What is the grammar of Chinese?
Chinese words can be classified as 12. Nouns, verbs, adjectives, numerals, quantifiers and pronouns are content words, while adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions, auxiliary words, onomatopoeias and exclamations are function words.
Nouns: notional words representing names of people and things. Such as: "cucumber, cabbage, tractor, computer".
Proper nouns are called proper nouns, such as "Yunnan, Shanghai, Li Bai and Bai Juyi". The names of abstract things are called "abstract nouns", such as "class, thought, quality, virtue, friendship and law". Directional nouns are called orientation nouns, such as up, down, left, right, front, east, west, south, north, front, back, east and middle.
Verb: Verbs indicate actions, behaviors, development and changes of people or things. Some verbs indicate general actions. Quot come, go, say, walk, run, learn, take off, review, know "and so on. Some verbs express psychological activities, such as "thinking, attaching importance to, paying attention to, respecting, understanding, believing, admiring and missing", and such verbs can often be preceded by "very, very". Some verbs
The meaning of being able and willing is called "willing verb" They are "can, want, should, wish, wish, wish, wish, want". These willing verbs are often used in front of general verbs, such as "go, do, consider, be willing to learn, it is necessary". There are also some verbs expressing inclination, which are called "inclination verbs", such as "Come, go, go up, go down, go in, go out, come up, go up, go down, go down, come over, go over and get up? Quot they are usually used after general verbs to indicate trends, such as "jump up, walk down, lift up and run over." "You" is also a verb, just like the usage of verbs.
Adjectives: Adjectives indicate the shape, style and nature of things, such as "more, less, taller, fatter, rigid, extravagant, timid and ugly".
Numerals: Numerals are words that express the quantity of things. Such as "one, two, two, three, seven, ten, one hundred, one thousand, ten thousand, one hundred million, half".
Quantifiers: Quantifiers are words that represent things or action units. Quantifiers in Chinese are divided into noun quantifiers and momentum words. Noun quantifiers indicate the quantity of things, which can be divided into unit quantifiers and measure quantifiers.
The unit quantifier indicates the unit of things, such as "ge, Zhang, Zhi, Zhi, Ben, Tai, Jia, Che, Ke, Zhu, Tou, Bian, Ba, Fan, Fan,"? Quot and so on; Measure quantifiers indicate the unit of measurement of things, such as "inch"
, feet, feet, pounds, two tons, liters, barrels, gallons, volts, ohms, cubic meters. Momentum words indicate the number of actions, used before and after verbs, and indicate the units of actions, such as "times, times, times, fields".
Adverb: Adverbs are always used in front of verb adjectives as adverbials, such as "very, quite, extremely, very, just, all, immediately, immediately, once, unexpectedly, again, constantly" and so on. Adverbs are usually used before verbs and adjectives. For example, "I'm here, I'm gone, I'm fine, I'll start over", and only "hen" and "Ji" can be used as complements after verbs and adjectives, such as "I'm very happy and like it very much".
Prepositions: Prepositions are always combined with other phrases to form prepositional phrases, which are used as attributes, adverbials and complements. Such as "Ba, Cong, Xiang, Chao, Wei, Wei, Xing, Yu, Bi, Bei, Wei, Quan, Qu, Chuan, Companion, Xing".
Conjunction: Conjunction can connect words, phrases, sentences and even paragraphs. Such as "and, and, or, or, and, both". Related words can be regarded as conjunctions, such as "Because of …… not only …… but also, although …… but".
Auxiliary words: words attached to words, phrases and sentences to play an auxiliary role. Auxiliary words can be divided into three categories. One kind is structural auxiliary words, which are "de, de, de, suo, etc."; One kind is dynamic auxiliary words, that is, "zhe, le and Guo"; One kind is modal particles, such as "Ah, Mo, Mo, Ba, Na, Ya, Le, Yao, Wow".
Exclamation sentence: words that express exclamation, call and response are called exclamations. ? Quot Hello, yo, hi, hum, oh, dear "exclamations are always independent sentences.
Onomatopoeia: This is a word that imitates sound. Such as "Woo, woof, boom, giggle, rustling, hula".
Second, phrases
Words and phrases can form phrases according to certain rules. A phrase is a grammatical unit larger than a word and smaller than a sentence. There are many kinds of phrases in Chinese, the most basic of which are the following seven.
Joint phrase: A phrase composed of words with equal status is called a joint phrase. Such as "Chinese cabbage, celery", "banana, orange, sweet orange", "investigation", "acceptance and trial use", "majestic, magnificent" and "white fat man".
Partial phrases: A part of a partial phrase is a head word, and there is always a modifier in front of it. Such as "big city, small village, excellent grades, electronic computing?" Quot (this is a noun-centered phrase); " Walk slowly, work hard, analyze carefully, especially big and excellent "(this is a radical phrase centered on verbs and adjectives).
Third, the sentence
(A) the classification of sentences
(1) declarative sentence
A sentence that describes or illustrates facts in a declarative tone is called a declarative sentence. The declarative sentence is the most widely used sentence.
Sometimes the meaning of affirmation can be expressed by "double negation". Double negation's meaning is not exactly the same as the corresponding simple affirmative sentence:
"No ... no ..." (weak, tactful, questioning)
"No ... No ..." (strong, indicating no abnormality)
"Not ... not ..." (strong, firm, sure)
(2) Interrogative questions
Sentences with interrogative intonation are called interrogative sentences. Those in doubt are called interrogative sentences, and those without doubt are called rhetorical questions.
1. True or false
The structure of yes-no questions is like declarative sentences, except that the interrogative tone or modal particles "ma" and "ba" (not "ma") are used.
Specific inquiry
Use interrogative pronouns or phrases consisting of them (such as "why" and "what") to indicate the point of doubt. The modal particles "you" and "ah" are commonly used, and sentences are often raised.
Select inquiry
Put forward more than one point of view with complex sentence structure for the other party to choose from, and use "yes" or "connecting clauses. Commonly used tone "you", "ah" and so on.
Ask positive questions
Positive and negative questions consist of positive and negative predicates. There are usually three sentence patterns: v is not v, v is not, and the declarative sentence+"yes, good, good". Commonly used modal particles "you" and "ah".
(3) Imperative sentences
A sentence that asks the other person to do or not to do something is called an imperative sentence. Imperative sentences can be divided into two categories: one is command and prohibition, and the other is demand and dissuasion.
(4) exclamatory sentences
Sentences with strong feelings are called exclamations. They express strong emotions, such as happiness, surprise, sadness, anger, disgust, fear and so on. Interjections are generally falling tones.
(B), sentence patterns
The current Chinese grammar divides subject-predicate sentences into four types: noun-predicate sentences, adjective-predicate sentences, verb-predicate sentences and subject-predicate sentences. For non-subject predicate, we can also distinguish famous parts of speech from non-subject predicate sentences and adjectives.
Non-subject-predicate sentence, verbal non-subject-predicate sentence and exclamatory sentence are four kinds of sentence patterns.
Let's explain a sentence pattern.
(1) subject-predicate sentence
A simple sentence consisting of a subject and a predicate is called a subject-predicate sentence. It includes the following four subcategories:
A verb-predicate sentence in subject-predicate sentence
Sentences with verbs as predicates are called verb-predicate sentences.
It is often conditional for a verb to act as a predicate alone. The common form of verb-predicate sentence is that the verb is preceded by adverbial or followed by object, complement or dynamic auxiliary, or these components can appear at the same time, that is, the predicate verb has certain dependence on the components before and after it.
Generally speaking, predicate verbs are not very dependent on the previous components, and the application of adverbials mainly depends on the semantic needs, and sometimes it can meet the syntactic requirements of verbs, such as "a new life has begun."
In active sentences, it is easy to take at least one object after transitive verbs to form sentences; In passive sentences, there must be some elements before or after the verb to make a sentence.
Verb predicate sentence is a common sentence pattern in Chinese, which occupies a large proportion in daily communication.
1, definition
Verb-predicate sentences can not be classified as double-object sentences, continuous predicate sentences, concurrent sentences, existential sentences, "ba" sentences, passive sentences and so on. It is a general sentence of verb-predicate sentence.
2. Predicate components of general sentences
The predicate components of a general verb-predicate sentence mainly include:
(1) subject || Verbs such as:
Mother || is ill.
(2) Subject || Chinese phrases such as:
It's raining || [nonstop].
③ Subject |||| Joint phrases such as:
Old Sunman can write and calculate.
④ Subject |||| Verb-object phrases, such as:
Xiaoming bought a dictionary.
(5) Subject || Complements such as:
Everybody || laughed.
3. The ideographic function of the general sentence of the verb-predicate sentence
The ideographic functions of the general sentence of the verb-predicate sentence mainly include:
(1) Describe people, things, things, behaviors, psychological activities, development and changes. For example:
We are going to Beijing tomorrow.
==== ~~~~
Recently, red tide || hit (southern China) (coastal areas).
==== ~~~~
Everyone || wants to learn new technologies.
==== ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Since the beginning of this year, this factory has made great efforts to develop high technology.
==== ~~~~~
Modern Chinese Grammar and Sentences
Verb predicate sentence general sentence
(2) Explain something about people, things and things. For example:
Mom || has an album (when I went to the countryside that year).
=== ~~~
He studies well because he has a clear learning purpose.
======= ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Component || is called a processor.
=== — ~~~~~
(New) Teacher || Wang.
=== — ~~
He didn't come.
==
(3) judging people, things and things. For example:
He's not coming.
==
You are sure to pass the interview.
==
|| The classroom has been cleaned.
==== ——
4. General sentence structure analysis and annotation of verb-predicate sentences.
The structural analysis and annotation of general sentences in verb-predicate sentences mainly include the following situations:
(1) Predicate is composed of verbs, so it is only necessary to distinguish between subject (or attribute-subject center) and predicate. For example:
They || left.
===
The meeting || has started.
=== ——
(2) Predicates are composed of joint phrases, and it is only necessary to distinguish between the subject (or attribute-subject center) and the predicate. For example:
The weather is sunny or cloudy.
====
Being a good leader is both easy and difficult.
=======
This soup has no taste.
==
(3) Predicates are composed of phrases, which must be divided into subject (or attribute-subject center) and adverbial-predicate center in form. For example:
I regret it very much
==
(His) brother || [Early] [Just] graduated.
===
Learning |||| [Must] Persevere.
======
(4) Predicate consists of a complement phrase, which must be divided into subject (or attribute-subject center) and predicate center-complement. For example:
Rain || Next.
==
Young people || have learned.
=====
⑤ Predicate consists of verb-object phrases, which must be divided into subject (or attribute-subject center) and verb-object (or attribute-object center). For example:
Let's take the path.
==== ~~~
This gravel road leads to the back garden.
===== ~~~~~
The school is opposite (the road).
==== ~~~~
(30) People eat (one pot) of rice.
== ~~
6. Verbs and predicate centers, if they are composed of adverbials or complements, must also be divided into predicate centers, adverbials or complements. For example:
He || [recently] [again] published (a novel).
== ~~~~
Teacher || Take (a book).
=== ~~
It has been snowing.
Adjective predicate sentence of the second subject-predicate sentence
1, definition
The so-called adjective predicate sentence is the subject-predicate sentence with adjectives as predicates.
2. Predicate composition of adjective predicate sentence
The idea of judging adjectives is wonderful.
Describe the adjective wind || light and quiet, grass || soft.
The weather is getting colder.
Everyone's mood can't be calm
The room is clean and tidy.
3. Structural analysis and annotation of adjective predicate sentences.
The structural analysis and marking methods of adjective predicate sentences mainly include the following situations:
(1) Predicate is composed of adjectives, so it is only necessary to distinguish between subject (or attribute-subject center) and predicate. For example:
It's getting dark
== —
That's a brilliant idea.
=== —
(2) Predicates are composed of joint phrases, and it is only necessary to distinguish between the subject (or attribute-subject center) and the predicate. For example:
She is amiable.
== ————
This place is quiet and spacious.
=== —————
The third noun predicate sentence of subject-predicate sentence
(3) Predicates are formed by phrases in form, so we should distinguish between subject (or attribute-subject center) and adverbial-predicate center. For example:
The weather is getting colder.
== —
The scenery here is very beautiful.
=== ——
(4) Predicate consists of complement phrases, so it is necessary to distinguish between subject (or attribute-subject center) and predicate center-complement. For example:
The yard is quiet.
==== —
Yesterday's football match was very exciting.
===== ——
1, definition
The so-called noun-predicate sentence is a subject-predicate sentence with nouns as predicates.
2. Predicate composition of noun-predicate sentences
Noun today || Great cold.
The pronoun you || Where (on the phone)
Numerals I || first, he || second.
Quantifier Baiyun ||| blossoming.
Teacher Chen is from Hunan.
Quantifier phrase a year || 365 days.
Appositive tomorrow || "March 8th" Women's Day.
Zhang ||, the director of this phrase "De", has just been transferred.
3. The ideographic function of noun-predicate sentences
State the time, date, weather, solar terms, place, place of origin, age, occupation, quantity, appearance and characteristics of the subject.
4. Structural analysis and annotation of noun-predicate sentences.
The structural analysis and annotation of noun-predicate sentences mainly include the following situations:
(1) only distinguishes between subject and predicate, such as:
Southern Fujian is a prosperous scene.
===
There are three sofas and a coffee table in the living room.
=====
(2) If the position of the predicate is modified, it will be divided into adverbials. For example:
Tomorrow is Wednesday.
===
Three kilograms of apples.
===
(3) If there is a neutral phrase in the position of the subject, it must be divided into attribute-subject center, such as:
Fish pond || All-in-one crucian carp.
===
(Little) Girl || Big eyes, deep dimples and short braids.
===
Fourth subject-predicate sentence
1. Definition
Subject-predicate sentences with subject-predicate phrases as predicates are collectively referred to as subject-predicate sentences, such as:
Things you don't have to worry about ||.
== —————
Zhang Zhi || Life is OK.
=== ——————
She || has a kind personality.
== ————
Subject-predicate predicate sentence is an important traditional sentence pattern in Chinese, which has sprouted in ancient times, and has already seen its embryonic form in Oracle Bone Inscriptions and bronze inscriptions. In pre-Qin prose, it has been stereotyped and can be seen everywhere, such as:
My Fair Lady ||| A gentleman is a gentleman. (The Book of Songs)
Uncle Yu of Beishan is ninety years old. (Liezi Tang Wen)
2. Semantic series of subject-predicate sentence structure
The semantic series of subject-predicate sentence structure mainly includes:
Patient |||| Agent+Action ||| Nobody knows about it.
Agent ||||| Patient+Action |||| He dares to say anything.
The land in this area is very fertile.
He is wearing a straight suit.
The child weighs 70 Jin.
We all want to miss Premier Zhou.
The soldiers in Class One are all great.
Topic |||| Stylistic words+short as There are many rumors about him ||.
He is good at computers.
Always say |||| Style words+short, style words+short, ...
His two sisters, one is a doctor and the other is a worker.
3. The ideographic function of subject-predicate sentences
Subject-predicate sentences have ideographic functions of description, explanation and judgment, so they can be divided into descriptive subject-predicate sentences, explanatory subject-predicate sentences and critical subject-predicate sentences.
A. Descriptive subject-predicate sentences, such as:
He wore a worn felt hat on his head and a thin cotton-padded jacket.
The man looking for you has long hair.
The house || Mother has cleaned it.
The Great Hall of the People is brightly lit.
B. Descriptive subject-predicate sentences, such as:
Radio, || I'm an amateur.
I also have this tape.
My sister broke the computer.
Modern Chinese Grammar and Sentences
Fourth subject-predicate sentence
C. critical subject-predicate sentences (with the speaker's subjective color). For example:
You must attend today's meeting.
In this exhibition match, both players played well.
The stone is too small to carry.
This kind of video is not for children.
Martial arts novels, || She is more fascinated than me.
4. Structural analysis and annotation of subject-predicate sentences.
After the subject-predicate differentiation, only when the predicate is composed of a phrase in the predicate will it form a syntactic sequence of "subject adverbial predicate center", otherwise, it will only form a syntactic sequence of "subject predicate".
For example:
The house || Mother has cleaned it.
The Great Hall of the People is brightly lit.
Radio, || I'm an amateur.
Uncle Wang || [Suddenly] has a stomachache.
(I) eldest brother || [since childhood] [since childhood] has a bad temper.
(2) Non-subject-predicate sentences
Simple sentences that can't tell the subject from the predicate are called non-subject-predicate sentences. It consists of subject-predicate phrases and phrases or words other than sentence tones. This kind of sentence can only be independent in a certain context. It includes the following four aspects.
Category:
Non-subject predicate sentence
1. Verbal non-subject-predicate sentence
The so-called verbal non-subject-predicate sentence is a sentence composed of verbs or verbal words. This kind of sentence does not omit the subject, but does not need to be supplemented or cannot be supplemented. It doesn't need a specific language environment.
Can express complete and clear meaning. For example:
Verb || Go!
Verb-object phrase || Class begins!
Learn from Comrade Lei Feng!
Joint phrase || Healthy people care about people's livelihood.
Laugh so hard that everyone can't lift their heads.
Conjunction || Go out and have a look!
|||| Let me tell a story.
There is a small village called Li Jiazhuang.
A compact phrase || Say it and you will be released.
Modern Chinese Grammar and Sentences
2. Adjective non-subject-predicate sentences
The so-called adjective non-subject-predicate sentence is a sentence composed of adjectives or adjective phrases. For example:
Adjective || Yes!
China idiom || It smells good! What snacks do you have? )
Joint phrase || Quiet, quiet.
I'm shivering with cold.
3. Nominal non-subject-predicate sentences
The so-called nominal non-subject-predicate sentence is a sentence composed of nouns or neutral phrases. For example:
Name || Xiaomi! How do you know I like Xiaomi?
What is the fixed phrase ||!
/kloc-the spring of 0/949.
Appositive || You spineless scholar!
interjection
The so-called interjection is a non-subject-predicate sentence directly composed of interjections. For example:
|| Ouch! (oh, my god! )
|| Bah! You are a useless young man.
|| Hey! Hey! What a decent girl! )
Fifth, onomatopoeia sentences
The so-called onomatopoeic sentence is a non-subject-predicate sentence directly composed of onomatopoeic words. For example:
|| Bang! There was a gunshot outside the window.
Modern Chinese Grammar and Sentences
(C) Several kinds of verb-predicate sentences
Among the sentence patterns introduced above, the verb-predicate sentence of subject-predicate sentence has many characteristics and is also the most complicated. The following are some frequently mentioned sentence patterns with structural features:
"Ba" sentence
"Bei" sentence
Continuous predicate sentence
And statements
Double-object sentence
Existential sentence
Modern Chinese Grammar and Sentences
"Ba" Sentence in Verb Predicate Sentence
1, definition
The preposition "ba" (jiang) is used to lead out the patient and deal with the patient. It is called "ba" sentence, also known as disposal sentence. For example:
We || [must] [must] do things (in our own country).
~~
(Verb predicate sentence in general form)
→ We || [must] [must] [handle our own country's affairs well].
("Ba" sentence)
You clear the table! (Verb predicate sentence in general form)
~~~~
→ You || [Clear the table]. ("Ba")
2. The syntactic features of "Ba" sentence.
"Ba" sentence has four characteristics:
(1) Predicate verbs are generally not bare verbs, especially not monosyllabic bare verbs. For example:
You || Drink your tea. I || have the letter.
There must be other elements before and after the predicate verb in the "ba" sentence:
A. the verb+le/zhe, such as: you || drink your tea. I || take the letter away.
B. overlapping verbs, such as: * you || tell me about the situation. → You || Tell me about the situation.
C verb+complement, such as: * you || drive him away. → You || Get rid of him.
D. Verb+object, such as: * He || Tell the news. He told me the news.
E. Adverbials+verbs, such as: * Why || Put up posters. He put up posters everywhere.
F. Verbs are complement compounds, such as || Dismiss the team! (mostly imperative sentences)
But verse can be free from the above restrictions, such as "going home" and "opening the door".
② The object of "ba" is definite in concept, and demonstrative pronouns such as "this" and "that" are often used as modifiers in structure. For example:
Dad sold the house.
Sometimes, without "this" and "that" as modifiers, the object cited by the word "ba" is also certain. For example:
Dad || [sold the house].
Quantitative phrases cannot be used as modifiers before the object introduced by the word "Ba". For example:
Dad || sold the house.
(3) Predicate verbs are generally dispositive, that is, verbs have a positive impact on patients. For example:
A. Students || [Clean the classroom].
B.* I || [put his name] know.
The reason why sentence A can be established is that "cleaning" is disposable; Sentence B cannot be established, because "knowing" is not decisive.
(4) In negative words, the wishing verb must be placed before the word "ba". For example:
Teacher || didn't solve the mystery. → * Teacher || Didn't solve the mystery.
Why don't you drink your tea → * Why don't you drink your tea ||?
He is willing to dedicate his youth to the mountains. → * He || is willing to dedicate his youth to the mountains.
We dare to step on difficulties. → * We dare to step on difficulties.
Third, the structural analysis and labeling method of "Ba" sentence
The structural analysis of "Ba" sentence is mainly to make it clear that "Ba ……" is an adverbial, and the other syntactic elements are treated according to the original rules. For example:
Worker || [Turn off the street lamp].
We have done our homework.
The clerk gave me change.
~~
The "Bei" Sentence of Verb Predicate Sentence
1, definition
"Bei" sentence refers to a passive sentence in which the predicate verb is preceded by the preposition "Bei (give, call, let)", which leads to the agent or uses "Bei" alone. It's a patient's sentence.
The enemy || [was wiped out by us]. → The enemy || was wiped out.
Water || (called the sun) has dried up.
===
Let the mouse take the cake.
In written language, there are also formats of "by …" and "for …". For example:
All the difficulties will be overcome by us.
====
The expeditionary force was blocked by wind and rain.
2. Syntactic structural features of "Bei" sentence.
The syntactic structure of the "Bei" sentence has the following remarkable features:
(1) verbs are generally dominant. For example:
Martial law has been lifted.
The tree was cut down by them.
(2) The subject indicates that the patient must be fixed. For example:
|| This classroom has been cleaned. The classroom has been cleaned.
→ * A classroom has been cleaned.
That house was sold by my father. ||| The house was sold by my father.
→ * A house || was sold by my dad.
[Note] Generally speaking, several structures can't express definite reference, but in a certain context, after this structure obtains definite reference function, it can form a passive sentence. For example:
He is going to clean two classrooms today. One has been cleaned and the other is being cleaned.
(3) Predicate verbs can't be bare verbs, and their collocations mainly include:
A. Predicate verb+dynamic auxiliary words "le" and "guo". For example:
* The news of Suharto's resignation || I heard. → The news of Suharto's resignation || I heard.
* This wrong policy || has been implemented. → This wrong policy || has been implemented.