Who can help me sort out junior high school, Chinese, and mathematics. (Enlistment exam)

A summary of the basic knowledge of junior high school Chinese language

1. Parts of speech

(1) Parts of speech: Chinese content words. Part of speech Meaning Example Things to note when using it

Noun: a word that expresses the name of a person or thing, time, place, location, etc.

Sunday at the Flaubert House. Exit east.

(1) Pay attention to the collocation between nouns, verbs and adjectives.

Example 1: His kind words always come to mind. (Incorrect combination of name and action)

Example 2: Its hard gaze softened. (Wrong collocation of adjectives and nouns)

(2) Do not misuse parts of speech.

Example 3: This is the greatest irony and shame for him. (The noun is misused as a verb. "Shame" is changed to "insult")

Example 4: Nowadays, many muscle-building exercises are popular in the world.

(Adjectives are misused as verbs. "Develop muscles" is changed to "to develop muscles")

Verbs are words that express actions, development and changes, psychological activities, judgments, etc.

The goral flies across the bridge and is in awe of nature.

Adjectives are words that express the shape, nature, state, color, etc. of people or things.

He is a tall, thin old man, and I respect him very much.

Numerical words represent numbers (including exact numbers, approximate numbers and ordinal numbers).

For the first time, I invited more than ten classmates to play at home.

(1) Numerals and quantifiers are often used together to form quantifiers. (2) Quantifiers can overlap.

(3) Pay attention to the expression of increase and decrease in quantity.

① Use multiples or percentages to increase.

Example 5: Increased from 3 to

Example 6: “Increased by 100%”, “Increased by one liter”, “Increased to twice”.

② You can only use fractions to reduce the quantity. You can say "reduced" or "reduced to". Example 7:

Reduced from 20 to 5: "Reduced by 75%", "Reduced by three-quarters", "Reduced to 25%", "Reduced to one-fourth".

When a pronoun replaces a certain type of word, it has the grammatical function of this type of word.

Example 8: We arrived at the edge of Lop Nur. Example 9: After so many years, the wisteria has bloomed again.

Quantifier represents a unit of something or behavior. A dark bearded man.

Fighting with a bunch of shirtless guys. The clock struck twelve.

Pronouns replace the name of a person or thing, serve as a distinguishing indicator, or are used to ask questions.

Those ring guys, that’s what they posted on the town hall bulletin board.

(2) Parts of speech: Chinese function words

Adverb types: Adverbs are used to modify and limit verbs or adjectives, expressing time, frequency, scope, mood, degree, etc. Because my father was busy, he had already agreed not to send me off. He repeatedly asked the waiter to be very careful. But he finally felt uneasy, fearing that the waiter would be inappropriate, so he hesitated for a while.

Prepositions are used before nouns, pronouns or noun phrases, and together with these words or phrases, they express time, place, direction, objects, etc.

Go in from Tiananmen Square. When crossing the railway, he first scattered the oranges on the ground, climbed down slowly, then picked up the oranges and walked away.

How did you answer the above question? Pay attention to the collocation of the prepositions "dui", "for" and "ba" with the following objects.

Example: I really don’t know anything about the art of calligraphy.

(It’s “calligraphy art is right to me”, I got the wrong object of “right”)

Conjunctions are used to connect words, phrases or sentences to express juxtaposition and progression. , turning, cause and effect, hypothesis and other relationships.

Even if a few rays of light occasionally peek toward the bottom of the valley due to surprise at noon in summer, they are squinting and there is no trace of warmth.

Although we don’t know the content of the story, our emotions can resonate with her actions.

Particles are used to express a certain structural relationship between words, or the state of an action, or to express a certain tone.

The boat moved forward silently but quickly.

The moon has set, and there is a rustling sound in the lotus pond after midnight.

Why? Pay attention to the correct use of "of".

She is the first Chinese athlete to win a gold medal in this Olympics.

(There are too many "的"s in the sentence, the first three can be deleted)

Interjections express sounds such as exclamation, call, and response. "Ah, when did he...

"Alas! I don’t know when I will see him again! "

Onomatopoeia imitates the sounds made by people or things.

Then a little girl came out and sang babblingly.

Pa - that The red paper stick was blown to pieces.

(3) The meaning of the word: single meaning and multiple meanings, synonyms and antonyms

The key points of analyzing the meaning characteristics of the word. Examples

Univocal words are words with only one meaning.

Lop Nur (proper name) element (technical term)

Polysemy is a word with several interrelated meanings

Depth: ①The distance from the surface to the bottom (basic meaning) ②Color weight : Crimson

③Long time: late at night ④High degree: foresight

Synonyms and antonyms

Synonyms are words with the same or similar meaning. Pay attention to the nuances when using it:

The weight of the word meaning: gaze, gaze (light-heavy)

The size of the scope: campaign, battle (large-small)

Collocation habits: firmness (position, direction, belief) firmness (character, will, attitude)

Emotional praise and blame: smart, cunning (praise-derogation)

Antonyms are words with opposite or relative meanings

Opposite: True - False True - False Relative: Black - White Large - Small

Polysemy words have several different antonyms: Old (young, young, young and new)

Complimentary, neutral and derogatory connotations

Complimentary words carry emotional colors such as praise, love, respect and affirmation. There are common phenomena in the praise and blame of words:

① Use antonyms to express emotional colors: noble - despicable, humble - arrogant

② Synonymous but express different emotional colors, praise - flattery Leader - leader

③ Idioms expressing emotions

Arbitrary - brainstorming, perfunctory - wholeheartedly

Derogatory words with disparagement, contempt, contempt, denial, etc. Emotional color.

Neutral words do not have a positive or negative tone and can be used in both good and bad ways.

Note: The above table is the appendix "List of Chinese Parts of Speech (Content Words)" in the second volume of the seventh grade of the People's Education Press version of the compulsory education curriculum standard experimental textbook, and the appendix "List of Chinese Parts of Speech (Function Words)" in the first volume of the eighth grade , will help you further organize the knowledge in this chapter.

2. Phrases and Single Sentences

(1) Phrases

Phase structure types Issues that should be paid attention to when using phrases

Note on main features and examples Analysis of key points and examples

The subject and predicate are composed of words that express the relationship between the stated and the stated (who, what) + (what to do, how) The wild geese return

Stubborn by nature

The dewdrops are crystal clear1. Proper cooperation: (1) Reasonable. (2) In line with language habits.

2． Simple to use. 3. Appropriate juxtaposition.

Example 1: Increase in quality

(The subject, predicate and verb are not collocated properly, which can be said to be "increase in quality" or "increase in quantity")

Example 2 : Discovering difficulties

(If the verb and object are not matched properly, it can be said to be "finding the goal" or "overcoming difficulties"

Example 3: A beautiful singing voice

(The modifier does not conform to the characteristics of the object it modifies, and the quantifier "一" cannot modify the "singing voice" that has no limit on quantity)

Example 4: A very straight road

(Positive The phrasal modifiers are cumbersome, and "straight" itself already includes the degree of "very")

Example 5: Table lamps and lighting equipment

("Lighting equipment" already includes "table lamp" , pay attention to whether the parallel content is appropriate)

Example 6: Accept humbly and extensively solicit everyone’s opinions

(It should be “accepted” after “soliciting”, the position of the parallel verb Intermodulation is reasonable)

The partial positive is composed of a noun, verb or adjective and the word that modifies them before it: (partial) attributive + noun (positive) (partial) adverbial + verb (positive) I Mother

The brilliant pearl coordination work is speechless and very elegant

The verb object is composed of a verb and the component dominated by the verb. The component dominated by the verb is the object:

Verb + object (who, what) smile

Inspire the heart to respect nature

The suffix consists of verbs, adjectives and the following components that serve as supplementary explanations: it serves as a supplement The functional component is a complement:

Verb + complementary adjective Look around

It’s so hot

Combined with two or more nouns, verbs or adjectives Parallel phrases are equally combined between words. Newspapers and magazines

Observation and study of reform and opening up are absurd and funny

Note: Comprehension 1 can identify the type of phrases in specific contexts. ②Be able to correctly understand what sentence components are.

Application ①Be able to use phrases to form sentences correctly. ②Be able to identify and correct some common sentence errors.

(2) Sentence components and sentence usage.

Name sentence components sentence usage

Explanations and symbols examples Note points Examples of bad sentences

The statement object in the subject sentence, indicating who or what book contains ( A lot of wonderful things.

1. The composition must be reasonable.

The word order must be reasonable. At the moment when I was about to say goodbye, the happy smiles and hearty songs of my classmates over the past three years echoed in my ears.

(The subject "happy smile" and the predicate "echo" are paired incorrectly)

Example 2: He has been admitted to the exam.

(It should be that he was "accepted", the subject and predicate are not matched properly)

Example 3: After the article is published, samples and royalties are given as a gift.

(The "remuneration" is not a "gift", and the object and object are not properly matched)

Example 4: my country's stone arch bridges have a long history.

(It should be a long history, the modifier and the central word are not matched properly)

Example 5: People who sacrifice their lives for the country are an expression of patriotism. (The subject is "person", but the object is "expression". The subject and object are not matched properly)

Example 6: I benefited a lot from listening to Yang Liwei's report.

(The "he" that can be the subject is placed after "make", making the sentence lack a subject)

Example 7: The Chinese people are working hard to strive for a well-off society.

(What to "strive" for, not finished yet, missing predicate)

Example 8: Agricultural production must be modernized.

(What is "walk", not finished, missing object)

Example 9: This is an effective method to treat high blood pressure. (Improper word order between modifiers)

Example 10: The solid basic knowledge she acquired in middle school created conditions for her further self-study.

(The positions of the modifier and the central word are reversed)

Predicate

- Make a statement about the subject of the sentence, explaining what or how the subject is

Object

~ The dominant component of the predicate verb, indicating the object, result, time, tool, etc. of the action

Attributive

() Noun in the sentence The modifying component in front of the central word explains the nature and state of things, or limits the belonging, nature, quantity, etc. of things.

Complement

<> The supplementary component of the predicate verb, supplementing the situation, result, time, place, quantity, time, etc. of the action. I was frightened

Adverbial is a modifying component before the head word of a verb or adjective in a sentence, expressing the manner, state, time, place or degree of the action.

Note: A sentence is composed of words or phrases, has a certain tone and intonation, can express a complete meaning, and can complete simple communication tasks. A single sentence consists of a phrase or a single word. Mastering the knowledge of sentence components and sentence stems can help us better express and modify faulty sentences.

(3) Purpose of sentences

Sentence name Expression features Examples

Declarative sentences state things, use declarative intonation, and use a period at the end of the sentence in writing.

1. Affirmative statements: Expressed by "yes" sentences or general affirmative sentence patterns.

2． Negative statements: Use "no", "no", "didn't" to express negative tone.

Example 1: He is Lu Xun. Example 2: He is not a doctor.

Interrogative sentences are used to ask questions to others, using a questioning tone, and the end of the sentence is expressed in writing with a question mark.

1. Use "who", "what", "where", "how", "how many" and "why" to ask questions and ask for answers to these questions.

2． Only add a questioning tone on the basis of the declarative sentence, requiring a positive or negative answer to the question raised.

3． Several questions are asked side by side and asked to choose one answer.

4. Questions are asked in a positive and negative way, requiring a positive or negative answer.

Example 3: Where are you going? Example 4: Is this his?

Example 5: Will you eat or not? Example 6: Have you met him?

Imperative sentences are sentences that ask others to do or not do something. Use an imperative tone. In written expression, use exclamation points for strong tone and periods for slow tone. There are two categories: requirements and prohibitions. Example 7: Get out! (Requirement class, table command)

Example 8: No talking! (Prohibited)

Exclamatory sentences express some strong feelings. Use an exclamatory tone and use exclamation points in writing.

Example 9: Ah! What a good boy!

Example 10: I have made progress!

3. Complex Sentences

(1) Complex Sentences

Examples of commonly used associated words for names

Parallel complex sentences also, also, and, both... ...and...

Not... but...

On the one hand...on the other hand, ① is not targeted, but aimless.

② To do, you must rely on thinking to guide you; to think, you must rely on doing to prove it.

Progressive complex sentences not only (not only, not only, not only)...but also (even)

Not only...but (on the contrary),

...even...more...especially ①These hands are not only thick, but also dexterous.

② Not only is he not angry, but he admires you.

Choose a complex sentence or...or.... It’s either… it’s….

Either...or.... Rather than... ①I will either leave today or tomorrow.

②Either we are intimidated by difficulties, or we remove them.

Complex sentences with transitions Although...but.

But, but, but, but, however, although...but... ①Although some young people have ideals, they are not hardworking enough.

②The rain stopped, but the sky was still gloomy.

Cause and effect compound sentence because...so. Because of...therefore.

Since... then. Therefore, visible. ① Because time is the material that makes up life, wasting time is wasting life.

②Since you already know that you are wrong, you should solve it as soon as possible.

Hypothetical complex sentence If...then. If (if, if)...then (just).

Even if... Even if... ①If we can ask this question, all false theories will be self-defeating.

② Even if it snows, I will go.

Conditional complex sentences Only...can.... As long as… just….

No matter...all.... No matter... or (always).... ①Only through personal observation can we know the actual situation.

②We welcome everyone to participate.

(2) Double repetition sentence

Double repetition sentence: The whole sentence contains two relationships in meaning and forms two levels in structure. Such a complex sentence is called double repetition sentence.

(3) The use of related words in complex sentences

Related words are mainly conjunctions and some adverbs that play a related role, and some phrases that play a related role.

Examples of common errors in the use of related words in complex sentences

①Improper matching of related words Only by fully mobilizing the masses can we do a good job

②Lack of related words Although the door of the university is It is difficult to enter, and the door to knowledge is always open.

③Incorrect use of related words: My brother wants to join the army. My mother agrees, but my father is more in favor.

④ Improper placement of related words No matter how the weather changes, he will go up the mountain to chop firewood.

Note: [Comprehension] Able to identify types of complex sentences and analyze the levels of complex sentences within two levels and the relationship between clauses.

[Application] ①Be able to correctly use related words in common complex sentences to make sentences. ②Can correct language problems in complex sentences.

4. Rhetoric

(1) Common figures of speech

Characteristics of types of figures of speech and examples. Points to note when using them. Comparison of similar figures of speech

Metaphors make things vivid, concrete and tangible. There are three types of simile, metaphor and metonymy. Basic format: metaphor + metaphor + ontology

Example 1: (Rain) is like cow hair, like flower needles... (simile)

Example 2: Summer is like this note. (Metaphor)

Example 3: The spring water of a river rippled gently in my heart. (metaphor) 1. Generally, concrete is used rather than abstract.

2． Often used in conjunction with comparisons (eg: like mother's hands touching you)

3. Not all words with the word "like" are metaphors. (Example: For a person who is used to living in Peking, like me) The difference between metaphor and personification: Metaphor emphasizes "metaphor" and is a metaphor.

Personification: Write things as if they were people, making the description of things vivid, concrete and tangible.

Example 1: Peach trees, apricot trees, plum trees, if you don’t let me, I won’t let you. (Personification) It must be based on the needs of expression and conform to the characteristics of people or things, making the comparison appropriate and natural. Personification generally includes words that express a character's actions, behavior, or thoughts and feelings.

Exaggeration is the deliberate exaggeration of objective things to emphasize or highlight a certain aspect of the thing and to express some strong thoughts and feelings. There are three types: expanded exaggeration, reduced exaggeration, and advanced exaggeration.

Example 1: He changes clothes every minute of every day. (Exaggeration)

Example 2: Six years have passed in the blink of an eye. (Shrinking and exaggerating)

Example 3: My father’s face has long turned pale. (Exaggeration ahead of time) 1. Must conform to the characteristics of a person or thing.

2． Often used in conjunction with metaphor.

(Example: Conghua has as many lychees as the vast ocean)

Parallel arrangement of three or more phrases or sentences with similar structure, related content and consistent tone. Parallelism gives people a sense of coherence, smooth language, strong sense of rhythm, and momentum, which can enhance the persuasiveness and appeal of the article. Pay attention to the order of order, size, importance, etc.

Dual pairs are arranged in pairs Two phrases or sentences with the same or similar structure, equal number of words, and related meanings. There are pros and cons.

Example 1 The spring silkworms will not run out of silk until they are dead, and the wax torch will not dry until it turns to ashes and tears. (Positive)

Example 2: With a cold eyebrow and a thousand fingers, he bows his head and is willing to be a Ruziniu. (Reverse)

Repetition The intentional repeated use of certain words or sentences to emphasize a certain meaning and highlight a certain emotion. There are two types: continuous repetition and interval repetition.

Example 1: Where are you? Where are you? Where are you? Where are you? (Continuous repetition)

Example 2: The strong wind is blowing, the flood is coming, the glacier is coming,... (repeated at intervals)

Asking questions without doubts but deliberately asking questions , ask and answer your own questions to attract the reader’s attention.

Example: Who is our cutest person? Our soldiers, I feel they are the loveliest people. 1． Ask and answer yourself.

2． Used in conjunction with rhetorical questions, it is generally used to answer set questions.

Rhetorical questions are used to express certain definite meanings in the form of questions. Only asking without answering can express the definite meaning more clearly and strongly, and leave a deeper impression on the readers. There are two types: negative form to express affirmation and affirmative form to express negation.

Example 1: How come we don’t like her, why don’t we want to get close to her? (The negative form expresses affirmation)

Example 2: My burning life, my anger that is about to burst my whole body, can't I burst out with light? (The negative form expresses a positive meaning) The negative form expresses a positive meaning; the positive form expresses a negative meaning. Both hypothetical questions and rhetorical questions are questions without doubt, but there are differences: hypothetical questions ask and answer themselves; rhetorical questions only ask without answering, and the answer is in the question.

(2) Language expression should be concise, coherent and appropriate

1. The language expression should be "concise".

“Concise” means that the expression should be concise and clear.

Attention to key points and example analysis

① Grasp the main points of things and remove redundant words. Example 1: When writing articles, you must learn to be concise and be sure to delete all unnecessary wordiness. ("Unnecessary words" are also "verbose words", redundant repetition)

②Express clearly and prevent the other party from misunderstanding. Example 2: The shepherd boy is holding the cow and eating grass. (Who is eating grass? The shepherd boy or the cow? The expression is unclear)

2. Language expression must be "coherent".

"Coherence" means that the expression must be clear and smooth. A complete meaning often requires several sentences to express clearly, so you must pay attention to connecting these sentences in an orderly manner.

Points to note Example analysis

① Keep the same topic and make each sentence revolve around a different center. Example 1: Original text: The branches were bent under the weight of the numerous fruits. Some branches were actually broken by the weight of the apples, and most of the branches had to be supported by wooden poles.

Modified text: There were so many fruits that the branches were bent, some were actually broken, and most of the branches had to be supported by wooden poles. (Jun Qing's "Ode to Autumn Colors")

Analysis: The subject of the first clause of the original text is "fruit", and the subject of the last two clauses is "branches". The subjects of the preceding and following clauses are inconsistent, and the tone is not as coherent as the revised text. .

② Pay attention to reasonable sentence order. Example 2: Combine the following sentences into a paragraph:

① Basics originally include moral education, intellectual education, and physical education, but people often only see intellectual education. ② Understanding "basics" in this way can only hinder the growth of talents.

③ However, some students, and even teachers, often have a narrow understanding of "basics".

④ Intellectual education includes the learning of book knowledge, non-book knowledge and the cultivation of various abilities. People often only see the learning of book knowledge.

⑤The middle school stage is a period of laying foundation, and every middle school student should lay a good foundation.

⑥Book knowledge includes textbooks and extracurricular readings, and people often only see textbooks.

Analysis: The correct arrangement is: ⑤③①④⑥②. Sentence ⑤ raises the topic of "laying a good foundation", sentence ③ raises existing problems around this topic, and ①④⑥② is a layer-by-layer analysis of this problem, which appears logical and coherent.

③ Pay attention to the transition, connection and echo of language. Example 3: ________, it is said that in some northern cities, "Guangzhou goods" are also popular goods in the market.

A. Guangdong businessmen are famous throughout the country for their shrewdness

B. Cantonese people’s business methods are famous throughout the country

C. The advantages of Guangdong products are famous throughout the country

D. Guangdong’s market economy is nationally famous

Analysis: Choose option D. Pay attention to the response to the words "Guanghuo" and "hot goods" in the following context

3. Language expression must be "appropriate". "Appropriate" means that the language should adapt to the language environment.

Points to note and example analysis

① Pay attention to the occasion. (Significant occasions, relaxed entertainment occasions, work occasions and daily occasions, etc.) Example 1: A winding winding mountain road sign: "Steep slope, slow down!"

Analysis: concise and eye-catching, no redundant information, in line with the winding road sign winding and complex road conditions.

②Attention objects (superiors and subordinates, peers, juniors and elders, old friends and new acquaintances, etc.) Example 2: The following is what Xiao Ming’s classmate said to him on the phone: You can write it directly Give me your manuscript and I will give you some advice.

Analysis: This is not appropriate. It should be "Please ask the teacher to give me some advice" or "Let's come and think about it together."

Note 1: [Comprehension] ① Able to identify common figures of speech such as metaphor, analogy, exaggeration, parallelism, antithesis, repetition, question, rhetorical question, etc. in specific contexts. ② Understand the basic requirements of simplicity, coherence and tact in language expression.

[Application] ① Understand the expression function of the above figures of speech in specific language environments.

②Be able to use figures of speech to compose sentences reasonably as needed. ③Be concise, coherent and appropriate when using language.

Note 2: The above table is the appendix "A Brief List of Commonly Used Figures of Speech" in the first volume of the ninth grade of the People's Education Press version of the compulsory education curriculum standard experimental textbook; the second volume of the eighth grade knowledge essays "Speak concisely", " Pay attention to the way you speak", "Depending on the person you speak to" and "Common sense about couplets" will help you further organize the knowledge in this chapter.