Comment on Solon's legislation?

Guan Zhong's Qi and Solon's Legislation are quite different in environment and climate between China and western Europe. Under this huge difference, if we explore and study a small area,

A survey can also find some similar situations. However, under similar environmental and historical conditions, even if the problems faced are similar, people

Students will choose different ways to deal with problems, but when they seek different and the same mode to solve similar problems, they will

Social effects and historical influences must be both similar and different.

Between the 7th century BC and the 6th century BC, there appeared two in succession on the east coast of the East China Sea in China, and Athens appeared on the west coast of the Mediterranean.

The two reformers-Guan Zhong and Solon-had a profound influence on the history and laws of their respective countries. By reforming legislation, they gradually made their respective countries

Strong, and lay the foundation for becoming allies in their respective regions in the future. Now under the trend of globalization, that is, the global environment and political level faced by all countries.

On the premise that the legal order tends to be consistent but different, this paper compares the models adopted by the two sages in their time, and also

It is beneficial to think about our current reform.

Similarities and differences of personal experiences

Guan zhong (? -645 BC (643 BC), also known as Wu, Zhong,No. Ying. He was born between civilians and nobles, but the information says no.

One. According to Historical Records, Guan Zhong had business dealings with Bao when he was young. But not long after doing business, the two went their separate ways. Zaigongzi

In the battle for the monarch of Qi, Xiao Bai won the title of monarch, while Guan Zhong was humiliated as a prisoner. After the introduction of the package,

Since then, he has been in charge of Qi's auxiliary government for more than 40 years, and Guan Zhong has adopted a series of reform measures, which has promoted the rapid development of Qi's politics and economy and made Qi increasingly prosperous.

He helped Qi Huangong realize the hegemony, made Qi Huangong the leader of various countries in the Spring and Autumn Period for many years, and later died in the phase of Qi.

Solon (638- 559 BC) was a famous reformer, legislator and poet in ancient Athens. He is a concentrated expression of modesty and virtue in ancient Greece.

Concrete, known as one of the famous seven sages in ancient Greece. Solon is a descendant of Salamis in Athens, but he went to Solon because of his father's charity.

When Aaron was young, his family was not rich. So he went out to do business to support his family. At the same time, I also felt the ups and downs of going out to start a business together and traveling together.

Through the city-states along the Mediterranean coast. He traveled all over Greece, many city-states and Asia Minor to learn about local customs and investigate various social systems.

Make friends with celebrities all over the world. Later, Salamis's victory shocked Athens, and his talent and personality made him famous and prestigious in the hearts of Athenians one after another.

Gradually improved, in Athens, all classes have a certain degree of recognition. Finally, in 594 BC, he became the first governor (chief executive) of nine governments.

Then he began to carry out legislative reform. After twenty-two years in power, he left Athens under the condition that the Athenians vowed not to change the law for ten years.

He went to Egypt and other places. After traveling around the world for ten years, Solon returned to Athens to fight the tyrant peisistratus and finally died in Athens.

From their experiences, we can see that both of them have traveled in the region as business practitioners and obtained detailed information, which is very important for them.

Later, when they took on the heavy responsibility of reform (although one was an assistant minister and the other was a governor), they were able to formulate policies suitable for their own times and regions.

Lay a solid foundation for the actual situation of the strategy. In Tai Shigong's words, "The world is bustling for profit, and the world is bustling for profit." Express two

It is right for saints to run around in the business world, not afraid of difficulties and seek benefits.

However, due to many circumstances, the experiences of the two sages were quite different. First of all, their business achievements are different.

Although there is no record of Guan Zhong's success in business in Historical Records, from Guan Zhong's words, "I tasted Bao Shujia when I was in trouble, and I shared my wealth with him, but Bao Shu didn't aim at me."

Greed knows I'm poor. "It can be seen that at least between Guan Zhong and Bao Shu, Guan Zhong's management resources are subordinate." I tried to make things worse in Bao Shu,

Uncle Bao doesn't think I'm stupid, just good and bad. "It can be inferred that it did not achieve great success in business operations before it became poorer. Kahi

The status of Zhou businessmen is not high. Can it be inferred that Guan Zhong made some achievements in enterprise management, but he was quickly transferred to others because of his work?

The direction is to be a person who makes suggestions. Solon, as Aristotle said, "Solon belongs to the upper class in birth and fame, but in wealth."

Rich and realistic status belongs to the middle class. ",it can be seen that when his family went from bad to worse, he endured humiliation and tried to restore his economic strength.

This puts him in an upper-middle class position, but he is still not a big business owner. Its social status is different from that of Greece.

Originally related to business, the success of business is conducive to the promotion of social comprehensive status. This led the two men to adopt this method in their later plans.

Slightly different.

Secondly, the two men gained the power of reform in different ways. Guan Gongzi Xiao Bai and Gong Zijiu have been in a hidden prison in Bao Shu since their dispute.

The second half of the recommendation was used by Huan Gong (small white ornaments), and then gradually held hands with each other. Solon, on the other hand, gained prestige in the battle of Salamis. Because he was originally an aristocratic family in Athens,

Therefore, it was recognized by all walks of life in Athens and became the chief executive through public recommendation. This will inevitably lead to the difference in the purpose pursued by the two in the reform.

Guanzi must coordinate the will of the superior with the social reality, and take the will of the superior (monarch) as the first; On the other hand, Solon coordinated all the orders.

Class will and social reality often put social reality first and seek the interests of all classes.

Third, their positions on reforming legislation are very different. Guan Zi reformed as an assistant minister, and Solon took power as a master.

Postal service realizes its legislative reform. Therefore, the strategy pursued by Guanzi must be approved by the monarch before it can be implemented. There is a defect that the monarch cannot touch.

Solon, on the other hand, legislated with the chief executive and passed Athens. There were few factors limiting his legislation, mainly the justice and fairness recognized by all Athenians.

The social reality they face.

According to historical records, during the Spring and Autumn Period, the State of Qi faced the sea with its back to the river, and its land was barren, which made it pay more attention to commerce and peace than other vassal States.

Handicraft industry According to relevant data, we can see that the geographical situation of Athens has many similarities with that of Qi, but the difference is that,

There are many island cities, but China is a vast land country. Athens has a port, mainly for export, while Qi has no port.

It is expected that, even if there is, there is no external transaction object.

The actual environment in which Guan lived was that after several generations of Qi State, Cui Zi and even himself were killed, which was finally formed in the "xianggong" period.

The philosophers contend for the monarch. The nobles voted for each other, and the state of Qi was in chaos. The establishment of Huan Gong restored the state of Qi, and it was recommended that the prisoner be changed to the prime minister. exist

During the Spring and Autumn Period, due to the decline of the Zhou royal family and the strengthening of the vassal state, the vassal state gradually became larger and the competition became more intense. Solon's Greece is made up of many

Large and small city-States, independent of each other, seek their own development, there are disputes between the city-States, and even wars (such as Sa

Battle of Lamisse). Athens is in such a situation:

However, at the end of the 7th century BC, the suffering of the helpless poor and the active prosperity of the rich under the protection of the law.

The sharp contrast brought Athens to the brink of revolution. Equality is not innate. If both ability and maturity can develop freely, inequality will be self-imposed

Grow up until you destroy yourself in the poverty of social war. Freedom and equality are not partners, but enemies. The concentration of wealth is

Inevitable, but also doomed to failure. Plutarch said, "The inequality between the rich and the poor has become very serious, and the city has really arrived."

In a dangerous situation, ... it seems that there is no other way to relieve this trouble except by high-handed force ... "The poor find their place.

The situation has gone from bad to worse, the government and the army are in the hands of their masters, and cases decided by corrupt courts always go against their interests, so they are opened.

We began to discuss violent resistance and conduct a thorough redistribution of wealth. The rich can't legally recover the debts they lent, and at the same time, they are right.

Their savings and property challenges, so they turned to ancient laws and prepared to use force to deal with them, which seemed to not only threaten their property, but also

Threatening the orderly mob, threatening the whole religion and civilization.

Guan Zhong's Xiang Qi and Solon's Athens are similar in geographical conditions and political situation.

But the difference is also obvious.

First of all, from the external environment, Guan was in the spring and autumn period when the royal family was declining and the princes were growing. The vassal States basically paid little attention to the instructions of the royal family.

Yes, and pay more attention to their own strength. Solon, on the other hand, lived in Greece, where the polis went its own way for development. But the whole of Greece

Few countries and small countries have become practical and rarely see their merger.

Secondly, from its own point of view, Qi was a big country among the vassal States at that time, and its goal was to remain strong, which was both for other vassal States.

A map of the collar. Athens was a second-rate city-state in Greece at that time, and it was not very powerful. Its goal is to constantly develop and strengthen itself.

Third, although there was chaos for the monarch in Qi State because there was no monarch, there was no rift between all social strata. In Athens,

It's already tense on the eve of the iceberg collapse.

Because of many similarities and differences, the problems faced by Guan Zhong and Solon are bound to have similarities and differences, and their strategies to solve the problems are also inevitable.

Every club has its own strategy, some with the same effect, and some with the same effect.

Comparison of adopted strategies

In their environment, the two reformers inherited and innovated their respective countries from the aspects of economy, politics and society.

In order to achieve the effect of governing and rejuvenating the country. The similarity between the two is that they both take economy as the primary direction and are based on the inheritance of the original law.

On this basis, it has been revised, and it has also made useful explorations in how people conduct political life. Lay the foundation for future measures in their respective countries.

However, due to different situations and different traditions, there are inevitably great differences in specific measures.

First of all, because Guanzi realized its reform by assisting politics, it had to rely on the orders of its king (Huan Gong) to implement its strategy.

Therefore, his rule of law thought must seek some coordination with the king's will, so it failed to form a systematic code. Solon, as the highest legislative officer,

Officials can complete their system ideas and publish them into code. Of course, Solon gradually perfected his own laws during his administration.

Second, from an economic point of view, the pipeline adopts "phase and decline". "Mausoleum, hill, ground, cave, well, field and territory are all equal." "Share with others.

Commodities. "and other strategies. According to the advantages of fishing and salt in the coastal areas of Qi State, salt, fishing and iron posts were set up to manage and encourage the fishing and salt trade.

The laws and regulations he advocated must adapt to people's habit of seeking wealth and profit, and build the laws and regulations on the basis of material interests to adapt to people's attitude towards things.

Pursue qualitative interests. In other words, "people who give orders to the source of running water will make people happy." . Moreover, Guan Zi also believes that material benefits are not only the pursuit of human nature, but also

It is the premise for people to abide by etiquette and laws. That is, the famous saying: "granary actually knows etiquette, and you will know honor and disgrace when you are full and warm." . Solon is based on economic experiments.

I am worried that the first step in legislation is to issue a "release order". Restore the freedom of the Athenian people who became debt slaves and make the Athenian civilians recover what they lost.

Land, that is, to restore the economic status of Athenian civilians first. Then Solon took measures to encourage the development of handicrafts and commerce and strengthen foreign trade.

The export of agricultural products was banned, so that Athens had an adequate food supply. In order to promote the development of agriculture in Athens, Shuttle also discussed the use of public wells, the rectification of irrigation system,

Regulations on the establishment of plant planting. Although the two reformers adopted different methods, we can know from their strategies that they are both very keen.

To observe the root of social stability, we must first solve the basic survival of the people and develop their respective economies according to the situation.

Rich and powerful, this is a kind of effect.

Third, from a political point of view, they are the inheritance and innovation of existing laws and regulations. During the Spring and Autumn Period, the Three Dynasties and the Western Zhou Dynasty pursued

Personality politics has temporarily lost its advantage, but the legacy of etiquette is especially so. Therefore, Guanzi put forward that "the old law should be changed for its own use." Advocate the rule of law and rely on the law.

Unify the army, govern the country according to law, and combine the three in system. That is, "issue a military order for internal affairs." Its "old law" refers to the ritual system of the Western Zhou Dynasty and

Punishment, but wider. Guan Zi regards propriety, justice, honesty and shame as the "four dimensions of the country", emphasizes the "four dimensions of decoration" and "Zhang Siwei", and emphasizes the power of propriety and justice.

For production. At the same time, some breakthroughs have been made in some aspects of etiquette, such as "etiquette can't go to Shu Ren, punishment can't go to a doctor", "respect" and "unknown punishment"

And so on, in order to achieve "courtesy guides people", appoint talents, and take the law as the criterion of people's words and deeds. The immortals set up the "Three Kingdoms and Five Customs" in Qi, which will make Qi.

Divide people into scholars, farmers, workers and businessmen, and let these four people start their own businesses separately. Solon inherited delacour's law and made innovations. As Aristotle wrote,

Load like this:

During the reign of Ariste Camus, Delacourt made his laws: nine consuls came from those who owned a lot of property.

Elected from those who have free property at 10 meters, and other lower-ranking officials are elected from those who can be armed. Generals and cavalry officers from those who show

Ming has no less than 100 meters of free property, and his lawful wife's children are all selected from people over 10. An official must be his official.

Job security, and the guarantor qualification is strictly limited. -Note) ..... The Council is composed of 4,065,438+0 people, who are drawn by lot from citizens. This office.

Other official positions are decided by citizens over the age of 30; After it's everyone's turn, the draw will start again, and before that, it will be the same.

One person cannot serve twice. There is a fine system for not attending meetings (parliamentary and civic meetings). -Note) ............................................................................................................................................................................

Note) He is the protector of the law, supervising all kinds of officials to make them run the country according to law. ..... This regime is organized in this way.

In this nature, most people are enslaved by a few people, and civilians rise up against the powerful. Factional struggle is very fierce and has a long history.

Confronted each other.

He established a political system and made other laws. People stopped using Draco except killing people.

Action. The laws he established lasted for hundreds of years. According to property, people are divided into four classes, the same as the previous division, 500 middle-class families,

Mahu (knight), yoku, employee; Its various official positions are assigned to the first three classes, such as nine consuls, financial officials (treasurers),

Major buyers (contract officials), "eleven people (prison officials)" and salary officials. All kinds of official positions are allocated according to the amount of property at all levels, and those who belong only to the employed class

Get the right to participate in citizens' meetings and open trial courts. ..... He set up a 400-member parliament, with 100 for each tribe; But he appointed

The God of War Hill Council is responsible for defending the law, just as it existed as a supervisor of the political system before. (Solon and the earlier Mount Ares.

The meeting convened itself and decided on the candidates suitable for each official position. The one-year term system was reformed, and each tribe elected 65,438+00 candidates.

The positions of nine consuls will be decided by lot from these candidates. -Remarks)

From the external performance, Guan Zi and Solon both sent the government to the army in the form of universal soldiers, and both divided the people into four classes, but what did they take?

The effect is very different, very different. With the gradual failure of personality politics, Guan Zi chose "recommendation" and "choice" from social reality.

System, the formation of national management officials. Solon, on the other hand, formed his official composition method with the system of "level selection" and mutual restriction.

Guan Zi divides Qi people into four parts, leaving their jobs (based on their status, but with certain variability between them). Solon divided the people into four parts according to property.

The fluidity between different grades is greater than that set by the pipeline.

By analyzing the sources of their respective strategies, we can know that the self-sufficiency of each tribe is the main reason for the transition of the Chinese nation from primitive state to national state.

One is the communication between tribes, and the other is. Whenever there is a dispute between tribes, there will often be a result of life and death. So gradually formed the "food for the sky", "since

Self-sufficiency is the main development mode. Under this mode, a unified will is bound to be formed in the group and synthesized into an orderly norm. mistress

From one generation to the Zhou Dynasty, there was only one king, and all officials belonged to the king. Although the centralization of the king can not be fully implemented in all territories, the king exists in name only.

The world is exclusive. The reform of Guanzi can't be completely divorced from this framework, but can only be a maximum breakthrough, and it can be directed at Wang through twists and turns.

The only right to make some restrictions. The "recommendation" and "selection" it uses are all recommended by superiors through subordinates, and then selected according to their own wishes, even

The superior can not recommend the choice. So the pattern of its composition is from top to bottom. According to the need to rule the world, the tube divides people into four parts.

Scholars rule the country, so soldiers rank first; Agriculture is the foundation of human food, so it follows closely; Industry and commerce were the main and auxiliary industries at that time, so they were listed as three or four.

This position. And the management strategy has further promoted the development of this model. Guanzi does not emphasize people's rights, but mainly emphasizes social class.

How is the order stable? The Greek nation can be seen from Aristotle's account that the Greek nation is composed of many city-States, which were established by them.

And most of them are small countries and few people. But it is quite difficult for a small country to be self-sufficient, and its way of life cannot be maintained by its own food. it must be

Through exchanges between countries. Exchange will inevitably lead to the flow of people, promote business, and then demand freedom of movement. Therefore, Solon's reform is inevitable.

On the basis of its national customs, it has made some innovations. Therefore, the "step by step" system he adopted formed a bottom-up pattern of official composition, and

There are restrictions between official positions. The law thus formed is not the will of one person, but the will of all. And public opinion needs the protection of the system.

Yes, there is a Senate system to protect the law. Because of the great mobility of the Greek people, their political foundation is the whole people and their material foundation is the industrial and commercial economy.

Solon must divide the people into four parts according to financial resources. This is more in line with the reality of Greece at that time. Solon's legislation is not only based on Greek folk customs, but also goes further.

It promoted the development of Greek national social consciousness and laid the cornerstone of Greek democratic constitutionalism.

Fourth, from the perspective of social reform, officials advocate "courtesy guides the people" and "extending the power of the monarch", which can be used to "make the people govern,

Follow the outline of the government. Solon advocated national participation in politics, established a jury system and endowed the poor with judicial power. People who serve and follow the government are usually

Dynamic position, so the claim of their own rights and obligations has always been in a positive state, and participation in politics enables people to be in political activities.

So as to promote the evolution of politics and make people in a proactive state.

Comparison of results achieved

Because of the plan to use pipes, Qi Huangong became the overlord in the Spring and Autumn Period. "Nine kings rule the world." . Since then, the book has been published by Li Kui, Shen Buhai and Shang Yang respectively.

Develop this theory, form legalist thoughts and apply them to different vassal States. Going to Korea and Fei brings together the achievements of legalists and constructs a complete and systematic legalist theory.

Li Si put this theory into practice in Qin State, and finally gained political power and unified the six countries. Solon ruled Athens for twenty-two years, which strengthened the foundation of Athens' powerful country. that

After that, peisistratus's tyranny became despotic, but he inherited Solon's law to a great extent. Because peisistratus used Solon's method,

Gradually make Athens a first-class city-state in Greece. Finally, Cleisthenes and Pericles, two consuls born in poverty, further improved democracy.

Constitutionalism made Athens the leader of Greece. It is also known as the "All-Greek School", and the effect of Solon's reform is well known.

The influence on later generations is also different. Guan Zi's strategy will be quick and effective because he is adopted by the Lord.

Make qi the first tyrant in the spring and autumn period. But at the same time, his political strategy will also be affected after Huan Gong. Qi was later killed by a pipe.

The gradual disappearance of politics is not unrelated. However, his theory was updated and developed among other princes, which made these princes prosper alternately. Because it's Solon

The chief executive of Athens must consider the interests of all walks of life in Athens and seek balance and coordination among all walks of life. So his

The effect of legislation is not immediate, but gradually improved after peisistratus inherited and implemented it for many years. However, Solon formulated

The validity of the law was so long that Cicero of Rome also said that Solon's law was still valid in Athens.

Guan Zhong not only had great influence at that time because of his great achievements and rich thoughts, but also was praised by Legalists and summoned by Confucianism.

Tao is also respected by Taoism. Even after China's modernization, it was praised by scholars who are proficient in western law: the pipe is not only the most important thing in China.

A great politician, and in the history of China's legal thought, is a great politics with superior opinions and excellent knowledge, unprecedented and unprecedented.

Go home. Guanzi is the originator of the rule of law in China and even the world. Solon was also deeply influenced by western scholars because of his Greek democratic constitutionalism.

Zan: This situation (which has appeared many times in the history of various countries) seems hard to make people believe that Athens can have one.

People can persuade the rich and the poor to reach a compromise without resorting to violence or making impassioned speeches, which not only reverses social unrest, but also

Establish a novel and more generous economic order for the independent development of the rest of Athens. Solon's peaceful revolution is indeed an exciting event in history.

An exciting miracle. The inscription on Solon's statue can better explain his position in people's minds: Salamis, who destroyed the unprovoked Persian invaders.

This island has nurtured the great lawmaker Solon.

label

Guan Zi established his own legal thought with the core of "social standard" and "respecting the monarch alone". On the basis of his original thought, many sages came later.

After elaboration, the legalist thought was finally formed. This had a far-reaching impact in the imperial era of China for more than two thousand years. As a Chinese nation,

As one of the legal sources in the imperial era for more than two thousand years, some contents of legalist thought are deeply rooted in the subconscious of the nation, even along the time.

The horizontal axis is along the present. We can't ignore its existence, let alone its potential effect on people's behavior. Sorenyi

Starting from the unique egoism of the Greeks, they advocated the protection of individual rights, the maintenance of China people's participation in and discussion of state affairs, and the pursuit of fairness and justice. His laws not only

It has far-reaching influence in the west and can be used for reference in today's society. However, when we stand on the edge of this new century, we look back on the past.

History, thinking about the reform of the two sages, made such an assumption: at that time, the government of Guan was changed to Athens, and Solon's law was awarded to Qi in the Spring and Autumn Period.

Presumably the answer is no self-knowledge. In today's world, all countries are facing the inevitable trend of globalization, and their own traditions cannot be completely abandoned.

More can't be ignored. How to improve each country's own politics to adapt to the trend of globalization is a problem that all nations and countries must treat with caution.

Title.

/kloc-in the middle of the 0/9th century, western learning opened the door to heaven with gunboats. China people who once despised the West seem to be stuck in the mud, no

Know what to do. What followed was the spread of western learning to the east, and the gradual prosperity of western laws completely denied everything they had. He stayed in western France for nearly a century.

After that, the Chinese nation began to reflect after experiencing tortuous practice. Although this kind of reflection came late, it is a profound awakening after all. Paper method

Can it be a real method? What you once abandoned is not worth taking? Is absorption completely correct? Comments on traditional ideas have deepened.

As a drop in the ocean, the introduction of foreign ideas is as vast as the stars, so I don't need to go into details here. There are also many comments on Greek civilization, especially the politics of Athens.

The article only quotes Toynbee's statement to make readers think deeply.

We have seen how Athens overcame the challenges of nature and human beings because of its success in the early days, and constantly created extraordinary,

Brilliant domestic culture, thus winning a temporary glory-lofty title. His contribution to Greece is great, but it depends on it.

The reason why they won the title of "All-Greek School" is probably just to remind their descendants that their achievements are far from perfect.

It's far. ..... This deadly war broke out because Athens has proved that its next challenge comes from domestic achievements.

Challenge, no ability to win.

Attica's egoism brought a series of disasters to Athens, … and led to the decline of Greek civilization. ..... its ingrained egoism.

Theory, in the 4th century BC, destroyed the Greek world against the threat of Macedonian rule. ..... to return to a state of selfishness and isolation,

Since then, Rome has passively witnessed one powerful competitor after another being cleaned up and its neighbors around Athens being crushed. Its neighbors have already

Without the help of Athens, we tried to change this disaster through alliance. It is in this extremely unreasonable attitude that Athens waits and sees.

Rome's world hegemony became indestructible after crushing all its main competitors.

In a word, the purpose of the article is to make readers understand that, as the historical law school said, law is the embodiment of national spirit. Facing today

When the law needs multi-level reform, shouldn't we ponder over many legal innovations that have been made? Should we explore the connotation of national spirit and

Cultivate a new national spirit. Instead of just making laws on paper, completely ignoring the reality-/kloc-the proportion of all kinds of people in 0/300 million population.

How's it going? What kind of area do you live in? Wait a minute.

* E-mail:huge70@netsoffice.com, a native of Hu Xiaodong, male, postgraduate in law.

Guan Zhong is Man Zi, and so is Ying Shang. I often travel with Bao Shu's teeth. Bao Shu knows his talent, Guan Zhong is poor, and he often bullies Bao Shu. Bao Shu is always good at it, but he doesn't take it seriously.

For words. The son of Qi is the governor, and Gong Zijiu is the governor. -Yan Guan's historical records and biography.

history

Historical records. Biography of Yan Guan

Historical records. Biography of Yan Guan

Selected Works of Aristotle, Political Science Volume pa298

The soil in Attica is very poor, and the underground stones in almost all areas are close to the surface, so it is difficult to grow the extremely simple crops needed for life.

This is extremely frustrating. Attica's civilization can only be promoted by adventurous industries and olives and grapes that need patience. ..... because the land is barren.

Barren and close to the coast and numerous ports, they induced Attica people to engage in trade; Because the people are firm and brave and rich in invention and creation, they won the victory.

Markets in the Aegean Sea. Through this commercial country, Athens gained wealth and power during the period of Perikles, and reached the peak of culture. -"World Languages"

Ming history. Greek life "PA 14 1- 143.

History of world civilization. Greek life pa 146

"Mandarin. "Warring States Policy" Volume Six Qi Language pa60

"Tube. Riding a Horse was reprinted in China's History of Legal Thought pa29.

"Tube. Herdsmen was reprinted on page pa26 of China's History of Legal Thought.

"Tube. Herdsmen was reprinted on page pa29 of China's History of Legal Thought.

"Mandarin. "Warring States Policy" Volume Six Qi Language pa58

"Mandarin. "Warring States Policy" Volume Six Qi Language pa59

"Tube. Herdsmen was reprinted on page pa28 of China's History of Legal Thought.

The Book of Rites Quli was reprinted in the History of Chinese Legal System pa28.

The Book of Rites was reprinted in the history of China's legal thought pa 13.

"Guan Zi Yan Shu" was reprinted in the History of Legal Thought in China on page 28.

"Mandarin. "Warring States Policy" Volume Six Qi Language pa57-58

Selected Works of Aristotle, Political Science Volume pa296-298

Selected Works of Aristotle, Political Science Volume pa298-302

Historical records. Biography of Yan Guan

Guanzi Legal Thought pa 146 reprinted the legal thoughts of Pre-Qin philosophers.

History of world civilization. Greek life pa 147

Reform elite pa47

Historical research pa 148

References:

The Warring States Policy in Mandarin is published by Zuo Qiuming/Liu Xiangzhu Yuelu Bookstore 1988.

Dai Dongxiang's legal thoughts in Guanzi.

History of China Legal Thought, edited by Yang, Peking University Publishing House, 1988 edition.

"History of Chinese Legal System" edited by Zhang China University of Political Science and Law Press 1999.

Life History of Greek World Civilization (Chinese Version) Translated by Will Duran: Young Lion Culture Company Oriental Publishing House 1999 Edition.

Selected Works of Aristotle, political science volume, edited by Yan Yi, Renmin University of China Press, 1999.

Arnold toynbee's Historical Research, translated by Liu Beicheng and Guo Xiaoling, Shanghai People's Publishing House, 1999.

Ding, editor-in-chief of Reform Elite, Mass Publishing House, 1996 edition.