The fourth feature is bright colors. Representative: Hagia Sophia in Constantinople.
Roman architecture:
The typical features of Roman architecture are: the wall is huge and thick, the wall adopts serial coupons, and the portal adopts concentric multi-layer coupons to reduce the heavy feeling. There are one or two bell towers in the west, and sometimes there are bell towers at the intersection of Latin crosses and horizontal halls. The large and small columns in the central hall are arranged alternately in rhythm. Narrow windows create a dark and mysterious atmosphere in a large internal space. The simple central hall contrasts with the magnificent altar, and the huge spatial change between the central hall and the side gallery breaks the sense of balance in classical architecture.
Gothic architecture:
Goth, originally a Germanic people who participated in the collapse of the ancient Roman Empire, has a vulgar and barbaric meaning. Renaissance Europeans gave it to medieval architecture because they hated the darkness of the Middle Ages. Traditionally, people call the buildings that conform to this main architectural style in the Middle Ages "Gothic architecture". Mostly church buildings. The dominant consciousness in the Middle Ages was religious consciousness, especially Christian consciousness. The overall style characteristics of Gothic architecture are: ethereal, slender, towering and sharp. The sharp and steep shape is the crystallization of the pointed ticket and pointed arch technology; Towering walls contain the advantages of diagonal bracing technology and buttressing technology. The ethereal artistic conception and vertical upward form are the most accurate expressions of Christian spiritual connotation. The tall and straight, ethereal and illusory image seems to point directly at God, enlightening people to get rid of this world of suffering and sin and move towards "paradise in heaven". The basic feature of the appearance is high and straight, and its typical composition is a pair of towering spires with gables in the middle. A row of niches with statues are arranged on the railings and door openings of gable eaves to connect the whole facade horizontally. Between the railing and the niche in the middle is a round rose window symbolizing heaven.
Baroque architecture:
Baroque is a cultural and artistic style after the climax of Renaissance. Its foreign language is Bar-oque, which means deformed pearl, and its artistic characteristics are grotesque, twisted and irregular. The tone of baroque architectural style is gorgeous, novel and cheerful, with a strong taste of secular enjoyment. There are four main characteristics: first, showing off wealth. It often uses a lot of expensive materials, fine processing and deliberate decoration to show its wealth and nobility. Second, not limited by structural logic, some irrational combination techniques are often used, resulting in abnormal and surprising special effects. Third, an atmosphere full of joy. Advocating secularization, opposing deification, advocating human rights and opposing theocracy will lead to the liberation of human nature, thus shining art and giving Renaissance art a cheerful color ... and completely embarked on the wrong path of hedonism. Fourth, be unconventional and pursue novelty. This is the most striking feature of baroque architectural style. S-shaped, wavy plane and ellipse-based facade are adopted to make the architectural image dynamic; Or mix architecture and sculpture for novelty; Or it may cause excitement with a high degree of dispersion and some disharmony between formal components. Representatives: The church of San Carlo designed by Baroque master Borromini and the Trevi Fountain in Rome.
Renaissance architecture:
Renaissance architecture is an architectural style after Gothic architecture in European architectural history. /kloc-originated in Italy in the 0/5th century, and then spread to other parts of Europe, forming a unique Renaissance architecture. Italian Renaissance architecture occupies the most important position in Renaissance architecture. The most obvious feature of Renaissance architecture is that it abandoned the Gothic architectural style in the Middle Ages, and re-adopted the pillar elements of ancient Greece and Rome in religious and secular architecture. Renaissance architects and artists thought Gothic architecture was a symbol of Christian theocracy, while ancient Greek and Roman architecture was non-Christian. They believe that this kind of classical architecture, especially the classical cylindrical structure, is harmonious and reasonable, and has something in common with human beauty, which conforms to the humanistic concept of the Renaissance.
Rococo style:
Rococo style appeared in the late French classicism in the18th century and was popular in France, Germany, Austria and other countries. Rococo is mainly an interior decoration style. It is a gentle, charming, exquisite and delicate architectural style under the premise of opposing the logic, simplicity and rationality of French classical art. Its main feature is that everything is composed around softness and harmony, and it especially likes to use curves and circles to avoid square corners as much as possible. On the theme of decoration, I often like to use all kinds of grass leaves and mussels, roses and palms. Use cork instead of marble used in the past. Classic programs no longer appear on the wall, but are replaced by complex panels and a large number of glass mirrors. I like to use exquisite colors, such as white, gold, pink, light green and light yellow, and try to avoid strong contrast. The foot of the line is mostly gold, the ceiling is often painted sky blue, and floating white clouds are often painted. Besides, I also like hanging silks and satins, crystal glass chandeliers and displaying porcelain antiques, trying to show luxury and elegance. However, its style is too deliberate because of its decorative techniques, and it is often too rich in powder and lacks noble meaning; Stacked, gentle and charming, natural charm and elegance are insufficient. It represents the "Golden Gallery" in Charlottenburg, Berlin and the Apollo Hall in the new Potsdam Palace.
Classical Renaissance architecture:
Classical revival architecture was popular in some European and American countries from18th century to19th century, and it adopted rigorous ancient Greek and Roman architecture, also known as neoclassical architecture. At that time, people were influenced by the Enlightenment and admired the ancient Greek and Roman culture. In terms of architecture, memorial buildings such as the square, the Arc de Triomphe and the meritorious column in ancient Rome have become examples to follow. At that time, many achievements were made in archaeology, and a large number of architectural treasures of ancient Greece and Rome were unearthed, which provided good conditions for the realization of this idea. The classical revival architectural style is mainly used in public buildings such as parliament, courts, banks, exchanges, museums, theaters and some memorial buildings. This architectural style has little influence on ordinary houses, churches and schools.
Compromise architecture:
Eclectic architecture is a popular architectural style in some European and American countries from the first half of 19 century to the beginning of the 20 th century. Eclectic architects imitate various architectural styles in history at will, or freely combine various architectural forms. They don't emphasize the fixed French style, but only the proportional balance and pure formal beauty. With the development of society, various buildings are needed to meet various requirements. /kloc-in the 0/9th century, the convenience of transportation, the progress of archaeology, the development of publishing industry and the invention of photography technology all helped people to understand and master the architectural heritage of previous times and regions. As a result, many cities have seen buildings with Greek, Roman, Byzantine, medieval, Renaissance and oriental sentiments.
Functionalist architecture:
Functionalist architecture is an architectural school, which believes that the form of architecture should obey its function. Since ancient times, many buildings have paid attention to function. However, in the late19th century, some architects in Europe and America opposed the academic design idea of pursuing form and neglecting function, explored the road of new architecture and highlighted the function of architecture. With the development of modernist architectural movement, functionalism was all the rage in the 1920s and 1930s. Originally, emphasizing the function of architecture was one of the important viewpoints of modernist architectural movement, but later some people regarded it as an absolute creed and called it "functionalism". They believe that not only the architectural form must reflect the function and express the function, but also the architectural plane layout and spatial combination must be based on the function, and all components with different functions should be displayed separately.
Modernist architecture:
Modernist architecture refers to an architectural trend of thought that dominated the western architectural world in the middle of the twentieth century. The representative of this kind of architecture advocates that architects should get rid of the shackles of traditional architectural forms and boldly create brand-new buildings that meet the conditions and requirements of industrialized society. Therefore, it has distinct rationalism and radicalism, and is also called modernist architecture. Modernist architectural thoughts emerged in the late19th century, matured in the 1920s, and swept the world in the 1950s and 1960s. Since the 1960s, some people think that modernist architecture is out of date, and some people think that the basic principles of modernist architecture are still correct, but they need to be revised and supplemented. Since 1970s, when referring to modernist architecture, some documents have been labeled as "1920s" or "orthodox".
Post-modernism architecture:
Since the 1960s, there has been an ideological trend in the United States and Western Europe to oppose or amend modernist architecture. After World War II, modernist architecture became the dominant architectural trend in many parts of the world. However, differences quickly emerged within the modernist architectural camp, and some people questioned and criticized the views and styles of modernist architecture. 1966, in the book Complexity and Contradiction of Architecture, American architect Venturi put forward a set of architectural theories and propositions that were in sharp opposition to modernist architecture, which caused shock and repercussions in the architectural field, especially among young architects and architectural students. In 1970s, the trend of opposing and deviating from architectural modernism became more intense. This tendency has been called by different names, such as "anti-modernism", "post-modernism" and "post-modernism", and the latter is widely used.