The narrative technique of expression is stick figure.
Line drawing, because of the professional name of Chinese painting, is often used in painting. It is the development of ancient "line drawing". It is a painting method of drawing colorless objects with ink lines, and it is also slightly rendered with light ink, which is more common in figure painting and flower-and-bird painting.
Sketch also refers to a method of expression in literary creation, that is, it depicts vivid and vivid images with concise pen and ink, which is a traditional description method loved by the masses in China literature. In the description of the article, it is to use unobtrusive adjectives and complex rhetoric, not to spread exaggeration, but to grasp the characteristics of the object of description, to write vivid images with accurate and powerful strokes and concise language, and to express their feelings about things. "Use the most concise and economical words to outline the mental outlook of the characters with thick lines. The author is required to accurately grasp the most important personality characteristics of the characters, not to render or lay out, but to touch them with vivid pens. " When sketching things, the author is required to make a true sketch of the characteristics and features of the things described with concise strokes; When drawing a landscape by line drawing, the author is required to draw thick lines with simple strokes to form a vivid picture; Describing characters by line drawing can make them more attractive-in appearance description, the application of line drawing can go deep into the bone marrow of characters and touch the essence and soul from appearance; In language description, the use of line drawing can vividly express the inner feelings of characters and show the quality of sentiment; In action description, the use of line drawing can make the inner feelings of characters more accurate and the language more concise.
Three Poems of Qiang Village is good at sketching.
In the second year of Zhide (757), when Du Fu picked up the remains for Zuo, the house stopped. He wrote a letter to rescue Su Zong, angered Su Zong, and was released to visit his family in Qiang village in Yinzhou (now south of Fuxian County, Shaanxi Province). Three Songs of Qiang Village was written by me when I returned to China this time. Three poems have been handed down one after another, forming a set of "trilogy" of returning home.
Each chapter of this group of poems can be independent and interrelated to form a complete unity. Although it is based on a temporary experience, the scene is real and not exaggerated.
The first one is about the mixed feelings of sadness and joy when the family first got home. The phrase "Chai Men is noisy with birds, and thousands of miles go home" is a distinctive rural evening scene. At the same time, birdsong usurped the role of master, reflecting the bleak and desolate countryside of that year. There is a feeling of sadness in the scenery. The wording is plain, unpretentious and not exaggerated, but it is extremely unusual. Very vividly expressed the sense of relief of the characters, but also secretly mixed with the anxiety of "now, near my village, I met someone." "The neighbors are sighing all over the wall." This sentence is watched by the neighborhood. The news spread like wildfire, attracting many neighbors. In ancient times, the walls in the countryside were very short, so neighbors could lean against the wall. These neighbors, on the one hand, are bystanders, so they just watch from a distance and can't bear to disturb the happy and sad moment of this family; On the other hand, they are not indifferent to watch, but everyone has entered the role, "sigh", is it envy? Sad? Or bring back your own pain? In the description of just a few words, the application of line drawing technique can go deep into the bone marrow of the characters, touch the essence and soul from the appearance, vividly express the inner feelings of the characters, show the quality of sentiment, make the expression of the inner feelings of the characters more accurate, make the language more concise, how humanized and how subtle.
The second song is about the contradictory and depressed mood after returning to China. "Joule never leaves her knees, afraid that I will go back." Du Fu's order to go home this time is actually tantamount to exile. For ordinary people, "lucky to survive" is a blessing in misfortune; For poets whose worries are related to the world, it is a great misfortune of luck. After settling down, he immediately developed a sense of responsibility, feeling that maintaining a small family in such difficult times is tantamount to drag out an ignoble existence. But all this is necessary. Even children realize this lack of fun: "Joule never leaves her knees, but she is afraid that I will go back", and "I didn't mean to go home early, so I comforted her around my knees, but I was afraid that I would go back." (Jin Shengtan) For this poet who seems to want to forget his hunger for childlike innocence, there are no rich adjectives or complicated rhetoric. But to grasp the characteristics of the object of description, write a vivid image of a child with a few strokes, and vividly express his inner feelings. This detail shows the poet's melancholy and unhappiness.
The third is about a neighbor's visit. "The cock crows, and the guest competes for the cock. Drive the chicken to the tree and you will only hear the sound of firewood. " When the guests arrived, chickens were fighting and crowing in the yard. When the owner drove the chickens to the courtyard tree where they lived, and the yard was quiet, he heard the guest knocking at the firewood door. In this sentence, Du Fu continued to sketch by sketching, and made a real sketch of the characteristics and features of the things described in a concise way-a simple stroke made a rough sketch, forming a lively farmhouse picture; Living in the country is not only quite interesting, but also shows the joy of uninvited guests.
In a word, this kind of sketch technique of "doing what ordinary people want to do" and finally making "talented people don't know what to do" fully embodies the author's skill of concise pen and ink. This group of poems is simple in language, concise in verse, harmonious in sound and rhyme, full of lyrical atmosphere, and occupies an important position in the expression techniques known for simple description in Tang poetry.
Mr. Lu Xun once said: "There is no secret in painting." If you want to say yes, it's just the opposite of the smoke screen method: if you have real meaning, whitewash it, don't be so melodramatic and don't show off. "That is, it can be summed up in twelve words, that is," sincerity, whitewashing, less affectation and no show-off. "
The application of "line drawing" in ancient poetry;
1. Depicting people, not drawing the background, only highlighting the main body. Such as Bai Juyi's Charcoal Man:
An old man selling charcoal cuts wood and burns charcoal in the mountains in the south all year round.
His face was covered with dust, which was the color of smoke burning, his temples were gray, and his ten fingers were burnt black.
What is the money for selling charcoal for? Buy clothes, buy food in your mouth.
Pity that he is wearing thin clothes, but he is worried that charcoal can't be sold, hoping it will be colder.
At night, it snowed a foot thick outside the city. Early in the morning, the old man drove a charcoal wheel to the market.
Cows are tired and people are hungry, but the sun has risen very high. They are resting in the mud outside the south gate of the market.
In this narrative poem, the touching image of the old charcoal seller was successfully shaped by line drawing. "The face is full of dust and fireworks, and the temples are gray and black." The portrait description of these fourteen words not only accurately shows the occupation and age characteristics of the charcoal seller, but also reminds people of his bitter work and painful life. Long-term exposure to fireworks makes the skin discolored, and touching charcoal all day makes the fingers black, while "grey temples" show the sadness and aging of charcoal sellers. This kind of hard work is just to earn some money to make a living. "The poor little thing was wearing a light coat" and "It snowed a foot outside the city at night". In contrast, it shows the poor life of charcoal sellers. "Worrying about charcoal and wishing for cold" is a deeper psychological portrayal. When the clothes list can't keep out the cold, most people always hope the weather is warm, while the charcoal seller "hopes the weather is cold" when the clothes list is right. One is afraid that the weather will be warm, charcoal can't be sold, and there is no food and clothes to wear. The other is that it will be cold and he will sell it at a good price. These two poems profoundly expressed his earnest expectation of "selling charcoal for money" and reflected his very miserable life situation.
When describing a character by line drawing, we can reveal the appearance and manner of the character in a few sentences, so that readers can see the true face of the person clearly.
2, narrative events, not detailed, but concise. Such as Nie Zhongyi's "Home":
The father plowed Harada and the son returned to Shan Ye; The grain is not obvious in June, and the housekeeper has repaired the warehouse.
This poem shows the tragic fate of the Tian family, which is not extravagant and concise. The poet calmly described the life and suffering of the Tian family: the father cultivated in the original field and the son reclaimed wasteland on the hillside. They did not hesitate to shed blood and sweat, and tried their best to expand farming and increase harvest to make a living and live a better life. However, in June, before the crops in the field were ripe, the "official" was already in a hurry to repair the granary, opened his mouth, waited for the seedlings to mature, and searched into his warehouse. There is no comment or lyric in the whole poem, but it deeply reminds the root of farmers' suffering. ? The use of line drawing in narrative makes people feel that the lines are clear and concise.
3. Describe the scenery, not gorgeous, but simple. For example, Ma Zhiyuan's "Tianjingsha Qiu Si": a dead vine and an old tree faint crow, a small bridge flowing water, and a thin horse on the old road.
The poet used nine nouns to describe the nine images of "withered vine", "old tree", "faint crow", "small bridge", "flowing water", "old road", "west wind" and "thin horse", which constituted a desolate and lonely Qiu Jingtu and showed strong homesickness. Although there is not a word of sorrow, the long sorrow is fully exposed in such a bleak and desolate twilight.
Writing a scene by sketching can make people quickly grasp the characteristics of the scene and appreciate the feelings contained in it.
Finally, I would like to add that line drawing is different from detailed drawing. Detail description is a detailed description of the main characteristics of things. This kind of description, the text is gorgeous and colorful, just like the wrong color, gorgeous and gorgeous. Metaphor, metaphor, personification and exaggeration are often used. On the other hand, line drawing emphasizes simplicity, rather than rhetorical embellishment and rendering contrast.