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Information about China's aerospace industry

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2013-03-21

At 6:30:07 on November 20, 1999, my country's first test spacecraft "Shenzhou" 1 successfully launched. China became the third country in the world to possess manned space technology after the United States and Russia. After completing 21 hours of space science experiments, it successfully landed at 3:41 on the 21st. The successful launch and recovery of the "Shenzhou" experimental spacecraft has become another milestone in my country's aerospace history. The date of success was November 21, 1999, only one month and nine days before the end of the year. Among the astronauts who have been counting down the calendar every day for seven years, many just want to have a good sleep. But even such a simple wish is an unattainable luxury for many people. With the sound of new war drums, "Shenzhou 2" began to take off again. The Chinese astronauts who are driving the rumble skycar into space must race against time for the ideal of a nation!

Soon, the second spacecraft "Shenzhou 2" was built. Its performance was more advanced than that of "Shenzhou 1", and the equipment to ensure safety and life support systems was also more fully installed.

It was launched from the Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center on January 10, 2001, and successfully returned to the ground after 7 days of flight. This is our country’s first full-scale unmanned spacecraft. Experiments in the fields of space life science, space materials, space astronomy and physics were carried out on the spacecraft in a microgravity environment. Various instruments and equipment performed stably and worked normally, and a large amount of data was obtained. Compared with the Shenzhou-1 spacecraft, the system structure of the Shenzhou-2 spacecraft has been newly expanded and its technical performance has been improved. The technical status of the spacecraft is basically the same as that of the manned spacecraft.

Then the Shenzhou-3 spacecraft was launched on March 25, 2002. The spacecraft is equipped with a human metabolism simulation device, anthropomorphic physiological signal equipment and a body dummy, which can quantitatively simulate important physiological activity parameters of astronauts' breathing and blood circulation. The "Shenzhou" 3 orbital module remained in orbit for more than 180 days and successfully conducted a series of space science experiments.

The launch of the "Shenzhou" 4 spacecraft on December 30, 2002 was the last rehearsal of China's manned spaceflight. It has the highest technical requirements and the most complete testing system since the implementation of the manned spaceflight project. , the most difficult flight test, it also faced the most severe test since manned space launch: the rare severe cold in the history of the launch site, the lowest temperature was close to -30°C, exceeding the low-temperature launch conditions by nearly 10°C, and the spacecraft launch has entered an irreversible state. . The final successful launch of the "Shenzhou" 4 spacecraft marks that China's manned space project has withstood the most comprehensive flight test test in an unmanned state, setting a new record for low-temperature launches in China's space history, and also creating a rocket in the world's space history. The miracle of cryogenic launch. Academician Liang Sili, a Chinese aerospace expert, said that although the development and launch of the "Shenzhou" spacecraft were later than those of the United States and Russia, my country's spacecraft development starting point is higher. The orbital module of the "Shenzhou" spacecraft can not only conduct orbital Earth observation, but also serve as an aircraft for future space rendezvous and docking. It is an excellent tool for transportation between heaven and earth in the future.

On October 6, the Associated Press released news to the world: Before the launch of a manned spacecraft, China announced that it would send a lunar exploration satellite into lunar orbit within three years at the earliest. China's lunar exploration program, codenamed "Chang'e Project", started in March this year and is currently progressing smoothly. It is also reported that if all goes well, Chinese people may appear on the moon in 10 years.

October 15, 2003 AD was an unusual day. At 9 o'clock sharp, the "Shenzhou" 5 spacecraft on which Yang Liwei was riding took off with a thunderous roar. People all over the world saw Chinese Yang Liwei flying in space on this day. From this day on, China’s five-star red flag began to appear among the flags fluttering in the vast universe. That "magic boat" carrying the hope of the entire nation opened up a new aerospace era for China.

At 6:23 a.m. on October 16, 2003, China's "Shenzhou 5" spacecraft landed smoothly on the open grasslands of Inner Mongolia 21 hours after takeoff. This ends the history of no Chinese footprints in space

On October 12, 2005, China successfully launched the manned spacecraft Shenzhou-6 again and conducted its first multi-person, multi-day space flight test.

At 21:10 on September 25, 2008, the Long March 2F carrier rocket flew into space carrying the Shenzhou 7 manned spacecraft, carrying the Chinese nation's dream of reaching new heights in space.

This is the seventh time that the Shenzhou spacecraft has flown into space, and it is also the third time that Chinese people have gone into space.

After Yang Liwei realized the Chinese nation’s dream of flying into space, and Fei Junlong and Nie Haisheng entered the orbital module to carry out space science experiments, today, the three Chinese astronauts Zhai Zhigang, Liu Boming and Jing Haipeng are on their golden autumn journey, shouldering the mission of A new historic mission - according to the plan, they will achieve an extravehicular walk during this space flight.

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Information on the development of China's aerospace industry

In the late 14th century, Wan Hu, a scholar-bureaucrat in the Ming Dynasty, tied 47 homemade rockets to a chair, sat on the chair, and held a large kite with both hands. . He first imagined using the thrust of a rocket to fly into the sky, and then using a kite to land smoothly. Unfortunately, the rocket exploded and Wanhu sacrificed his precious life. But his actions inspired and shocked people's hearts. Prompt people to study harder. In 1970, China's first man-made satellite "Dongfanghong 1" was successfully launched! It became the second milestone in the history of China's aerospace development. On October 15, 2003, China's Shenzhou 5 manned spacecraft took off, indicating that China has mastered manned space technology and becoming the third milestone in the history of China's aerospace industry. At 18:05 on October 24, 2007, as Chang'e-1 successfully flew to the moon, the first phase of the Chang'e Project was successfully completed. Since then, Shenzhou-9 and Tiangong-1 have been launched one after another and successfully docked. At 22:04:09 on September 15, 2016, the Tiangong-2 Space Laboratory was successfully launched from the Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center. Extended information The aerospace industry of the People's Republic of China began in 1956. China launched its first artificial earth satellite on April 24, 1970, becoming the fifth country in the world to independently launch artificial satellites after the Soviet Union, the United States, France, and Japan. The purpose of China's development of aerospace industry is: to explore outer space and expand understanding of the earth and the universe; to use outer space peacefully to promote human civilization and social progress and benefit all mankind. Meet the needs of economic construction, scientific and technological development, national security and social progress, improve the scientific quality of the entire population, safeguard national rights and interests, and enhance comprehensive national strength. China's development of aerospace industry implements the guiding principles for the development of national science and technology undertakings, which are independent innovation, leapfrogging key points, supporting development and leading the future. Baidu Encyclopedia - China's aerospace industry

145 Views 247862019-07-18

Information on the development of China's aerospace industry

In recent years, the most vigorous publicity and the most prominent It is the aerospace industry. From the first manned space flight, to the first space walk, to the subsequent Chang'e Moon Flight Plan, we plan to develop and utilize the moon. Our country has also developed and launched various types of satellites, such as meteorological satellites, Beidou series navigation Satellites, Earth observation remote sensing satellites, etc. Since 2003, our country has conducted many manned space experiments. Yang Liwei became the first Chinese to fly into space, and Huo Zhigang became the first Chinese to walk in space.

29 Views 5212020-03-18

Information on China’s aerospace achievements

At 21:31 on April 24, 1970, China’s “Dongfanghong” One flies into space. This is the first artificial satellite launched by China. In August 1987, China's returnable satellite carried a test device for France. This is China's first attempt to enter the world's aerospace market. On October 15, 2003, the Shenzhou V manned spacecraft launched into space; on October 12, 2005, the Shenzhou VI manned spacecraft launched into space carrying two astronauts, Fei Junlong and Nie Haisheng. On September 25, 2008, at 21:10:04 seconds and 988 milliseconds, Shenzhou 7 launched into space carrying three astronauts: Zhai Zhigang, Jing Haipeng, and Liu Boming. At 18:05 on October 24, 2007, the Long March-3A carrier rocket carrying China's first lunar exploration satellite Chang'e-1 was successfully launched from the No. 3 tower of the Xichang Satellite Launch Center. At 18:59:57 on October 1, 2010, Chang'e-2, the sister satellite of Chang'e-1, was launched from the Xichang Satellite Launch Center and achieved a complete success. The purpose of this launch is mainly to achieve the next step of soft landing on the moon, conduct some key technology tests, and conduct high-precision imaging of the Chang'e-3 landing area. Extended information China's aerospace history began in February 1956, when the famous scientist Qian Xuesen proposed the "Opinions on Establishing China's Defense Aviation Industry" to the central government. In April 1956, the Aviation Industry Commission of the People's Republic of China was established to provide unified leadership for China's aviation and rocket industry. Nie Rongzhen serves as the director, and Huang Kecheng and Zhao Erlu serve as deputy directors. The establishment of the Aviation Industry Committee marks the beginning of China's aerospace industry.

Zhao Xiaojin, Minister of the Aerospace Department of China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation, told the media before the launch of the "Chang'e-1" satellite that the "Chang'e-1" launch window has been reserved for 35 minutes, and it can be launched within these 35 minutes. But compared with launching in the first minute, the satellite fuel will be lost by 120 kilograms in the last minute. This is a huge loss for the "Chang'e-1" which has only 1,200 kilograms of fuel in total and will directly affect its mission. Working hours and working life. If the normal launch cannot occur within these 35 minutes due to special reasons, the launch plan can only be canceled and the launch window will be re-determined until the next year. Baidu Encyclopedia - China's Space History

731 Views 182132019-09-26

Information on China's space industry

Since entering the 21st century, world space activities have shown A new trend of vigorous development. Major aerospace countries have successively formulated or adjusted aerospace development strategies, development plans and development goals. The role of the aerospace industry in the overall national development strategy has become increasingly prominent, and the impact of aerospace activities on human civilization and social progress has been further enhanced. China's aerospace industry began in 1956 and has gone through a glorious journey of fifty years. Over the past half century, China has independently developed its aerospace industry, ranked among the world's advanced ranks in several important technical fields, and achieved world-renowned achievements. China unswervingly follows the path of peaceful development, has always maintained that outer space is the common wealth of all mankind, supports various activities in the peaceful use of outer space, actively explores and utilizes outer space, and continues to contribute to the development of human space industry. make new contributions to development. China has established the strategic goal of building a moderately prosperous society in all respects and entering the ranks of innovative countries in the first two decades of this century. The development of China's aerospace industry is facing new opportunities and higher requirements. In the new stage of development, China will adhere to the guidance of the Scientific Outlook on Development, focus on national strategic goals, strengthen independent innovation, and strive to promote faster and better development of the aerospace industry. Since the Chinese government published the white paper "China's Aerospace" in 2000, China's aerospace industry has made great progress. In order to enhance the world's understanding of the development of China's aerospace industry in the past five years and in the coming period, here are some introductions and explanations of the relevant situations. 1. Development purposes and principles The purposes of China’s development of aerospace industry are: to explore outer space and expand understanding of the earth and the universe; to peacefully use outer space to promote human civilization and social progress and benefit all mankind; to meet the needs of economic construction and scientific and technological development , national security and social progress, improve the scientific quality of the entire population, safeguard national rights and interests, and enhance comprehensive national strength. China's development of aerospace industry implements the guiding principles for the development of national science and technology undertakings, which are independent innovation, leapfrogging key points, supporting development and leading the future. In the new stage of development, the development principles of China's aerospace industry are: - Adhere to obey and serve the country's overall development strategy, meet national needs, and reflect the national will. China regards the development of the aerospace industry as a strategic measure to strengthen the country and rejuvenate the country to enhance the country's economic strength, scientific and technological strength, national defense strength and national cohesion. As an important part of the country's overall development strategy, China maintains the long-term and stable development of the aerospace industry. ——Adhere to independence and independent innovation to achieve leap-forward development. China's aerospace industry started with self-reliance and continues to develop through independent innovation. Improving independent innovation capabilities is the strategic basis for the development of the aerospace industry. According to national conditions and needs, we should do something and not do something, choose limited goals, concentrate our efforts, make key breakthroughs, and achieve leap-forward development. ——Adhere to comprehensive, coordinated and sustainable development, and give full play to the driving and supporting role of aerospace science and technology in national science and technology and economic and social development. Strengthen strategic planning and coordinate the development of space technology, space applications and space science. Taking the progress of aerospace science and technology as the guide, we will drive the development of high technology and industry and promote the transformation and upgrading of traditional industries. Protect the space environment and rationally develop and utilize space resources. ——Adhere to opening up to the outside world and actively carry out international exchanges and cooperation in the space field. China supports various activities in the peaceful use of outer space and strengthens exchanges and cooperation with countries around the world in the space field on the basis of the principles of equality, mutual benefit, peaceful use, and common development. 2. Progress in the past five years From 2001 to 2005, China's aerospace industry achieved rapid development and achieved a series of new achievements. Build a number of world-advanced research and development and testing bases, further improve the research, design, production and testing systems, significantly improve the basic capabilities of aerospace science and technology; significantly improve the overall level of space technology, conquer a number of major key technologies, and make history in manned spaceflight With this breakthrough, the lunar exploration project has been fully launched; the space application system has been initially formed, the application fields have been further expanded, and the application benefits have been significantly improved; space science experiments and research have achieved important results. Space technology 1. Artificial earth satellite. In the past five years, 22 artificial earth satellites of different types have been independently developed and launched, and the overall level has been significantly improved. Based on the four satellite series that have been initially formed, six satellite series have been developed - returnable remote sensing satellite series, "Dongfanghong" communication and broadcast satellite series, "Fengyun" meteorological satellite series, and "Practice" scientific detection and technology Experimental satellite series, "Ziyu" earth resource satellite series and "Beidou" navigation and positioning satellite series. In addition, the ocean satellite series is about to be formed, and the plan to build an "environmental and disaster monitoring and forecasting small satellite constellation" is being stepped up. A batch of new high-performance satellite payloads have been successfully developed.

Various application satellites have initially been put into operational operation. Among them, the "Fengyun-1" and "Fengyun-2" meteorological satellites have been included in the international operational meteorological satellite series by the World Meteorological Organization. Important breakthroughs have been made in various key technologies of the geostationary large-scale satellite public platform. The development of large-capacity communication and broadcast satellites has achieved initial results. Important progress has been made in the development and application of micro-satellites. 2. Launch vehicle. In the past five years, the independently developed "Long March" series launch vehicles have been successfully launched 24 times in a row, and the main technical performance and reliability of the launch vehicles have been significantly improved. From October 1996 to the end of 2005, the "Long March" series of launch vehicles have been successfully launched 46 times in a row. Important breakthroughs have been made in a number of key technologies for the new generation launch vehicle. The development of a 120-ton thrust liquid oxygen/kerosene engine and a 50-ton thrust hydrogen-oxygen engine is progressing smoothly. 3. Spacecraft launch site. New progress has been made in the construction of the three spacecraft launch sites in Jiuquan, Xichang and Taiyuan, and the comprehensive testing and launching capabilities have been improved. Launch missions of various launch vehicles, various artificial satellites, unmanned test spacecraft and manned spacecraft have been completed many times. 4. Aerospace measurement and control. The overall functions of the aerospace measurement and control network have been further enhanced and broadened, and it has provided measurement and control support for the launch, in-orbit operation and return landing of artificial earth satellites, unmanned test spacecraft and manned spacecraft in various orbits. 5. Manned spaceflight. From November 20 to 21, 1999, China successfully launched and recovered the first "Shenzhou" unmanned test spacecraft, and then successfully launched three more "Shenzhou" unmanned test spacecraft. From October 15 to 16, 2003, the "Shenzhou" 5 manned spacecraft was launched and recovered, achieving the first successful manned space flight. It broke through the basic technology of manned spaceflight and became the third company in the world to independently carry out manned spaceflight. country. From October 12 to 17, 2005, the "Shenzhou" 6 manned spacecraft achieved a "two-person, five-day" manned space flight. It conducted the first space test activity with human participation and achieved another major achievement in the field of manned spaceflight. . 6. Deep space exploration. Preliminary research and project implementation of the lunar exploration project were carried out and important progress was made. Space Application 1. Satellite remote sensing. The field and scale of satellite remote sensing applications continue to expand, a number of key application technologies have achieved breakthroughs, infrastructure has been strengthened, and the technical level and operational operation capabilities of the application system have significantly improved. A national satellite remote sensing application system has initially been formed. The National Remote Sensing Center, National Satellite Meteorological Center, China Resources Satellite Application Center, National Satellite Ocean Application Center, China Remote Sensing Satellite Ground Station, as well as satellite remote sensing application and demonstration institutions of relevant national departments and many provinces and cities have been constructed and improved. The optical remote sensing satellite radiation correction field was built and put into use. Utilize domestic and foreign remote sensing satellites to accumulate multi-band satellite Earth observation data resources with wide coverage and long time series, and provide a variety of remote sensing products and services. In some important fields, satellite remote sensing application systems have been put into operational operation, especially in meteorology, geology and mining, surveying and mapping, agriculture, forestry, land, water conservancy, oceans, environmental protection, disaster reduction, transportation, regional and urban planning and other fields. , playing an important role in the land and resources survey, ecological construction and environmental protection, as well as the construction of major projects such as the West-East Gas Pipeline, the South-to-North Water Diversion Project, and the Three Gorges Project. 2. Satellite communication and broadcasting. Satellite communication and broadcasting technology is developing rapidly, its applications are becoming increasingly widespread, and the application industry has initially taken shape. By the end of 2005, China had more than 80 international and domestic communications and broadcasting earth stations, 34 satellite radio and television uplink stations nationwide, and dozens of domestic departments and several large enterprises had established more than 100 satellite-specific communications systems. network, with more than 50,000 very small-diameter terminal stations of various types. The development and application of satellite radio and television services has improved the effective coverage and quality of radio and television nationwide, especially in rural areas. Satellite communication and broadcast technology has been used in the "Radio and Television Access to Every Village" and "Telephone Access to Every Village" projects. The satellite distance education broadband network and the satellite telemedicine network have begun to take shape. As a member of Inmarsat, China has built a global maritime satellite communication network and has entered the advanced ranks of international mobile satellite communication applications. 3.Satellite navigation and positioning. Through the implementation of major engineering projects such as "Satellite Navigation Application Industrialization" and the use of domestic and foreign navigation and positioning satellites, great progress has been made in the development, application and services of satellite navigation and positioning technology. The application scope and industry of satellite navigation and positioning are constantly expanding, and the scale of the national satellite navigation application market is growing rapidly at a rate of doubling every two years. Satellite navigation and positioning technology has been widely used in transportation, basic surveying and mapping, engineering survey, resource survey, earthquake monitoring, meteorological detection and ocean survey and other fields. Space Science 1. Sun-Earth space exploration. It cooperated with the European Space Agency to implement the "Earth Space Double Star Exploration Plan", and cooperated with the European Space Agency's four space exploration satellites to achieve the world's first six-point simultaneous joint exploration of the earth space and obtain important detection data. Conducted preliminary research on lunar and solar system exploration. 2. Microgravity scientific experiments and space astronomical observations. Using the "Shenzhou" spacecraft and returnable satellites, we have carried out a number of experimental studies in the fields of space life science, space material science and microgravity science, conducted space mutation breeding exploration of crops and high-energy space astronomical observations, and achieved important results. 3. Space environment research. It has carried out research on space environment monitoring and forecasting; made important progress in the observation, mitigation and forecasting of space debris; and has initially developed experimental forecasting capabilities for the space environment.

3. Development Goals and Main Tasks for the Next Five Years In 2006, the Chinese government formulated the “Eleventh Five-Year Plan for National Economic and Social Development” and the “National Medium and Long-term Science and Technology Development Plan (2006-2020)” 》, placing the development of aerospace industry in an important position. Based on the above two planning outlines, the Chinese government has formulated a new development plan for the aerospace industry, clarifying the development goals and main tasks for the next five years and a longer period. In accordance with this development plan, the country will launch and continue to implement major aerospace science and technology projects such as manned spaceflight, lunar exploration, high-resolution earth observation systems, and new generation launch vehicles, as well as a number of priority projects in key areas, strengthen basic research, Deploy and develop several cutting-edge technologies in the aerospace field in advance to accelerate the progress and innovation of aerospace science and technology. The development target launch vehicle's ability to enter space and its reliability level have been significantly improved; a long-term and stable satellite earth observation system and a coordinated and supporting national satellite remote sensing application system have been established; a relatively complete satellite communication and broadcasting system has been established to increase the scale and efficiency of the satellite communication and broadcasting industry. Significant improvement; step by step to establish satellite navigation and positioning systems that meet application needs, initially forming a satellite navigation and positioning application industry; initially realizing the transformation of satellite applications and satellite applications from experimental applications to business services. Realize astronaut extravehicular activities and spacecraft rendezvous and docking; realize lunar exploration; and achieve important original results in space scientific research. The main task is to develop a new generation of non-toxic, non-polluting, high-performance, low-cost and high-thrust launch vehicles, ultimately achieving a low-Earth orbit carrying capacity of 25 tons and a geosynchronous transfer orbit carrying capacity of 14 tons; fully completing the 120-ton The development of liquid oxygen/kerosene engines with 50-ton thrust and hydrogen-oxygen engines with 50-ton thrust; improving the reliability and launch adaptability of the existing "Long March" series launch vehicles. ——Initiate and implement high-resolution earth observation system projects; develop and launch new polar-orbiting and geostationary-orbiting meteorological satellites, ocean satellites, earth resource satellites, and environmental and disaster monitoring and forecasting small satellites; develop new remote sensing satellites such as stereoscopic mapping satellites Key technology research. An all-weather, all-day, multi-spectral, multi-spectral, and stable Earth observation system has been initially formed to achieve three-dimensional observation and dynamic monitoring of land, atmosphere, and ocean. ——Coordinate the development of satellite remote sensing ground systems and business application systems; integrate and improve existing remote sensing satellite ground systems, establish and improve national-level remote sensing satellite data centers, build and improve support facilities for quantitative applications such as remote sensing satellite radiation correction fields, Preliminarily realize the sharing of remote sensing data in the field of social public welfare services; establish a satellite environment application agency and a satellite disaster reduction application agency to form a number of important business application systems; make breakthrough progress in the main application fields of satellite remote sensing. ——Develop and launch long-life, high-reliability, large-capacity geostationary communications satellites and live television satellites; develop satellite live broadcast, broadband multimedia, satellite emergency communications, public welfare communications and broadcasting and other technologies. Continue to develop and improve the universal service functions of satellite communications and broadcasting, and increase value-added services in the field of satellite communications. Actively promote the commercialization process of satellite communication and broadcasting, and expand the industrial scale of communication and broadcasting satellites and applications. ——Improve the "Beidou" navigation test satellite system, launch and implement the "Beidou" satellite navigation system plan. Develop independent application technologies and products for satellite navigation, positioning and timing, establish standardized location service support systems and popular application series terminals related to satellite navigation and positioning, and expand application areas and markets. ——Develop and launch new technology test satellites, strengthen the space flight verification of new technologies, new materials, new devices, and new equipment, improve the level of independent research and development, and improve product quality and reliability. ——Develop and launch "breeding" satellites, promote the combination of space technology and agricultural breeding technology, and expand the application of space technology in the field of agricultural scientific research. ——Develop space telescopes, new returnable scientific satellites and other satellites; carry out basic research on space astronomy, space physics, microgravity science and space life science, and achieve important original results; strengthen the monitoring capabilities of the space environment and space debris, and initially Establish a space environment monitoring and early warning system. ——Manned spaceflight enables astronauts to conduct extravehicular activities and conduct spacecraft rendezvous and docking tests; develop a space laboratory with certain application scale for short-term manned care and long-term autonomous flight in orbit, and carry out follow-up work on the manned spaceflight project. ——Achieve lunar exploration, break through the basic lunar exploration technology, develop and launch China's first lunar exploration satellite "Chang'e 1", mainly conduct lunar scientific exploration and lunar resource detection research; carry out the later work of the lunar exploration project. ——Improve the comprehensive testing capabilities and benefits of the space launch site, further optimize the layout of the space launch site, and improve the reliability and automation level of the space launch site facilities and equipment. ——Further improve the technical level and capabilities of the aerospace measurement and control network, expand measurement and control coverage, and have measurement and control capabilities that initially meet the needs of deep space exploration. 4. Development policies and measures The Chinese government, guided by the Scientific Outlook on Development, makes overall plans for the three fields of space technology, space applications and space science, promotes independent innovation in aerospace science and technology, promotes aerospace activities to achieve greater economic and social benefits, and ensures that aerospace activities Orderly, standardized and healthy development to achieve the established development goals. The main policies and measures for China's development of aerospace industry at present and in the future include: - Overall planning and rational deployment of various aerospace activities.

Prioritize the development of applied satellites and satellite applications, moderately develop manned spaceflight and deep space exploration, and actively support space scientific exploration. ——Concentrate efforts to implement major aerospace science and technology projects, strengthen basic research, and deploy cutting-edge technologies in advance. Concentrate superior forces and achieve key leaps in aerospace science and technology through core technological breakthroughs and resource integration. Improve the continuous innovation capabilities of aerospace science and technology by strengthening basic research in the aerospace field and advanced research on several cutting-edge technologies. ——Strengthen space applications and promote the process of aerospace industrialization. Strengthen the development of space application technology, promote resource sharing, and expand business applications. Focusing on communication satellites and satellite communications, satellite remote sensing, satellite navigation, and launch vehicles, we will actively build a space industry chain that includes satellite manufacturing, launch services, ground equipment manufacturing, and operation services. Strengthen the promotion, transfer and secondary development of space technology, and transform and upgrade traditional industries. ——Attach importance to the construction of basic capabilities of the aerospace science and technology industry. Strengthen infrastructure construction for the development, production, and testing of spacecraft and launch vehicles. Support the construction of key aerospace science and technology laboratories and engineering research centers, and strengthen informatization work, intellectual property work, and aerospace standardization work. ——Promote the construction of aerospace technology innovation system. Guide the reform, adjustment, transformation and upgrading of the aerospace science and technology industry, and accelerate the formation of world-class large-scale aerospace enterprises. Actively build an aerospace technology innovation system that is dominated by aerospace technology enterprises and national scientific research institutions and combines industry, academia and research. ——Strengthen the scientific management of space activities. Adapt to the development of the socialist market economy, actively innovate the system and mechanism of scientific management, strengthen the concept of quality and efficiency, use modern management methods such as systems engineering, strengthen scientific management, improve system quality, reduce system risks, and improve comprehensive benefits. ——Strengthen the construction of policies and regulations. Research and formulate laws and regulations for the management of aerospace activities and aerospace industry policies, guide and standardize various aerospace activities, improve the level of administration according to law, and create a policy and regulatory environment conducive to the development of the aerospace industry. ——Guarantee funding for aerospace activities. The Chinese government will continue to increase investment in aerospace, while encouraging the establishment of a diversified and multi-channel aerospace investment system to maintain sustained and stable development of the aerospace industry. ——Encourage all sectors of society to participate in aerospace activities. Encourage industrial enterprises, scientific research institutions, commercial enterprises, universities and social groups to give full play to their respective advantages under the guidance of national space policies, actively participate in aerospace activities, and participate in international exchanges and cooperation in the space field. Encourage satellite operating companies and application departments to give priority to domestic satellites and satellite application products. ——Strengthen the construction of aerospace talent team. Vigorously develop education, focus on cultivating talents through innovative practice, pay special attention to cultivating young scientific and technological talents, and form a team of aerospace talents with a reasonable structure and excellent quality. Popularize aerospace knowledge, promote aerospace culture, and attract more outstanding talents to join the aerospace industry. The Chinese government continues to strengthen the management and macro guidance of space activities. The China National Space Administration is the government agency of the People's Republic of China responsible for civil aerospace management and international space cooperation, and performs the corresponding management responsibilities of the government. 5. International Exchanges and Cooperation The Chinese government believes that outer space is the common wealth of all mankind and that all countries in the world enjoy equal rights to freely explore, develop and utilize outer space and its celestial bodies. Countries in the world carry out outer space activities. It should be conducive to the economic development and social progress of all countries, it should be conducive to the security, survival and development of mankind, and it should be conducive to friendly cooperation among the people of all countries. International space cooperation should follow the United Nations’ Declaration on International Cooperation in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space to Promote the Welfare and Interests of All Countries, Taking Particularly into Consideration the Needs of Developing Countries (Declaration on International Space Cooperation) basic principles. China advocates strengthening international exchanges and cooperation in the space field on the basis of the principles of equality, mutual benefit, peaceful utilization, and common development.

Basic Policies The Chinese government adopts the following basic policies in carrying out international space exchanges and cooperation: - Adhere to the principle of independence, and based on the needs of national modernization, make overall plans and rationally utilize both domestic and foreign markets and resources, and carry out active and pragmatic country