Name the famous "scholars" in history

Some of the following in The Theory of Passing the Qin Dynasty:

Counselors: Ning Yue, Xu Shang, Su Qin, Du He;

Prime ministers: Qi Ming, Zhou Zui, Chen Zhen, Zhao Hua, Lou Su, Zhai Jing, Su Li, Le Yi;

Generals: Wu Qi, Sun Bin, Dai Tuo, Ni Liang, Wang Liao, Tian Ji, Lian Po, Yue She;

Political Strategist: A group of counselors (lobbyists) specializing in diplomatic activities during the Warring States Period. "Hanshu·Yiwenzhi" is listed as one of the "Nine Streams". Their main representatives are Su Qin and Zhang Yi.

The main representative of "Hezong" is Su Qin: Jizi (344 BC - 284 BC), a native of Luoyang (now east of Luoyang, Henan) in the Eastern Zhou Dynasty during the Warring States Period. He advocated "unity" and united the six countries to resist Qin. He was once a close confidant of King Zhao of Yan, and was ordered to enter Qi to engage in anti-insurgency activities, causing Qi to "work on Song in the west and on Chu in the south" in order to weaken Qi and prevent Qi from plotting against Yan. When he first joined Qi, he gained the trust of the King of Qi and served as prime minister. In the 19th year of King Zhao of Qin (288 BC), he called himself the Western Emperor; he also called King Min of Qi the Eastern Emperor. He persuaded the King of Qi to cancel the imperial title, and "joined forces with Zhao Fengyang Jun and Li Dui" to attack Qin with the five kingdoms, forcing King Zhao of Qin to abolish the imperial title, return part of Wei and Han lands, and was named Wu'an Jun by Zhao, and later assisted Qi Min. The king attacked and destroyed the Song Dynasty. Later Yan general Le Yi united with the soldiers of the five countries to attack Qi. His counterinsurgency activities were exposed and he was killed by the king of Qi. ("Book of Han·Yiwenzhi") Thirty-one chapters of "Su Zi" by the strategist, lost today. The silk book "Book of the Warring States Strategists" unearthed from the Mawangdui Han Tomb contains Su Qin's letters and lobbying. The situation reflected in Chapter 16 is different from what is stated in "Historical Records: Biography of Su Qin".

The main representative of "Lian Heng" is the descendant of Zhang Yi (? - 310 BC), a descendant of the Wei aristocracy during the Warring States Period. In the ninth year of Qin Huiwenjun (329 BC), he entered the Qin Dynasty. The following year, he became prime minister and was granted the title of Lord Wuxin. When he was in power, he forced King Hui of Wei to surrender fifteen counties to Qin. He also said that King Huiwen claimed to be king and implemented the "connection and horizontal" strategy, advocating that the six countries should serve Qin separately, disintegrating the alliance of Qi and Chu, and sending troops to seize the center of Chu and Han. land. In the ninth year of Gengyuan (316 BC), King Huiwen of Qin Dynasty. Together with Sima Cuo and others, he led the army to attack and destroy the three kingdoms of Shu, Ju and Ba. Later, he entered the Wei Dynasty and became the prime minister, but was driven back and died soon after. ("Hanshu·Yiwenzhi") Zongheng Jia had ten chapters of "Zhang Zi", which are now lost.

When it comes to Warring States counselors, we have to mention Guiguzi

http://guiguzi.org/

Confucianism, representative figures: Confucius, Mencius, Xunzi. Works: "Confucius", "Mencius", "Xunzi"

Taoism, representative figures: Laozi, Zhuangzi. Works: "Tao Te Ching", "Zhuangzi"

Mo School, representative figure: Mozi. Work: "Mozi"

Legalism, representative figures: Han Fei, Li Si. Work: "Han Feizi"

Famous writers, representatives: Deng Xi, Hui Shi, Gongsun Long and Huan Tuan. Work: "Gongsun Longzi"

Yin-Yang family, representative figures: Zou Yan

Political and horizontal family, representative figures: Su Qin, Zhang Yi. The main remarks are passed down in "Warring States Policy"

Miscellaneous family, representative figure: Lu Buwei

Nongjia,

Novelist,

Confucianism is the Warring States Period One of the important schools of thought in the period, it took Confucius as its teacher in the Spring and Autumn Period, took the Six Arts as its method, advocated "rituals and music" and "benevolence and righteousness", advocated "loyalty and forgiveness" and the impartial "gold mean", and advocated "Government by virtue" and "Benevolent Government", an academic sect that attaches great importance to moral and ethical education and people's self-cultivation.

Confucianism emphasizes the function of education and believes that emphasis on education and light punishment is the only way to achieve national stability and people's prosperity and happiness. He advocated "education without distinction" and educated both the rulers and the ruled so that everyone in the country could become morally noble people.

In politics, he also advocated governing the country with etiquette and persuading people with virtue, calling for the restoration of "Zhou Rites" and believing that "Zhou Rites" was the ideal way to realize ideal politics. By the Warring States Period, Confucianism was divided into eight schools, the two most important ones being Mencius and Xunzi.

Taoism is one of the important schools of thought during the Warring States Period, also known as "moralists". This school of thought is based on Laozi's theory of "Tao" in the late Spring and Autumn Period, and uses "Tao" to explain the nature, origin, composition and changes of all things in the universe.

It believes that the way of heaven is inactive and all things come into being naturally. It denies that God and ghosts dominate everything. It advocates that Tao follows nature and lets nature take its course. It advocates quietness and inaction, keeping the feminine and soft, and using softness to overcome hardness. The political ideal is "a small country with few people" and "governing by doing nothing". After Laozi, Taoism internally divided into different sects, the famous four major sects: Zhuangzi School, Yang Zhu School, Song Yin School and Huanglao School.

The Mohist School was one of the important schools of thought during the Warring States Period, and its founder was Mo Zhai.

This school of thought takes "loving each other and benefiting each other" as the basis of the theory: mutual love means treating others as oneself; universal love means loving others as oneself. "The world loves each other" and the goal of "mutual benefit" can be achieved. Politically, we advocate respecting the virtuous, advocating for unity and non-aggression; economically, we advocate strengthening the local people and reducing their use; ideologically, we advocate respecting heaven and serving ghosts. At the same time, he also put forward the idea of ​​"non-fate" and emphasized that he should rely on his own strength to do it.

The Mohist family has a strict organization, and most of its members come from the lower classes of society. According to legend, all of them can go through fire and knife to inspire themselves through suffering. Those who engage in debate are called "Mobian"; those who engage in martial arts are called "Moxia"; their leaders are called "Juzi". Its discipline is strict, and it is said that "the Mohist's law is to kill those who kill and punish those who injure others" ("Lu Shi Chun Qiu: Qu Si").

After Mo Zhai's death, he split into three factions. By the late Warring States Period, they had merged into two branches: one focused on the study of epistemology, logic, mathematics, optics, mechanics and other disciplines, and was called the "Moist School" (also known as the "Late Mohist School"); the other branch was transformed into the Qin and Han Dynasties. Social Ranger.

Legalism was one of the important schools of thought during the Warring States Period. It was called Legalism because it advocated the rule of law and "no distinction between relatives and strangers, no distinction between high and low, and one that is based on the law." During the Spring and Autumn Period, Guan Zhong and Zichan were the pioneers of Legalism. In the early Warring States period, Li Kui, Shang Yang, Shen Buhai, Shen Dao and others founded the Legalist school. By the end of the Warring States Period, Han Fei integrated Shang Yang's "method", Shen Dao's "power" and Shen Buhai's "technique" to assemble the culmination of Legalist thought and doctrine.

Economically, this school advocates the abolition of well fields, emphasis on agriculture and suppression of commerce, and rewards for farming and war; politically, it advocates the abolition of enfeoffment, the establishment of counties and counties, an autocratic monarchy, the use of power, and the use of harsh punishments to rule; In terms of ideology and education, it advocates banning the theories of various schools of thought, using the law as teaching, and officials as teachers. His theory provided theoretical basis and action strategy for the establishment of a unified monarchy.

"Hanshu·Yiwenzhi" records 217 legalist works, nearly half of which are extant today, the most important of which are "Shang Junshu" and "Han Feizi".

Mingjia was one of the important schools of thought during the Warring States Period. It was called Mingjia by later generations because it engaged in debating names (names, concepts) and reality (facts, reality) as its main academic activity. At that time, people called him "arguer", "chasser" or "famous expert in punishment (form)". The representative figures are Hui Shi and Gongsun Long.

The Yin Yang School was one of the important schools of thought during the Warring States Period. It was named after advocating the theory of Yin Yang and the Five Elements and using it to explain social and human affairs. This school of thought should have originated from the ruling class in charge of astronomy and calendars in ancient times. Its representative figure was Zou Yan, a native of Qi during the Warring States Period.

Yin-Yang theory believes that yin-yang is the positive and negative opposing and transforming forces of things themselves, which can be used to explain the laws of development and change of things. The Five Elements Theory believes that all things are composed of five elements: wood, fire, earth, metal, and water. There are two laws of mutual generation and mutual victory (蜜), which can be used to explain the origin and change of all things in the universe. Zou Yan synthesized the two and interpreted the attributes of the five elements as "five virtues" based on the theory of mutual generation and mutual victory of the five elements. He created the "theory of the beginning and end of the five virtues" and used it as the law for the rise and fall of dynasties in the past, and for the emerging unified dynasty. Provide theoretical basis for its establishment.

"Hanshu·Yiwenzhi" records twenty-one works of this school, all of which have been lost. The "Book of Rites·Yue Ling", written in the late Warring States period, is said by some to be the work of the Yin Yang family. Some chapters in "Guanzi" are also written by the Yin-Yang family. Some materials from the Yin-Yang family are preserved in "Lu Shi Chun Qiu Ying Tong", "Huainan Zi Qi Su Xun", and "Historical Records: The Chronicles of the First Emperor of Qin".

A counselor was a counselor who used the strategy of vertical and horizontal tactics to lobby the princes and engage in political and diplomatic activities during the Warring States Period in China. Listed as one of the hundred schools of thought. The main representatives are Su Qin, Zhang Yi, etc.

During the Warring States Period, the south and the north were combined to form a vertical line, and the west and the east were linked to form a horizontal line. Su Qin urged Yan, Zhao, Han, Wei, Qi, and Chu to unite vertically to resist Qin, while Zhang Yi tried his best to break the vertical union and join the vertical line. The six kingdoms of the Heng Dynasty each served the Qin Dynasty, and the Zong Heng family got its name from this. Their activities had an important impact on the changes in the political and military structure during the Warring States Period.

"Warring States Policy" contains extensive records of his activities. According to "Hanshu·Yiwenzhi", political strategists once wrote "Sixteen Masters and One Hundred and Seven Chapters".

The Zajia School was a comprehensive school in the late Warring States period. He got his name because he "combined Confucianism, Mohism, and Ming and Dharma" and "comprehensively integrated all the Taoism of hundreds of schools of thought" ("Hanshu Yiwenzhi" and Yan Shi's ancient notes). "Lu's Spring and Autumn Annals" compiled by Lu Buwei, Prime Minister of the Qin Dynasty, gathered his disciples and was a typical collection of miscellaneous works.

Nongjia was one of the important schools of thought during the Warring States Period. It got its name because of its focus on agricultural production. This faction originated from the officials who managed agricultural production in ancient times. They believe that agriculture is the basis of food and clothing and should be placed first in all work. "Mencius. "Teng Wen Gong 1" records that Xu Xing, "the words of Shen Nong", proposed that sages should "farm and eat with the people, and govern well", which expresses the social and political ideals of farmers. This party also pays attention to recording and summarizing agricultural production technology and experience. Chapters such as "Shang Nong", "Ren Di", "Bian Tu", and "Jian Shi" in "Lu Shi Chun Qiu" are considered to be important materials for the study of pre-Qin farmers.

The novelist, one of the nine or ten pre-Qin dynasties, collected folk legends and discussions to examine people's customs. "Hanshu·Yiwenzhi" says: "The flow of novelists comes from the barnyard officials. Talking in the streets and alleys are created by those who listen to the nonsense."

"Zhuzi" refers to The thinkers and works that reflected the interests of various classes and strata in the ideological field of this period are also the general name for various political schools from the pre-Qin to the Han Dynasty, and are private schools that emerged after the Spring and Autumn Period. "Hundred schools of thought" indicates that there were many thinkers at that time, but it is also an exaggeration. The main figures include Confucius, Mencius, Mozi, Xunzi, Laozi, Zhuangzi, Liezi, Han Feizi, Shang Yang, Shen Buhai, Xu Xing, Gaozi

, Yangzi, Gongsun Longzi, Huizi, Sun Wu, Sun Bin, Zhang Yi, Su Qin, Tian Pian, Shenzi, Yin Wen, Zou Yan, Lu Buwei, etc.

The contention of a hundred schools of thought reflects the extremely active situation in which various schools of thought contend with each other like bright stars. It is brilliant and colorful and has written a dazzling chapter in the academic, cultural and ideological history of our country. Page!

As for the classification of the factions of the hundreds of schools of thought, Sima Tan listed six schools, "but on the key points of the six schools of thought: Yi Da Zhuan: 'The world is unified but has hundreds of considerations, and the same goal is different. Path. \Yin and Yang, Confucianism, Mohism, fame, law, and morality are the rulers." ("Historical Records, Tai Shi Gong's Preface"). The scholars in Liu Xin's "Seven Strategies" in "Hanshu·Yiwenzhi" are roughly divided into ten schools: Confucianism, Taoism, Yin and Yang, Dharma, Ming, Mohism, Zongheng, Za, Nong, and Novel. Excluding novelists, they are called "nine or ten".

Among the hundreds of scholars, Confucius, the founder of Confucianism, stands out because he inherited the cultural orthodoxy of the Central Plains for three generations. As a result, Confucianism not only has a prominent position among hundreds of schools of thought, but has also become the mainstream and core content of traditional culture, exerting an unparalleled influence on the formation of the national spirit of the Chinese people. In fact, we can say that Confucianism is not an academic or school in the usual sense. Confucianism is the cultural essence of the Chinese nation and a manifestation of China's inherent value system. It has penetrated into every capillary of traditional culture and greatly affected every field of Chinese culture. All doctrines, ideas, religious sects, and even foreign cultures and religions that originate from Chinese soil cannot avoid bearing traces of Confucian culture. For now, it's more than that. Confucianism has also had a permanent impact on world culture (we know that Japan and the "Four Little Dragons" promoted Confucianism after they had achieved or basically modernized to solve the crisis of faith and moral decline caused by modernization. Measures to correct shortcomings. The so-called "Southeast Asian cultural circle" is basically a cultural composition model with Confucianism as the main body. It has effectively promoted social civilization and progress in Southeast Asia. With the development of history, Confucian ethics is entering Western countries). .

Due to the split in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, most of the various schools had certain regional characteristics when they were established. For example, Zou Lu (Qufu, Shandong) was the birthplace of Confucianism and Mohism; Sanjin (Yicheng, Shanxi) was the birthplace of Fa The hotbed of family; the south is the cradle of Taoism; and Yan and Qi (northern Hebei, Linzi, Shandong) are the birthplaces of Yin and Yang families.

The reason why Zhuzi is a general term for political schools is because the basic purpose of each school is to provide political strategies for the king. Confucianism advocates transforming the people with virtue; Taoism advocates governing by doing nothing; Legalism advocates trust and reward must be punished; Mohism advocates universal love and unity; famous scholars advocate derespecting Yanbing. After the Han Dynasty, Mohism and famous masters became unique skills, farming became an independent technical discipline, and Yin and Yang evolved into a mysterious alchemy. Therefore, only Confucianism, Taoism, and Law had an impact on the subsequent politics of the unified dynasty.

Many thoughts of various schools of thought have left profound inspiration to future generations. Such as Confucianism's "benevolent government", "don't do to others what you don't want others to do to you" and "forgiveness"; Mencius's ancient democratic thought; Taoist dialectics; Mohist's scientific thought; Legalist's materialism; and military strategists' military thought. Wait, it still shines brightly today. It was that famous "sophist" who also created the field of logic in the history of Chinese philosophy. We can and should draw on the Confucian spirit of virility and progress to inspire ourselves to work hard; draw on the Confucian spirit of public loyalty and serving the country to cultivate our patriotism; draw on the Confucian spirit of "using justice to benefit", To enlighten yourself to treat material interests correctly, learn from the Confucian spirit of benevolence, to cultivate your noble sentiments of loving the people; to learn from the Confucian concept of integrity, to cultivate your own self-esteem, self-improvement, and independent personality; and to learn from the Mohist concept of "universal love" ", "Advocating the virtuous", "frugality"; Taoism's "less selfishness and few desires", "Tao follows nature"; Legalism's "abolition of private and public affairs", and other ideas.

Story:

When King Qin Zhaoxiang heard that Wei and Chu were sending troops to rescue Zhao, he sent someone to tell King Wei An: "Sooner or later, Handan will have to be captured by Qin. . Whoever wants to rescue, I will fight first!”

King Wei An was so frightened that he quickly sent an envoy to chase Jin Bi and told him to camp there. Jin Bi stationed 100,000 Wei soldiers and horses in Yecheng (now southwest of Linzhang, Hebei Province). Chun Shenjun stopped advancing and settled at Wuguan. The king of Qin asked the general Wang to step up the attack on Handan. King Zhao Xiaocheng had no choice but to send envoys to Wei State secretly to urge King Wei An to quickly send troops to rescue Zhao.

King Wei An wanted to send troops, but he was afraid of offending Qin; if he didn't, he was afraid of offending Zhao. He had no choice but to waste away without advancing or retreating. Lord Pingyuan also sent people to Yecheng to invite Wei general Jin Bi to advance. Jin Bi replied that he did not dare to make his own decisions. Lord Pingyuan wrote another letter to Lord Xinling, Prince of Wei, to the effect that: Handan is in great danger, and our country is about to perish. Your sister (Mr. Pingyuan's wife is the sister of Mr. Xinling) has been crying day and night. Young Master must also think about your sister!

After receiving this letter, Lord Xinling repeatedly begged King Wei An to ask Jin Bi to advance the army. King Wei An never agreed. Lord Xinling said to his retainers, "Your Majesty is not willing to send troops. I will go to the State of Zhao myself. If I die, I will die with them." He prepared his chariots and horses and determined to fight the Qin army. More than a thousand diners were also willing to go with him.

Passing by the east gate, Mr. Xinling got out of the car and said goodbye to his friend and gatekeeper Hou Ying. Hou Ying said coldly: "Master, take care. I'm old and can't go with you." Lord Xinling said goodbye to him and left. Not far away, the more Mr. Xinling thought about it, the more he felt something was wrong. Hou Sheng didn't even say a considerate word, so he couldn't help but go back and ask again.

When Hou Sheng saw Lord Xinling coming back, he said, "I'm sure the young master will definitely come back!"

Lord Xinling said, "I think I must have offended Mr. , I came back specifically to ask for advice from my husband."

Hou Sheng said: "You have been a disciple of the Young Master for decades. If you go to Qin's military camp like this, you are like a sheep fighting a wolf. Are you going to die?"

Hou Sheng then said to Lord Xinling: "The one our king loves most is Ru Ji. When Ru Ji's father was killed, she asked the king to avenge her, and later he was still the prince. She asked the retainer to avenge Ru Ji and give her the enemy's head. Ru Ji was very grateful to the young master for this matter, and she was willing to die for the young master.

The young master only needs to ask her to steal the military talisman and use the military talisman to seize Jin Bi's army in order to fight Qin. ”

Jun Xinling was reminded by Hou Sheng, so he went to discuss it with Ruji. Ruji stole the military talisman that night and gave it to Lord Xinling. Lord Xinling took the military talisman and went to the east gate. Saying goodbye to Hou Sheng, Hou Sheng said: "My friend Zhu Hai is one of the greatest warriors in the world. If Jin Bi does not hand over the military power, the young master will ask Zhu Hai to kill him. "

Mr. "With that said, he took out the military talisman and checked it.

But Jin Bi became suspicious and said: "I have to inform the king about this important military matter..." Before he could finish his words, Zhu Hai came from He took out a 40-pound hammer from his sleeve and hit Jin Bi's head. Jin Bi's head was smashed to pieces.

Xinlingjun took the military talisman and gave the order to the soldiers: " If both the father and son are in the army, the father can go back; if the elder brother and younger brother are both in the army, the older brother can go back; the only son can go back to support the elderly; the sick or weak can also go back. The rest of the people came with me to save Zhao Guo. ”

Xinlingjun reorganized his troops, with a total of 80,000 elite soldiers. He directed these 80,000 soldiers to charge towards Qin’s barracks. The Qin general did not expect that Wei’s army would suddenly attack , and resisted for a while. Pingyuan Jun also opened the city gate and led the Zhao army to attack from both sides, causing the Qin army to fall like a landslide.

For many years, Qin had not suffered such a major defeat. King Qin Zhaoxiang quickly ordered his troops to retreat. Half of his troops had been killed and wounded. Zheng Anping's 20,000 troops were cut off from their retreat, and he led 20,000 troops. Surrendered to Lord Xinling

King Zhao Xiaocheng came to the Wei barracks in person to thank Lord Xinling and said: "Young Master Quanzhang saved Zhao! "Mr.

Xuanhe Daliang City

Even if you die, your bones will be fragrant,

You will not be ashamed of being the best in the world.