I am a commoner, working hard in Nanyang
On the first floor, Longzhong belongs to Nanjun, not Nanyang County. Zhuge Liang was born in Langye in 181 AD. His parents died when he was young, so he followed his uncle to escape Jingzhou and lived in seclusion in Nanyang.
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In December 2002, the nine-year compulsory education three-year junior high school textbook "Chinese" was published by the People's Education Press The fifth unit of the sixth volume excerpts two ancient texts about Zhuge Liang: one is "Longzhong Dui" and the other is "Leaving the Master". This is the first time that a historical and cultural phenomenon is reflected in such a concentrated manner in post-liberation textbooks. However, many problems have been discovered in the use of teaching materials.
First of all, the title explanation of "Longzhong Dui" states: "Longzhong, the name of the mountain, is in the current Xiangfan." This is not bad. Secondly, the explanation of "working in Nanyang" in "Chu Shi Biao" is: "Nanyang, the name of the county, is in the area of Xiangyang, Hubei Province today." This makes people puzzled: Xiangyang in Hubei Province belonged to Nanjun in the Han Dynasty, and was on the same river as Nanjun. The neighboring Nanyang County governs 37 counties. They are two coexisting counties. When did Nanyang go to Nanjun? Third, on the color page at the front of the textbook, the upper part is written by Yue Fei as "Come out as a Master" and the bottom is the memorial archway of Wuhou Temple in Longzhong. It gives the impression that Yue Fei wrote "The Preface as a Master" in Longzhong. There is no dispute about Yue Fei's famous calligraphy work "The Preface to the Master" written in one breath at the Wuhou Temple in Nanyang! What's even more "skillful" is that Yue Fei's calligraphy has a beginning and an end, but there is no sentence "I am a commoner, working in Nanyang" because this is what Zhuge Liang said. If there is this sentence, the "Longzhong said" of working on the land Isn’t it shaken? Connecting these three places, there seems to be an obvious logical reasoning: "Longzhong Dui" should be a conversation in Longzhong (actually it should be "Thatched Cottage Dui"), Nanyang is in Xiangyang, Yue Fei's calligraphy "Qian Chu Shi Biao" and are closely connected with Gulongzhong. In this way, Zhuge Liang's plowing in Xiangyang seems to be an eternal ironclad.
Just when people were puzzled as to why there were such errors in the general textbooks promulgated by the state, on July 18, 2003, the "Xiangfan Evening News" published an article explaining the metaphor by the reporter of the newspaper—— "Behind the Comeback of "Longzhong Dui"", this article uses five parts (origin, proposal, running, success, voice) to introduce in detail Xiangfan's five trips to Beijing to make "Longzhong Dui" a Chinese language textbook. "Doing work" and a series of little-known inside stories. The article also quoted a parent of a student as saying: "When our children grow up, there will no longer be a dispute between Xiangyang and Nanyang. After all, this matter has been clearly explained in the textbooks." They "understand." ", but we are confused - did Zhuge Liang work in Nanyang or Xiangyang?
The dispute between Nanyang and Xiangyang for farming land definitely did not start here, but in order to compete for the "land for farming" of the famous Zhuge Liang, they even went to Beijing to "do work". This kind of thing is also It can be said to be "unprecedented and unprecedented". I don't know if Zhuge Liang knows what he knows, whether he will cry or laugh when he hears such a thing, or whether he can't laugh or cry.
Zhuge Gongping in Nanyang
The first record of the place where Zhuge Liang received Liu Bei's three visits was the "Departure List" written before Zhuge Liang set out for the Northern Expedition in the fifth year of Jianxing of the Shu Han Dynasty (AD 227). "": "I am a commoner,
I work hard in Nanyang, survive in troubled times, and do not seek to learn and reach the princes. The late emperor did not think that his ministers were despicable, and he was in vain, and he paid close attention to his ministers in the thatched cottage. , The counselor was grateful for what was going on in the world, so he asked the late emperor to drive him." Chen Shou of the Western Jin Dynasty included the full text of Zhuge Liang's "Shi Shi Biao" in his "Three Kingdoms: Zhuge Liang Biography".
In the Eastern Jin Dynasty, "Shu Ji" written by Wang Yin stated that there was Zhuge Liang's "former residence" in Longzhong, and "Han Jin Chun Qiu" written by Xi Jinping said that Longzhong belonged to Deng County, Nanyang County, which triggered the This led to a long-lasting dispute between Nanyang and Xiangyang for farmland. Since the beginning of the study of chisel teeth, documents related to Zhuge Liang in Xiangyang Longzhong have been continuously recorded in the Northern and Southern Dynasties. When Li Daoyuan wrote annotations for the "Shui Jing", based on the theories of Wang and Xi in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, plus his own assumptions, Zhuge Liang was The "home" and "house" of "Zhuge Liang" were clearly the land of farming. From then on, the theory of Zhuge Liang's farming in Xiangyang Longzhong was formally formed.
After that, in the Tang, Song, Yuan and Ming dynasties, there were many debates, and those who argued about Nanyang and Xiangyang each held their own opinions and refused to give in to each other. Luo Guanzhong, the author of "The Romance of the Three Kingdoms" in the Ming Dynasty, did not know which one was right. In the book It is said that Xiangyang has three visits, and Yunnan Yang is plowing. It is cloudy and foggy, making people confused. By the Qing Dynasty, the disputes between the two sides had become so incompatible that Gu Jiaheng, who was the prefect of Nanyang at the time, wrote this couplet: "My heart is in the court, and it doesn't matter who is the first or last; if I am famous in the world, why bother to distinguish Xiangyang and Nanyang." "Although the intention was to settle the matter, it failed to convince both parties.
In 1987, the country decided to issue the "Three Visits to the Thatched Cottage" stamp. Where the "Three Visits" incident occurred became an unavoidable practical issue, thus triggering an academic dispute that spread across the country. After the stamp issue was settled and Nanyang won a small victory, the "textbook incident" that caused a huge public outcry occurred again. This newspaper once published a commentator article stating: "In the textbook incident, Nanyang and Xiangyang plowed the land. The dispute is no longer an academic dispute, but has become a battle of interests."
The name "Longzhong Dui" should actually be "Caolu Dui". When Chen Shou compiled the "Collected Works of Zhuge Liang", he still used the name "Caolu Dui". When Prince Liang Zhaoming of the Southern Dynasty included this article in "Selected Works", he was confused by what Xi Chizhi said in "Han Jin Chun Qiu" and named it "Long". "Middle Pair". Later generations passed down rumors, and the most widely circulated ancient Chinese reading book "Gu Wen Guan Zhi" in the Qing Dynasty also followed this statement. This is probably the main basis for middle school Chinese textbooks.
The reason why the dispute between Xiangyang and Nanyang arose is because Zhuge Liang once lived in Xiangyang and had an indissoluble bond with Nanyang. He first followed his uncle to Xiangyang to join Liu Biao. Because his uncle died of illness, he did not want to take refuge with Liu Biao, so he moved to Nanyang and farmed here. Therefore, Zhuge's former residence was in Xiangyang, and Nanyang was a land of farming. The three visits to the thatched cottage happened on Wolonggang.
Longzhong originally belonged to Nanjun
Zhuge Liang clearly said in the "Shi Shi Biao": "I am a commoner and work hard in Nanyang." Therefore, the Wuhou Temple in Nanyang should be Justified. Xiangyang said that Zhuge Liang lived in seclusion in Longzhong, which at that time belonged to Deng County of Nanyang County. Therefore, living in seclusion in Longzhong meant cultivating Nanyang, and Longzhong was Zhuge Liang's true seclusion. This is the focus of debate between Nanyang and Xiangyang. It seems that the key to the problem is: did Nanyang County in the Han Dynasty include Longzhong?
The place name "Longzhong" appeared earlier in Wang Yin's "Shu Ji" of the Eastern Jin Dynasty and "Han Jin Chun Qiu" by Xi Chi Chi Te. "Shu Ji" says: "In the middle of Yongxing in Jin Dynasty, Liu Hong, the general of Zhennan, went to Longzhong, visited the old residence of Liang, erected a gate to watch the palace, and ordered the Taifu to carry out the task. Li Xingwen said, "The emperor ordered me to go to Mianyang to listen to the drum and the rhinoceros. Forever thinking, the legacy of our sages. Climb Longshan and see from a distance, the hometown of Shi and Zhuge..." Is the "Longshan" here the same as today's Longzhong? Not necessarily. Because Li Xing said, "The emperor ordered me to live in Mianyang", the word "Yang" is worthy of study. In ancient China, mountains were in the south and water was in the north, and Yang was in the north, and the Han Dynasty was no exception. The "Mianyang" here should refer to the north of the Han River, which is obviously not Longzhong south of the Han River today.
The Spring and Autumn Annals of the Han, Jin and Jin Dynasties written by Xi Chizhi are more clear: "Liang's family is located in Deng County, Nanyang, twenty miles west of Xiangyang City, and its name is Longzhong." However, Xi Chizhi's "Longzhong" There is no basis for the statement that "China belongs to Deng County" in the historical records of the Han and Jin Dynasties. The name of Nanyang County basically conforms to the ancient meaning of mountains to the south and water to the north. "Historical Records of Qin" records that in the thirty-fifth year of King Zhaoxiang of Qin (272 BC), "Nanyang County was first established". An annotation quoted from "Justice" says: "The Qin Dynasty established Nanyang County to the north of the Han River." During the Eastern Han Dynasty, Zhang Heng, a famous scientist and native of Nanyang, once described his hometown as "south of Beijing and located in the sun of the Han River." That is to say, Nanyang is south of Luoyang and north of the Han River. When "Jin Shu Geography" records "Jingzhou", it says: "During the Six Kingdoms period, its land was Chu. And Qin... Nanyang County was established in the north of the Han Dynasty in Chu." Hu Sansheng's annotation of "Zi Zhi Tong Jian" also said : "The Qin Dynasty established Nanyang County to the south of Nanshan Mountain and to the north of the Han River." These records all show that Nanyang County in the Han Dynasty was located to the north of the Han River. Xiangyang belongs to Nanjun. According to the "Records of Famous Places" in "Qin Hui Yao Supplement" quoted from "Xiangyang Ji", "Qin conquered the world, and south of Han Dynasty was Nanjun".
During the Qin and Han dynasties, there was a famous military law that was widely implemented - "the law of unauthorized expansion". This law stipulates that if a general sends troops without the order of the emperor or superior general, or if a general goes out of the country or leaves the army without authorization, All will be severely punished by military law. "Book of Han: List of Meritorious Officials" records: "Hou Li Shou sat on guard as a guard and went out of Chang'an without permission. He sent the Marquis of Haixi to Gaoqiao... for execution." Li Shou was an officer of the capital's guard and left Chang'an City to see off guests without permission. , was sentenced to death according to military law. "Han Shu·Biography of Wang Zun" records: "Wang Zun, who was transferred to the military academy to protect the Qiang, was surrounded by Qiang troops on the way to escort the army supplies. Zun led more than a thousand cavalry to attack the Qiang thieves. His merits were not listed. He left his subordinates without permission. He will be pardoned and returned. "Home." It can be seen that military law stipulates that generals who leave the country without authorization must be severely punished.
During the warlord melee at the end of the Han Dynasty and even during the period of the Three Kingdoms, the warlords had extremely strict control over their respective generals and soldiers, so they all insisted on implementing the "law of good fortune" and the "law of the death of soldiers" . Cao Cao "At that time, the world was rough and there were many arrests and escapes, so he attached great importance to the law of subjugation, and his wife was punished."; Sun Quan "the law of the time: conspiracy to rebel, and the three clans are punished." The purpose of implementing this method is nothing more than to firmly grasp the generals and troops and seize the opportunity to win the war.
Liu Bei, who was dependent on others, naturally understood the consequences of violating the "unauthorized law". He could only be loyal to his duties and move within the garrison area designated by Liu Biao. He did not dare to go beyond the boundaries. He did not dare to do so without Liu Biao's order. Raising troops or going out. In the seventh year of Jian'an, "Liu Biao sent Liu Bei to invade north to Ye". In the eighth year of Jian'an, Liu Biao "sent (Bei) to reject the Marquis of Xia, and Yu Jin was equal to Bowang". It shows that Liu Bei's military actions are controlled by Liu Biao, and he can never act without Liu Biao's order.
The straight-line distance from Xinye to Xiangyang (today's Xiangfan City, Hubei Province) is more than 100 miles. The most convenient means of transportation for ancient military generals was riding horses. Liu Bei paid three visits to Zhuge Thatched Cottage, mobilized troops, and alarmed the countryside. Liu Biao would have heard about this, and this would definitely offend his "suspicious" heart. Moreover, once Liu Bei's actions exceeded the boundaries of the new field and left his subordinates without permission, it would violate the "unauthorized" rule. Promote law". Liu Bei would never take the risk of visiting Zhuge Liang in Longzhong, Xiangyang. Therefore, Zhuge Liang's cultivated land cannot be in Longzhong, Xiangyang.
The Nanyang Wuhou Temple, nestled among green pines and cypresses, is the place where Zhuge Liang once lived in a cottage and worked hard with hoes. There are still nine Wuhou Temples preserved in the country. Nanyang Wuhou Temple ranks second after Wuhou Temple in Chengdu. It is located on Wolonggang in Nanyang City. It is said that since the Jin Dynasty, Nanyang people have built temples and monasteries on Wolong Gang to commemorate Zhuge Liang. Afterwards, it went through wars and fires, was built and destroyed many times, and was not rebuilt again according to its original appearance until the Kangxi period of the Qing Dynasty.
In the "Nanyang Prefecture Chronicles" of the Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties, it is said: "Wolonggang is located seven miles west of Nanyang Prefecture, starting from the south of Songshan Mountain, stretching for hundreds of miles, and ending here. The nest, but the thatched cottage is inside it...the bottom is as flat as a palm, which is where Hou Gongpeng was." This passage describes the geographical situation of Wolonggang, which stretches for hundreds of miles, like a giant swirling dragon. Obviously, this is a geomantic treasure land, so it is called "Wolong Gang". Zhuge Liang chose this place to cultivate long acres, and "hidden cultivation and prosperity" because of the land, and was known as "Fulong" or "Wolong". "Geographical Records" of the Ming Dynasty said: "People at that time called Kong Ming Wolong, because he was called Gangyun." General Yu Dayou of the Ming Dynasty said in "The Reconstruction of Zhuge Pavilion": "In the past, when Mr. Zhuge Liang was plowing Nanyang, people called him 'Fulong' Therefore, the hill where he lives is called Wolonggang, and the mountain is named after Mr. Zhuge Liang. Whether the person is named after the place or the mountain is named after Mr. Zhuge Liang, it shows that Zhuge Liang lived in Wolonggang, Nanyang. Wolonggang is where Wuhou worked.