Let teenagers know about China.
China's traditional culture should include: ancient prose, poetry, ci, qu, fu, national music, national drama, quyi, traditional Chinese painting, calligraphy, couplets, riddles, shot put, alcoholic drinks and two-part allegorical sayings. Traditional festivals (all according to the lunar calendar) include: Spring Festival on the first day of the first month (Lunar New Year), Lantern Festival on the fifteenth day of the first month, Tomb-Sweeping Day on April 5th, Dragon Boat Festival on May 5th, Qixi on July 7th, Mid-Autumn Festival on August 15th, Lunar New Year's Eve and various folk customs. China's ancient natural sciences, including traditional calendars, and the traditional cultures of various regions and ethnic minorities living in the big family of the Chinese nation are also part of China's traditional culture.
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2.24 How did the solar terms come from? In the 2 1 century, does it still exist?
Twenty-four solar terms are the original cultural heritage of working people in China, which can reflect the changes of seasons, guide agricultural activities and affect the food, clothing, housing and transportation of thousands of households. Since 2000, the main political activity center in China has been concentrated in the Yellow River Basin, and the 24 solar terms have been established on the basis of the climate and phenology in this area. Due to the vast territory and changeable terrain of China, the 24 solar terms are only a reference for many regions.
As early as the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, people in China had the concepts of Solstice in the South and Solstice in the North. Subsequently, people divided the year into 24 equal parts according to the relationship between the running position of the sun and the moon at the beginning and middle of the month and the natural utilization such as weather, animal and plant growth. And give each equal part a proper noun, that is, twenty-four solar terms. By the end of the Warring States Period, the solar terms had eight names: beginning of spring, Vernal Equinox, Long Summer, Summer Solstice, beginning of autumn, Vernal Equinox, beginning of winter and Winter Solstice. These eight solar terms are the most important of the 24 solar terms. These eight solar terms mark the change of seasons and clearly divide the four seasons of the year. Later, when the book Huai Nan Zi was published, the names of the 24 solar terms were exactly the same as those of the modern ones.
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3. What is the symbol of the world-famous Dunhuang murals? What are its characteristics?
Dunhuang murals generally refer to the existing murals in Dunhuang Grottoes. Dunhuang murals include Dunhuang Mogao Grottoes, West Thousand Buddha Cave and Anxi Yulin Grottoes. There are 552 grottoes with over 50,000 square meters of frescoes. It is the cave group with the largest number of murals in China and even in the world, with very rich contents. Dunhuang murals are the main part of Dunhuang art, with huge scale and exquisite skills. Dunhuang murals are rich in content. Like other religious arts, it is an art that describes the image, activities and relationship between God and man, in order to pin people's good wishes and appease people's hearts. Therefore, the style of mural painting is different from that of secular painting. However, any art originates from real life, and any art has its national tradition; Therefore, most of their forms come from the same artistic language and expression techniques and have the same national style. Famous Dunhuang murals include The Story of Nine-colored Deer Saving People, The Biography of Sakyamuni, The Story of Sa Chunna Giving Her Life to Feed the Tiger, etc.
There are two spiritual images (Buddha, Bodhisattva, etc.). ) and the vulgar images in Dunhuang murals (sacrificial figures and figures in story paintings). Both of these images come from real life, but they are different in nature. From the modeling point of view, the image of laity is full of life and the characteristics of the times are more distinct; The image of the gods changes less, and there are more elements of imagination and exaggeration. In terms of clothing, laymen mostly wear Chinese clothes in the Central Plains, while immortals wear them abroad. The method of daubing is also different. Mediocre people often use the Central Plains daubing method, while immortals often use the Western concave-convex method. These are constantly changing with the times.
A problem closely related to modeling is deformation. Dunhuang murals inherit the deformation techniques of traditional painting and skillfully shape various figures, animals and plants. Different times, different aesthetics, different degrees and ways of deformation. In the early stage, the deformation is large, there are many romantic elements, and the image characteristics are distinct and disastrous; After Sui and Tang Dynasties, there was less deformation, stronger three-dimensional sense and stronger realism.
There are generally two methods of deformation: one is exaggerated deformation, and the other is to make regular changes on the basis of the prototype of the character, that is, to lengthen it into a disaster. For example, the bodhisattva in the late Northern Wei Dynasty or the Western Wei Dynasty greatly increased the length of clothes, fingers and neck, exposed the bones on the edge, used the distance to eat grass, and the corners of her mouth were upturned, shaped like petals; After transformation, it has become a romantic and unique "showing bones and treating elephants". Quangang Lux tends to exaggerate horizontally, with thick limbs, short neck, big head and belly, protruding eyebrows and eyes, emphasizing superior physical strength and strength. These two characters are the result of exaggeration.
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The famous scholar Yu believes that the most exciting project in the history of China is Dujiangyan, not the Great Wall. Why?
Yudu Jiangyan Original (full text)
one
I think the most exciting project in the history of China is not the Great Wall, but Dujiangyan.
Of course, the Great Wall is also great. No matter how Meng Jiangnv cried and stood far away, this suffering nation actually built a Wan Li barrier between barren hills and deserts with manpower, leaving a kind of pride of human willpower for our living planet. The Great Wall has lost its flavor in Badaling, but in Gansu, Shaanxi, Shanxi and Inner Mongolia, the vigorous cold wind roared between broken walls, and the faint sunset merged with the desolate wilderness, which made people feel deeply shocked by history, time and nation.
However, just a few decades before Qin Shihuang ordered the construction of the Great Wall, an extraordinary project had been completed on the Sichuan Plain. On the surface, its scale is far less magnificent than the Great Wall, but it is destined to benefit the Millennium steadily. If the Great Wall occupies a vast space, it actually occupies a long time. The social function of the Great Wall has long been abandoned, and it is still conveying gurgling water for countless people. With it, the changeable Sichuan Plain has become a land of abundance. Whenever there is a major disaster in our country, the land of abundance always calmly provides shelter and support. Therefore, it is no exaggeration to say that it has permanently irrigated the Chinese nation. With it, only Zhuge Liang and Liu Bei have great talents, and only Li Bai, Du Fu and Lu You have brilliant careers in Sichuan. More precisely, with it, China has a relatively stable rear in War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression.
Its current is not as abrupt as the Great Wall of Wan Li, but it penetrates and extends step by step, and the extension distance is not shorter than the Great Wall. The civilization of the Great Wall is a rigid sculpture, and its civilization is a life of wisdom. The Great Wall assumes a high-level position waiting for people to repair, but it is humble in a corner, like a country mother who never shows off, asks for nothing, and only knows dedication. As soon as I checked my resume, the Great Wall was just its successor, Dujiangyan.
two
Before I went to Dujiangyan, I thought it was just a water conservancy project, and it wouldn't have much sightseeing value. Even Gezhouba has seen it. What else can it do? Just to visit Qingcheng Mountain, you have to pass through guanxian, which is nearby. Just take a look. So when I got off at guanxian, my mind was lazy and my steps were scattered. I wandered around the street just to see Qingcheng Mountain.
Turning around, it has changed from a humble market to a lush place. My face is getting wetter and wetter, my eyes are getting clearer and clearer, and no one gives me directions, just going to a wetter and clearer place. Suddenly, something abnormal began to appear between heaven and earth, a faint commotion, a sound that was not too loud but must be loud, which filled Zhou. For example, earthquake precursors, such as tsunami, such as landslide, I feel a sense of tension all over, so nervous that I am eager to be attached. I don't know if I left by myself or was sucked by it. Finally, I was suddenly surprised. I stood in front of fulongguan. Before my eyes, the torrent surged and the earth trembled. Even standing on the rocks by the sea, there is no such powerful charm of water as here. Sea water is an elegant gathering, gathering too deep and boundless, making people forget that it is real water and can be held in their hands. The water here is different, and it is not an exaggeration to say it, but the stocks are full of energy, competing with the power of flying and the noisy life together. This kind of competition is very regular, running and running. When you meet the diversion dike in the middle of the river, brush the ground, split in two and go straight out. The two streams hit a solid dam respectively, immediately turned around and changed direction, and then hit another solid dam, so they were adjusted according to the instructions of the dam builder ... Maybe the water was a little angry with its docility, suddenly ran wild, and suddenly rolled and roared, but it got worse and worse. It has roared to the point where people hold their breath, and not a drop of water has splashed in the wrong direction. Between the gloomy atmosphere, a thousand-year war of containment continues. Water has suffered enough here, and it has also made a splash, just like the Millennium War. Just like a large number of marathon runners who have crossed various obstacles, they have paid the most powerful life to the rules, expectations and the public. Watching clouds, fog and sunrise, each has its own scenic spots. Watch the water, don't forget Dujiangyan.
three
All this, first of all, is due to Bing, who is too far away to see.
Fortunately for Sichuan, there was an unobtrusive appointment in 25 1 BC: Li Bing was appointed as the commander of Shu County.
Since then, the practice of China's Millennium officialdom has been to select a group of scholars with their own opinions as bureaucrats who are not good at anything, while Li Bing became a practical scientist because of his official position. There are obviously two completely different political trends here. In Li Bing's view, the meaning of politics is seeking truth from facts, eliminating disasters, nourishing and nurturing. What it wants to achieve is both concrete and simple. He got a simple truth that even children can understand: since the biggest problem in Sichuan is drought and flood, the ruler of Sichuan must become a water conservancy scientist.
Not long ago, I received a business card from a promising mayor. The title was only printed as "Civil Engineer", and I immediately thought of Li Bing.
There is no evidence to prove Li Bing's political talent, but because of him, China also has a clean political program.
He is a county magistrate, holding a long bell and standing by the surging river, completing the prototype of the word "longevity". For thousands of years, the long bell has repeatedly argued with the golden staff, the jade seal and the iron halberd steel hammer. He failed, after all, he won again.
He began to map the water system. This atlas can echo today's disarmament data and the route to the moon.
He certainly didn't study water conservancy there. However, he took the mission as the school, practiced hard for several years, and summed up the three-character classic "Deep scouring the beach, low weir" and the eight-character mantra "Cut corners when you meet the bay, and paint your heart when you are right", which is still the standard of water conservancy projects until the 20th century. His knowledge is always dripping, and then the thick classics he didn't know for many years have dried up and are too brittle to read.
He didn't expect that his strategy of water control was soon replaced by the strategy of governing people; He didn't expect that the fertile soil he wanted to irrigate would become a battlefield forever, and most of the rice on the fertile soil would be used as military food. All he knows is that this man must have clean water and rice if he wants not to become extinct.
He is both stupid and clever. He is clumsy and clever. He entered the clearest anthropological thinking with the thinking of the old farmer in the field.
He left no information about his life, only a hard dam for people to guess. People come here and wonder again and again: who is this? Died two thousand years ago, but he is still directing the current. Standing in front of Jiang Xin's sentry box, the shouts, exhortations and appeasement of "you go this way, he goes that way" are endless. No one can live this long.
Qin Shihuang ordered the construction of the Great Wall, which was magnificent, shocking and cruel. His instructions to build a weir and dam are wise, kind and transparent.
What kind of starting point will have what kind of continuation. The Great Wall is half brave and half showy, and it has been like this for generations. Today, the Great Wall often becomes ostentation and extravagance. Dujiangyan is clear from the beginning, and therefore, its history always shows extraordinary elegance. When Li Bing was alive, considering the continuation of his career, he ordered his son to be three stone men, live in the river and measure the water level. 400 years after Li Bing's death, perhaps three stone figures have been damaged. In the Han dynasty, the water official rebuilt the height and measured the water level with a 3-meter "three-god stone man" One of the "three gods and stone men" is the statue of Li Bing. This Han Dynasty water conservancy official must have inherited the great spirit of Li Bing before he dared to put his respected ancestors in Jiang Zhong Town for water conservancy survey. He understands the mind of ice, and only there is his most suitable position. This design was successfully implemented without opposition. It can only be said that Dujiangyan has shed a unique spiritual world for itself.
The stone statue was finally buried by the mud of the years. When unearthed in the 1970s, there was a stone statue with a broken head and a long bell in its hand. Some people say this is Li Bing's son. Even if not, I still regard him as Li Bing's son. When a modern writer saw the statue, he was heartbroken. "Without mud, he smiled, but his neck was broken." From this, the writer asked the modern officialdom: alive or dead, where should I stand? The unearthed stone statues are now on display at Fulongguan. People silently paid tribute to them in the roaring sound of water. Here, I suddenly have some optimism about the history of China. As long as Dujiangyan does not collapse, Li Bing's spirit will not dissipate, and Li Bing's son will be propagated from generation to generation. The roaring river is the last words of the most holy and good.
four
Go on and see a cable bridge across the river. The bridge is very high, and the bridge cables are made of hemp rope and bamboo strips. When you cross it, the bridge will swing violently. The more you hesitate to advance and retreat, the greater the swing. Peeking under the bridge at such a high place will make you lose your mind, but this is a cable bridge, and there are loopholes everywhere, so you can't help looking. At first glance, I was surprised. At the foot of the river, running from such a distant place, a resolute momentum, with a cold wind, rose into the sky, sharp and harsh. I stood so high that I felt its cold skin. I guess it comes from the snow-capped mountains. However, if you look at the other side of the bridge, it just turns into many shining canals, turning evil into good. How smoothly man tames the forces of nature. If human beings are so frugal in everything, the earth will be different.
But human beings always lack self-confidence, advance and retreat, stop and go, constantly consume themselves, and constantly consume for the sake of consumption. As a result, Li Bing, who was only a little more confident, became a god in people's hearts. At the foot of Lei Yu Mountain, not far from the eastern end of the cable bridge, there is an Erwang Temple dedicated to Li Bing and his son. People worship people who are more like themselves. The bells and cymbals chimed, one in the morning and one in the evening, one heavy and one light, accompanied by Jiang Tao's roar.
People like Li Bing should find a quiet place to commemorate it. It is also popular to build the Erwang Temple.
People who really benefit the people are upgraded to gods, and God's world will become reasonable, comfortable and amiable. China's religion has a lot of secular flavor, so secular human feelings will also be infected with religious light. In the long run, Dujiangyan has become a bridge pier connecting two worlds.
Going to a remote area to see Nuo opera, a lot of content is not interesting. What makes me particularly happy is that Hebo, the water god in Nuo Opera, was replaced by Li Bing from guanxian. Li Bing, the water god in Nuo Opera, is much more active than Li Bing in Erwang Temple. People danced and shouted around him, praying that countless Dujiangyan would bring good weather and water and soil to the whole country. Nuo opera originally originated from myth. With a Li Bing, the myth came to reality, and the profound spiritual kingdom was suddenly close to the earth and the people.
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