Yang Shi'e: A poet of the Mid-Tang Dynasty who lived through five dynasties, was demoted to four places, and lived in Zizhou for three years.
In the "Minghuan Temple" of the Confucian Temple in Zizhong County, Sichuan Province, there are 28 people who came to Zizhou from other places to serve as officials and have outstanding political achievements. Yang Shi'e is one of them. "Sichuan Guangji·Zixian" records, "The stele says: There is a stele of praise to King Bishamen in the county by Yang Shi'e, which has been trapped in the north corner of the city for a long time. In Shaoxing, Shao Bo was the defender and first excavated it."
1. After five dynasties, he was demoted to four places and lived in Zizhou for three years
Yang Shi'e (about 762~821), named Jianqing, lived in the 27th year, and his ancestral home was Taishan, Shandong (now Shandong) Tai'an), home in Luoyang (now Luoyang, Henan). Yang Shi'e experienced the five dynasties of Daizong, Dezong, Shunzong, Xianzong, and Mu Zong in his life. It was the Mid-Tang Dynasty when the separatism of the vassal towns became more serious, the society was in decline, the people were in dire straits, and the decline was irreversible. From a diligent scholar to a Jinshi, he was full of enthusiasm but unable to put it into practice.
In October of the third year of Tang Yuanhe (808), Yang Shier offended Emperor Xianzong because he was involved in the case of falsely accusing Prime Minister Li Linfu with his friends Dou Qun and Lu Wen, and reprimanded him for forming gangs and forming factions. The false accusation was false and he was demoted as the governor of Zizhou. He left Chang'an, traveled southwest, passed Baoxie Road to Baocheng, arrived in Hanzhong, and then went all the way south along the Jinniu Road to Shu, where he began his life of exile and relegation. However, Yang Shi'e did not officially know Zizhou. "Old Tang Book" records that Dou Qun and Lu Wen, who were demoted together with Yang Shi'e in the same year, were demoted again because "the responsibilities they received during the court meeting were too light". In the winter of this year, Yang Shi'e was once again demoted to the governor of Bazhou (now Bazhou District, Sichuan) (at that time, Bazhou was Zhongzhou and Zizhou was Shangzhou).
In the seventh year of Yuanhe (812), Yang Shi'e returned as the governor of Zizhou (now Zizhong County, Sichuan) for three years. In the tenth year of Yuanhe (815), after Yang Shier's term in Zizhou expired, he was transferred to Yangzhou (now Yangxian, Shaanxi) as governor. In March of the twelfth year of Yuanhe (817), he was transferred to the governor of Muzhou (now Jiande County, Zhejiang Province). It was not until May of the 14th year of Yuanhe (820) that Emperor Xianzong recruited him back to the court and promoted him to be a doctor in the household department, assisting the ministers and ministers in managing the affairs of the world's land, people, money and valleys, and the difference in tribute. The following year, Yang Shi'e died at the age of 60.
"New Book of Tang·Volume 85·Xu Lu Meng Liu Yang Pan Cuiwei" stated the matter of Yang Shi'e being demoted to Zizhou this way, "Wen Zaohan was an elite and rich man who was highly respected by his peers for a while. He has a sinister nature, is cunning and profit-seeking, and is close to Dou Qun and Yang Shie. Qun is the censor Zhongcheng, and he recommends Wen to know miscellaneous matters. Shie is the censor, and the prime minister Li Jifu holds it. Jifu was suppressed by the eunuchs, and Wen Cheng tried to oust him. When Jifu fell ill, he summoned the magicians to stay in the house at night, and then captured and interrogated Jifu. , Ji Fu was spared by his efforts, and he was demoted to the governor of Wenjun Prefecture. He was not tired of the discussion, and was demoted to Dao Prefecture for a long time, and his governance was good. " p>
2. Traditional literati, good at both poetry and prose, quite famous
Meng Jian, a good friend of Yang Shi'e and a famous water conservancy expert, praised his articles for "the colorful chapters are brilliant and the objects are flying". Meng Jian wrote in "Jiannan Zhenjie": "Taishan admonished Qing to be elegant and elegant... He used clear words to reward the prime minister's house, and did not enter, and became the governor of Bazhou. Chiyi The talents of the group, the suffering of the people, the management and practice are the best, and then he moved to Zizhou, and now he has returned to Yangzhou, and his achievements are great. "
Compared with the article, Yang Shi. E's poetry is euphemistic, evocative, and subtle, making it even more famous. Xin Wenfang of the Yuan Dynasty commented in "The Biography of Talented Scholars of the Tang Dynasty": "Shi'er's poems and Liang's "Selected" are wonderful works." He is ranked second among Bai Juyi's house invaders, after Zhang Hu and before Yuan Zhen, and has a very high evaluation. Xu Xianzhong of the Ming Dynasty believed in "Tang Shipin": "Shi'e's poems are high-spirited and not in a humble tone, but the quality of the examples is also mediocre. I say that Shi'e's poems are like plain screens, although they don't have the splendor of a blinding eye. There is no way to pick out its flaws."
Cao Xuequan of the Ming Dynasty also spoke highly of it in "Sichuan Guangji": "In the Tang and Yuan Dynasties, Yang Shi'e served as the guardian of Zizhou, and his literary talent shone for a while. ". Cao Xuequan believes that "Composition on the Mountain in Front of the County", "Composition on the Early Spring in the County", "Ode to the Heart in the County", "Seeing Gray Hair in the County" (also known as "Three Years in the County, I See Gray Hair This Autumn, Talk About Calligraphy"), "Reading the Scriptures in the County Zhai", etc. The poems were all written by Yang Shi'e when he was in Zizhou.
He Shang, a poet in the late Ming Dynasty and early Qing Dynasty, pointed out in "Zaijiuyuan Poetry Talk·edited·Mid-Tang Dynasty": "Some poems are extremely beautiful, but some of them are of average quality, and some have no words to describe them. It is not called Shengliu, but it is based on demeanor. Knowing this can determine the poetry of Yang Zizhou. After Zhenyuan, there were many good poems that were easy to write, but no bad poems were difficult.
Although Yang Shier's poem is not very good, it is impossible to get even one word of it. ...In the Tang Dynasty, the inner world was emphasized and the outer world was neglected. Sheep was relegated to the outer world because he was good with Lu Wen, so it was like this in language. Although it is emotional, it is reserved and not revealing, which is quite charming. "
Yang Shi'e is also famous for his calligraphy. Zhu Wenchang of the Song Dynasty added it to "Nengpin" in "Sushu Duan" and called it "also known as Wenhan". Yang Shi'e's works include " His poems are included in "Anthology of Poems by One Hundred Masters of Tang Dynasty", "Collection of Poems by Fifty Masters of Tang Dynasty", "Ten Thousand Quatrains of Tang Dynasties", "Selected Poems of Shicang Ancient Poems", etc. "Complete Poems of the Tang Dynasty" and other poetry collections, ***103 poems, 6 couplets.
3. People-oriented thinking, proactiveness, and achievement
Confucianism is the mainstream thought of Chinese culture. It was the foundation for the scholars of the feudal dynasty to settle down and build their lives. This was also the case in the Mid-Tang Dynasty after the "An-Shi Rebellion". Yang Shi'e respected the people-oriented thinking of Confucianism and paid attention to self-cultivation. He hoped that the king would work hard to govern and the country would be prosperous and strong, so as to realize his ideals and prosperity. Ambition. The positive attitude towards life in his poems has never changed, and the upward ambition to make achievements has never disappeared. After being demoted to Zizhou for three years, Yang Shi'e continued to work conscientiously in his position, benefiting the local people and achieving outstanding results. He hoped to return to the imperial court one day and be reused for his political achievements.
He wrote in "Early Spring in Zizhong": "When it rains and the east wind comes late, the mountain oriole announces spring alone. The dream of drowning in Wu Gorge makes the people of Luoyang melancholy. Willows cover the red threshold, and the fragrance of plum blossoms covers the brocade. It's a pity to spend time, but Yao Se is not born in the dust. "Although he was worried and uneasy about his future and destiny, he was unwilling to stay in a place of relegation for a long time, and hoped to return to the court as soon as possible to share the worries of state affairs for the monarch. Maybe the hope is as unattainable as "the dream of drowning in Wu Gorge, melancholy for the people of Luoyang", but He has never given up the pursuit of "it is a pity to spend time, and the beauty is not dusty"
"Seeing Gray Hair in the County" "Er Mao is not riding in the province, but the autumn wind suddenly blows in the mirror." Silk strands on the cold clothes, frost in the old slips. It's enough to prove that it's boring, but it's a waste of effort to serve. In the poem "The mountain city is guarded day by day, and the rocks are flooded with osmanthus bushes", the poet bluntly said, "I am tired of carrying the Ming Dynasty, and I am ashamed of my lack of merit in the service of the carriage." This shows that he does not despise being an official in the court, but he is ashamed that he has not achieved any merit in being an official. But he has no merit. The reason why the poet believes is that "the mountains and cities are guarded every day, and the rocks and osmanthus bushes are flooded". The poet's eagerness to return to the court as soon as possible can be seen.
This idea is also reflected in Yang Shi'e and his friend Dou Qun. He was friendly with Dou Qun, and even during the period of his relegation, they still exchanged poems. In the eighth year of Yuanhe (813), Dou Qun wrote "Twenty-seven Treasures of a Sheep Under the Moon after the Rain" in Qianzhou. "State" "The cool evening sky is approaching, and I am enjoying the joy in my heart." Qingguangsong goes up to the moon, Zhongzhai in Xubai County. I have been drinking for a lifetime, and I wish I could see you well. "Sending two carp diligently, dreaming of entering the king's arms" is a gift; Yang Shi'e wrote "Send to Dou Zhongcheng of Qian Prefecture" in Zizhou, "The officials of the Han Dynasty are noble, and they protect the wooden chopsticks thousands of miles away." There is no heat in the summer months and the weather is calm in autumn. The court clothes are covered with moxa ribbons, and the military curtains are decorated with carved weapons. When he is full year old, he returns to Longque, and Liangzai stands still to compose a song. It can be seen from the poem that although Yang Shi'e was demoted, his ambition is still there, and he is full of confidence and hope for the future. "When he is full year old, he returns to Longque, and Liangzai stands still to compose a song." , while encouraging himself, he also advised his friends that his banishment would end, and when he returned to the court, he would do something new.
4. Reclusive thoughts, advocating Buddhism and Tao, and relieving misery
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Yang Shi'e was deeply influenced by the Confucian thought of "inner sage and outer king", but his long-term relegation life was also eroding his Confucian sentiments. When reality and ideals conflicted, he pursued "Taoist nature" deep in his heart. "The concept of "" shows the yearning for a reclusive life, advocating the free and unrestrained freedom of celebrities in the Wei and Jin Dynasties, and living a life of half seclusion and half official.
A poem "The Song of the County" writes: "Waist badge If you are not a scholar, you are a latent husband if you stay in a closed cabinet. Xia Jian is willing to try, but the caged bird is restrained. In Niuzhu Town, Jiangqing, the infantry cook is familiar with wine. Only the previous virtuous intentions seemed not to be lonely. "The first couplet points out that a person with a seal on his waist is not a broad-minded and detached person, and he is a hermit who is far away from the worldly life. The chin couplet tells that he cannot help himself, and it is a metaphor that being an official is like a caged bird losing his freedom. The neck couplet quotes Ruan Ji's drinking story to express his inner loneliness. The poet also advocates that he should not attach too much importance to becoming an official, otherwise he is not a scholar, nor should he shut himself up and act like a layman. Instead, he should learn from the sages Li Bai and Ruan Ji, drink and compose poems, and be detached and broad-minded. This reflects that in the process of advocating Buddhism and Taoism, Yang Shi'e has organically integrated Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism into a personal ideological system. This is even more obvious in the poem "Junzhai Reading the Classics": "Adult age is not a resource, Rouhan is mistaken for Confucianism. When I am free from fasting, I am in harmony with the Tao. The scattered materials are sincere and good, but there are no disciples who are fully enlightened.
Half of the lotus leaves the water, and the fragrant osmanthus fills the furnace. When the yin is gone, I feel ashamed, and when I give lectures, I am enlightened. The trace is like a visitor from Taoyuan, holding up bamboo to make a talisman. Huayi participated in official affairs, and Bahan mixed with the state map. When the grass is cut, I cherish the gentleman; when the wind moves, I miss the stingy man. There are achievements in Yisang'e, and the rent in Sumai is restored. During the period of death, I have achieved great heights, and my withered body has thankfully recovered. It is unwise to untie the empty bag, and it is foolish to destroy the Jinggu. After a few days of following the same path, the east side of the mountain is about to become deserted. "In the poem, "Adult age is not useful, and Rouhan is mistaken for Confucianism." He is lamenting to himself that as he gets older and his ideals are disillusioned in life, his Confucian thoughts on joining the world become increasingly pale and feeble, and in reality. It is a kind of comfort for the soul when his life ideals are gradually worn away by pressure and his self-encouragement is in vain. And "the traces are like a guest in Taoyuan, and the body is holding a bamboo to make a talisman" is his best interpretation of his life state. < /p>
Influenced by this thought, Yang Shi'e also vented his inner sorrow through poetry. For example, the second of the seven-character quatrains "Three Poems on the County" (also known as "Playing with Lotus"), "Red Clothes". All the dark fragrance remains, the autumn light on the leaves is white and cold. The Yue girl's affection is infinite, don't teach her to wear long sleeves." The lotus in the poem is already red and fragrant, coupled with the cold leaves and dew, it creates a desolate atmosphere. The "Yue girl" was originally from the country of Yue in the Spring and Autumn Period. The female swordsman, however, has lost her chivalrous spirit and has become a sentimental woman who mourns the autumn. The poet uses flowers as metaphors to express his inner feelings of loneliness and helplessness.