Research history of polio vaccine

One of the most famous polio patients in history is franklin roosevelt. In the summer of 192 1, he was infected with polio after swimming, which eventually led to paralysis of his lower limbs. From 65438 to 0938, Roosevelt established the National Polio Foundation to treat polio patients and promote the development of vaccines. With the support of the Foundation, it took Dr. Jonas Salk nearly nine years to successfully develop the first successful polio vaccine on 1953, which is another major breakthrough in vaccine research after smallpox vaccine, diphtheria vaccine and influenza vaccine. This vaccine is an inactivated vaccine (IPV), that is, the virus is killed and made into a vaccine for injection. Jonas salk also carried out vaccination experiments on himself, his wife and children. As a result, corresponding antibodies appeared in their bodies, and they did not suffer from polio. The effective rate of this vaccine to protect children from polio is about 80% to 90%. For a long time, this vaccine has become the standard measure to prevent polio.

IPV vaccine works well, but it is not good enough to effectively block the spread of the virus. In 1950s, Albert Sabin of the University of Cincinnati also conducted vaccine research with the support of the National Polio Foundation. Different from IPV, Albert Sabin cultured polio virus from generation to generation in monkey kidney cells, Vero cells and human diploid fibroblasts until the attenuated strain was screened. The obtained vaccine is called oral (attenuated) polio vaccine (OPV). This vaccine was a great success, and Albert Sabin's research team won the 1965 Nobel Prize in Medicine.

Since the successful development of polio vaccine in 1950s, the epidemic situation of polio has been effectively controlled, and the global incidence of polio has been declining year by year, and human beings have seen the opportunity to eradicate the disease. David heyman, head of the World Health Organization's polio eradication project, said: "In our view, it is realistic and feasible to eradicate this disease within a predetermined period of time." However, due to many problems such as poverty and war, polio vaccination is often disturbed in some areas, and even the virus resurfaces.

In 2005, wild poliovirus was prevalent in six countries around the world, including three countries bordering China. Moreover, some countries that have eliminated polio, such as Indonesia and Yemen, have successively spread imported wild poliovirus, resulting in polio epidemic in some areas. Since 2004, this kind of import event has occurred repeatedly in 18 polio-free countries all over the world. Once the conditions are ripe, wild poliovirus may still make a comeback.

From June 5, 2000 to 10, the World Health Organization declared the western Pacific as a polio-free area, which indicated that China had reached the goal of polio-free. However, there are still many cases of wild poliovirus in neighboring countries. There are many weak links in immunization programs in some areas of China. In China, following the outbreak of polio vaccine-derived virus (VDPV) in Guizhou Province in 2004, VDPV was discovered in Anhui Province in 2005. Three neighboring countries with wild strains also pose an import threat to China, so the polio-free work in China is facing severe challenges. At present, China's polio vaccine has been included in the children's immunization program, and children are vaccinated free of charge. 1953 successfully developed the first polio vaccine. This vaccine is an inactivated vaccine (IPV), that is, the virus is killed and then made into a vaccine for injection. This vaccine is an inactivated vaccine (IPV), that is, the virus is killed and made into a vaccine for injection. 1955, inactivated polio vaccine (IPV) was introduced to the United States and widely used. In 1950s, oral polio vaccine (OPV) was successfully developed. Different from IPV, Albert Sabin cultured poliovirus from generation to generation in monkey kidney cells, Vero cells and human diploid fibroblasts until a weak virulence strain was screened out. The obtained vaccine is called oral (attenuated) polio vaccine (OPV). At present, oral (attenuated) polio vaccine (OPV) is widely used.