Vertebrates and invertebrates are collectively called animals, right?

Animals are a large group of multicellular eukaryotes, known as the animal kingdom. Generally, inorganic substances cannot synthesize organic substances, and only organic substances (plants, animals or microorganisms) can be used as food, so it has different morphological structure and physiological functions from plants to carry out life activities such as feeding, digestion, absorption, breathing, circulation, excretion, feeling, exercise and reproduction. Zoology classifies animals with the same or similar characteristics into the same category according to their shapes, internal body structures, characteristics of embryonic development, physiological habits and geographical environment, and becomes chordates and invertebrates. Animals can be divided into aquatic animals and terrestrial animals according to whether they are aquatic or terrestrial; According to whether there are feathers, they can be divided into feathered animals and featherless animals. In addition to the above two features, we can also use other features to classify. Animals also have a variety of classification methods. By dissecting different animals, we can find that some animals have thorns in their bodies, while others have no thorns. According to whether there are thorns in their bodies, we can divide all animals into vertebrates and invertebrates. Note: people also belong to animals, and they are advanced animals.

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The history of the animal kingdom is a long process of animal origin, differentiation and evolution. It is a process from single cell to multi-cell, from invertebrate to vertebrate, from low level to high level, from simple to complex. The earliest single-celled protozoa evolved into multicellular invertebrates, and gradually appeared in the phylum Sponge, Coelenterata, Platforms, Newtonian, Linear, Annelida, Mollusca, Arthropod and Echinoderm. Vertebrates evolved from echinoderms without spines. The earliest vertebrate was cirrhosis, and the upper and lower jaws appeared in the evolution process, from aquatic to terrestrial. Amphibians were the first vertebrates to land. Although amphibians have been able to go ashore, they still have not completely got rid of the shackles of the water environment. They must lay eggs and breed in the water to spend their childhood. From primitive amphibians to reptiles. Reptiles can lay eggs and hatch on land, completely get rid of dependence on water and become real terrestrial animals. Reptiles and their predecessors belong to warm-blooded animals, and their bodies will become cold and stiff. At this time, they have to stop their activities and enter a dormant state. Then reptiles evolved into birds, into warm-blooded animals, and finally evolved into viviparous mammals, without entering a dormant state, and humans are the most advanced animals among mammals.

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At present, there are about 6.5438+0.5 million known animal species. It can be divided into invertebrates and vertebrates. Scientists have identified more than 46,900 species of vertebrates. Including carp, yellow croaker and other fish animals, snakes, lizards and other reptiles, as well as familiar birds and mammals. Scientists have also discovered about 65438+300,000 species of invertebrates. Most of these animals are insects and most of them are beetles. In addition, animals such as slugs and sponges belong to invertebrates. 1. Invertebrates include protozoa, flatworms, coelenterates, echinoderms, arthropods, mollusks, annelids and linear animals. So invertebrates account for more than 90% of all animals in the world. 2. Vertebrates include fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals. The characteristic of vertebrates is that the spine consists of vertebrae (the notochord is only visible in the embryonic stage). The spine protects the spinal cord, and the spine and other bones form the unique endoskeleton system of vertebrates. There is an obvious head, and the front end of the dorsal neural tube differentiates into the brain and other sensory organs, such as eyes and ears. The brain and sensory organs are concentrated in the head, which can enhance the animal's induction to the outside world. The body is covered by epidermis and dermis. The skin has glands, and the skin of most vertebrates has protective structures such as scales, feathers and body hair. There is a complete digestive system, tongue in the mouth, most teeth, liver and pancreas. The circulatory system includes the heart, arteries, veins and blood vessels. The excretory system consists of two kidneys and a bladder. There are endocrine glands, which can regulate body function, growth and reproduction through hormones.

fish

Features: aquatic animals (can only live in water). The skin is covered with scales and belongs to warm-blooded animals. A warm-blooded animal with fins (which can swim in water) breathes through its gills. In vitro fertilization is mainly ovoid, but also viviparous and ovoviviparous. There are many kinds of fish, mainly divided into cartilage. For example, sharks are characterized by tough skin, tiny scales, no swim bladder, asymmetric caudal fin, five pairs of gills and no gill cover. Examples of hard bones: characteristics of rays: bones are hard bones, and there are many mucous glands on the skin, which are covered with bone scales and have swim bladders.

batrachians

(Amphilia) Features: It needs to spend its infancy in the water. It has a skeletal structure adapted to land, with limbs, moist skin and many glands. The body has no scales and body hair. The tongue is forked, inverted and can extend outward. fish

Mating and fertilization are carried out in water. Larvae breathe through gills, while adults breathe through skin, inner wall of mouth and lungs. Classification of Amphibians: Anura: Toad Features: It has a skeletal system adapted to land life, and its body, trunk and limbs are split. The forelimb has four toes, and the hind limb has five toes and webbed toes. The hind limbs are suitable for swimming and jumping, but the main respiratory organs are the inner wall of the mouth and the skin. There is a tail example: salamander features: a skeletal system adapted to land life, and a slender body.

reptile

Characteristics: terrestrial animals. Their skin is covered with scales or shields. They have waterproof skin and lose water. They belong to temperature-changing animals (their body temperature changes due to external temperature or heat source). They are mainly distributed in warmer areas of the earth. They are fertilized, oviparous or viviparous in vivo. They lay eggs on land. Eggs are wrapped in waterproof shells. The classification of reptiles testbyfindwo has an example of podded: turtle characteristics: hard shell. The upper and lower jaws have no teeth, but they have horny sheaths. The eggs have been laid. They can be divided into terrestrial, aquatic or marine life. For example: Cobra's characteristics: no limbs, shoulder straps and sternum. No active eyes, face and external auditory canal. The end of the tongue is bifurcated. Strong elasticity. The skin has scales, and it can swallow prey larger than its own body diameter. The organs of snakes are specialized and the left lung is degenerated. Snakes shed their skin regularly, which can make them grow constantly and is beneficial to reproduction.

bird

Features: The whole body is covered with feathers, the body is streamlined and has a horny beak. The eyes are on both sides of the head, and the neck is long and flexible, which can turn 270 degrees. The forelimbs are specialized into wings, and the hind limbs have scaly skin and four toes. Warm-blooded animals (they can generate heat through their own physiological processes, and they can maintain a high and constant body temperature even if the outside temperature is very low). The average body temperature is about 10 degrees higher than that of mammals (. The skin is thin and soft, which is beneficial to the strenuous exercise of muscles. (2) vigorous metabolism and constant body temperature. Persistent high body temperature promotes the speed of metabolism in the body. Constant temperature reduces the dependence of animals on external temperature conditions and gains the ability to move and survive at night in the polar continent. (3) The nervous system and senses are developed. Birds have developed brains, cerebellums and midbrains. The cerebral hemisphere is larger, which is mainly due to the increase of striatum at the bottom of the brain. In birds, striatum is an advanced part of managing sports, and it is also related to some complicated living habits. Experiments show that after a part of striatum is removed, its normal excitement and inhibition are destroyed, vision is affected, and courtship and nesting habits are lost. Birds have underdeveloped cerebral cortex and developed cerebellum, which is related to the coordination and balance of bird flight movements. (4) Having perfect breeding methods and behaviors (nesting, hatching and brooding). 2. Classification of Birds (1) The main characteristics of the flat-chested suborder are: strong hind legs, flat chest, no keel process and no flight ability; Feathers are distributed all over the body, and there is no distinction between feather areas and bare areas. Feather branches have no hooks, so they don't form feathers. Common species are ostriches and chicks. (2) The medium and large birds of Penguina have a series of characteristics to adapt to diving life. The forelimbs are fin-shaped and suitable for paddling. Scaly and flaky feathers (short axis and narrow feathers) are evenly distributed on the body surface. The tail is short, the legs are short and move to the back of the body, and there is a bun between the toes to adapt to swimming life. When walking on land, the body is almost upright and swings from side to side. The subcutaneous fat is developed, which is conducive to maintaining body temperature in cold areas and water. The bone is heavy and has not expanded. The sternum has a well-developed keel-like process, which is related to the forward stroke. Swim fast. The distribution of this use is limited to the southern hemisphere. The representative is the emperor penguin. (3) The breastplate usually has developed wings and is good at flying. The keel suddenly reaches, and the last 4 ~ 6 coccygeal vertebrae heal into one coccyx. Generally, it has an inflatable skeleton, and normal feathers develop well, forming feathers, and the body surface is divided into feather areas and bare areas. Most males have no mating organs. There are many kinds of birds in this category. For the convenience of research, we can discuss their groups from two aspects. On the one hand, it is divided into seven ecological types according to ecological types: swimming birds, wading birds, quail chickens, pigeons, climbing birds, raptors and songbirds. Birds: Beaks are flat, wide or pointed, legs are short and webbed, and wings are strong or degenerate. Wading birds: long and thin beaks, long feet and toes, undeveloped fins and strong wings. Quail chicken: the peck is short and powerful, the claws are strong, and the wings are short and round. Pigeons and pigeons: short beak, wax film at the base, short and healthy feet and developed wings. Crawler: The beak is hard, the feet are short and healthy, the toes are right and the wings are developed. Raptor: beak is strong and hooked, foot is strong, claws are pointed and hooked, wings are strong and good at flying. Songbirds: Beaks are different, feet are short and thin, and wings are developed. On the other hand, according to the characteristics of morphological structure, it is divided into several purposes to study. The following are some common purposes. Pelodiformes: move forward everywhere, with a complete poof in the middle; The beak is hooked and has a well-developed laryngeal sac. Young birds belong to late birds and swimming birds, such as cormorants. Crane orders: long neck, long beak, long legs, three toes in front and one behind, and four toes in the same plane. Young birds belong to late-maturing birds, involving birds, and the common species are egrets. Zoology: the mouth is flat, the carapace is thickened, and there are comb-like protrusions on the edge; Legs are short and backward, toes are three in front and one in back, webbed between toes, and wing mirrors are often found on male wings; Male birds have mating devices; Young birds are early birds and swimming birds. Common species are swans and wild ducks. Hawkiformes: the mouth has a pointed hook, developed claws and strong flying ability; Sharp vision, raptors and chicks are all late birds. Common species are kites, kestrels and golden eagles. Chicken shape order: strong; The beak is short and conical; Short and round wings, good at walking; The male bird has a crown of meat on his head and bright feathers; The behavior during the breeding period is complex, and quail chickens and young birds belong to early adult birds. Such as brown eared pheasant, golden pheasant with red belly, etc. Crane order: beak is long, neck is long, legs are long, toes are three in front and one in the back, webbed between toes is underdeveloped, and the position of hind toes is high, which is not on the same plane as other three toes. Young birds are early birds, involving birds. Common species are red-crowned crane and gray crane. Pigeon: short beak with wax film; Four toes in the same plane, short feet, healthy, good at walking; The crops are developed, and the chicks are late-maturing birds or early-maturing birds, which are pigeons. Common species are pigeon, grouse and so on. Owls: powerful beak and claws, hooked; The head is big, the eyes are big and forward, and the feathers around the eyes form a face plate; Ear holes are large, with ear feathers and keen hearing; The fourth place can be reversed; Young birds are late-maturing birds, raptors. The main species are long-eared owls and short-eared owls. ? Shape: the mouth is conical, suitable for pecking wood; The tongue has a long horny hook; Toes are two front and two back; Young birds are late-maturing birds, and they are climbing birds. Common species such as spotted woodpecker. Passeriformes: sound tube and sound bone are developed; Toes are in front and behind, on the same plane, suitable for nesting. Young birds belong to late adults and songbirds. Common species are larks and house swallows.

mammal

Features: there is a spine connected by many vertebrae in the body; Full of hair, chewing and digesting with your mouth can improve the intake of energy and nutrition; Viviparous (except platypus and echidna), breastfeeding; Constant temperature. It can also keep the body temperature relatively constant when the environmental temperature changes, thus reducing the dependence on the external environment and expanding the distribution range; The skull is bigger and the brain is quite developed, which surpasses other animals in intelligence and adaptation to the environment; The inner limbs are strong and sensitive, and have the ability to move quickly; The left and right ventricles of the heart are completely separated; Teeth are divided into incisors, canines and buccal teeth. Mammalian classification 1. The main feature (1) is covered with hair and has the ability to move quickly on land. Hair is unique to mammals, and mammals generally change their hair twice a year: spring and autumn. Molting is the adaptation of mammals to seasonal changes. (2) oral chewing and digestion. The digestive tract is highly differentiated, with developed digestive glands and diversified digestive enzymes. Mammalian teeth can be divided into incisors, canines and molars. The type and number of teeth is one of the bases of mammalian classification. (3) The body temperature is constant and the dependence on the environment is reduced. mammal

(4) It has a highly developed nervous system and senses and strong coordination ability. Mammalian nervous system is characterized by the enlargement of brain and cerebellum, the aggregation of nerve cells and the thickening of cortex. Wrinkles (grooves and rings) appear on the surface. (5) During viviparous and lactation, the survival rate of offspring is high. Primitive mammals lay eggs with shells. (for example, platypus) Later mammals did not have a real placenta, and young children developed in nursing bags. Real mammals (such as kangaroos) have placentas, which are produced after the fetus is fully developed. It accounts for the vast majority of mammals and is divided into fourteen categories. Insectivores (such as moles), scaly animals (such as pangolins), Chiroptera (such as bats), rabbits (such as rabbits), rodents (such as rats and porcupines), toothless animals (such as anteaters), carnivores (such as lions, dogs and pandas), walruses (such as manatees) whales (such as dolphins and beaks (such as elephants). For example, elephant features: it is the largest living land animal. Its ears are wide and flat, its nose is very long, which can help it eat, its body hair degenerates, and its soles have thick elastic tissue pads to support its weight. Its upper front teeth are particularly developed and grow outside the body. Its food is mainly plants. For example, the characteristics of anteater: its forelimbs are two to three fingers long and can be used to dig ant nests. It has no front teeth, so it can kiss. It can be attached to termites, and its tail is long and hairy. It lives in grasslands and swamps and is good at swimming. It feeds on termites and ants. For example, the characteristics of bats: specialized forelimbs, special phalanges, thin and tough wing membranes between phalanges and body sides and hind limbs, used as flying organs. The hind legs have claws, and you can stand upside down. Sternal process, clavicle developed, easy to fly. Most bats like insects and are good at catching insects in flight. A few people eat fruit. For example, the characteristics of dolphins: marine mammals are also freshwater species. Dolphins belong to toothed whales. Their bodies are linear, their necks are difficult to distinguish, and their cervical vertebrae heal. Their heads are pointed and long, and they have endoplasmic dorsal fins. Their forelimbs are specialized into wide paddles. They have no hind legs, long tails and horizontally forked tail fins. For example, the characteristics of apes: their thumbs are opposite to other fingers and suitable for climbing.

invertebrate

Characteristics of protozoa: single-celled animals, with very simple body structure, can eat, move, reproduce and die. Very small animals that can only be observed with a microscope inhabit fresh water, sea water or body fluids of other animals. For example, amoeba, mollusk and mollusk are all very successful biological categories, including all "shellfish" animals. Octopus and squid. Most molluscs live in the ocean, some live at the junction of salty fresh water or fresh water, and some live on land. Features: the body is soft, unsegmented and symmetrical, and the back cortex extends downward into an mantle, covering most of the body. The shell of mollusks is secreted by epithelial cells of the mantle. Most mollusks have one or two shells. Such as snails and networms. Others degenerate into an inner shell and hide under the mantle, such as cuttlefish. Some species of shells disappear completely, such as gymbranchia. The characteristics of worms: the body is soft and divided into several links, and each link has a pair of excretors. Such as earthworms and nereis. Soft and round body, parasitic in animals or plants. Such as roundworms and pinworms. Arthropods are the largest family in the animal kingdom, with the largest number of animal species, accounting for about 85% of all animal species. They have strong adaptability to the environment, including seawater, fresh water, mountains, air, soil, and even animals and plants at home and abroad. The main characteristics are: the two sides of the body are symmetrical, and the body is segmented, but for example, the head and chest. Some arthropods, such as spiders, have their heads and chests fused into one head and chest. The appendages of the body, such as feet, tentacles and mouthparts, are segmented. The body wall is hard, mainly composed of chitin, which can provide protection and can also be used as an exoskeleton. Arthropods need to molt many times during the growing period because the body wall is hard and hinders growth. The sensory system is very developed, and there are two kinds of eyes: monocular and compound. One eye is used for light perception. In addition, there are organs of touch, taste, smell, hearing and balance, and many insects also have special vocal organs. The respiratory system of arthropods is quite diverse, and they can use the body surface, gills (aquatic) and trachea (terrestrial) to breathe. Spiders and other animals breathe with their lungs. Classification of arthropods: crustaceans: shrimp, crab. Spider: Spider, scorpion. Insect example: butterfly polypod example: centipede feeling: I spent a lot of time and energy looking for animal species and photos, but I think it's all worthwhile because I have read many books and outline pages about animals and insects. I found it interesting and learned a lot about animals. I also learned that zoologists classify animals according to their different characteristics and living habits. The largest terrestrial animal is the extinct Tyrannosaurus Rex, now the largest is the elephant, and the smallest is the amoeba that can only be seen with a microscope. I also learned that amphibians grow in water when they are young and live on land when they grow up. I once classified some animals as the same kind. Now I know it's a second kind of animal. I also found that everything we eat is biological, and all animals eat biological things. Most animals are useful to us, but because of our capture and killing, many animals are on the verge of extinction, especially mammals. In order to balance the ecology of nature, we should not cut down trees at will, but care for nature. Don't kill animals. Because all animals are living animals like humans. 42 phyla of animal kingdom 1 Protozoa are all single-celled animals, which are the most primitive animals. Among them, Eupolyphaga and paramecium are familiar to us. They are simple internal parasites with few recorded species. Orthoptera is similar to rhombopoda, and Polypopoda is also called spongopoda. Sponge is a primitive multicellular animal. This door has been monopolized by an animal called filariasis ~ ~, and it has to obey ~~ 6. As the name implies, "archaism" means that these animals are extinct, and "cups" means that they look like cups. 7- Coelenterata includes hydra, jellyfish, anemone and coral. Are you familiar with it? Not to mention 8 Ctenomedusae, some people classify this phylum as coelenterate. As 9 phyla of Ctenomedusae, there are worms, trematodes, tapeworms and other parasites that we often hear about. 10 benthos are marine benthos with cylindrical or long sacs. 1 1 Tongue-shaped doors are bloodsucking parasites. 12 Micrognathus is a newly discovered animal in 1994. Its taxonomic status is still difficult to determine, and human beings know little about it. 13 a similar animal, slightly taller than a platypus, 14 a small jaw dragon is very small and lives in fine sand in shallow water. People don't know much about the huge family of 15 Nematoda, including many people's stomachs-roundworm 16 gastropod, an animal with cilia on its ventral surface, 17 rotifer, a very small family. Similar to Protozoa 18 Linear phylum, an animal similar to nematodes 19 Branchiostyla is a marine benthic animal that lives in cold water near the poles. There are few recorded species: 20 species of arthropods and branchiopods, which are similar to 2 1 echinoderms. 22 armored animals. 1983 just found a new door. At present, there is no accurate classification of 23 species of moss animals in anus. Arthropods, earthworms, leeches, nereis ... all have a chain-like body. Needless to say? 25 A newly discovered class of animals is in the phylum Cirrhosis, 26-Star Insect, similar to the above insects, and 27- Mollusca contains a large number of common animals. Later, I will explain in detail 30 kinds of powerful animals in the phylum Reptilia, such as 28- Soft-tongued Snail, 29- Ampoda and Cambrian Shrimp. It can withstand high temperature, absolute zero, high radiation vacuum and high pressure. 3 1 Clawed Animalia has a worm-like body, cylindrical feet and claws at the end, and 32 arthropods are almost extinct, accounting for more than two-thirds of the animals in the animal kingdom. Let's introduce this huge family amphibian.

33 brachiopods Sometimes you will see some shell-like fossils in street stalls, which are left by this animal. The external anus once belonged to the same door as the internal anus, which is called bryozoa. Now it has been isolated from 35 centipedes, which is a very small door with only 10 species of animals and all marine benthos. Archaea died out in the Big Bang 530 million years ago. It was not until recent years that we discovered 37 species of echinoderms, a familiar phylum, including starfish, sea urchins, sea cucumbers and sea lilies. Brachiopod is a non-parasitic animal without mouth and digestive tube, which lives in the deep sea, and its taxonomic status is controversial. There are only 2 species of 39 omnivorous phylum, and only about 50 species of chaetognathus, which were once considered as flat animals and mollusks near the Baltic Sea. Or marine animals 4 1 hemichordates have worm-like bodies, and some people classify them as chordates, 42 of which are all vertebrates.