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Emperor Guangwu of Han Dynasty Liu Xiu

Liu Xiu (6-57 BC), Han nationality, was from Caiyang, Nanyang (southwest of Zaoyang, Hubei Province today). The founding emperor of the Eastern Han Dynasty, a famous statesman and military strategist in ancient China. At the end of the New Dynasty, the country fell apart and the world was in chaos. Liu Xiu, a descendant of the Western Han Dynasty royal family, and his brother took advantage of the situation in their hometown, Chongling, and raised an army to fight for the world with other heroes. In 25 AD, Liu Xiu ascended the throne and proclaimed himself emperor in Hebei, establishing the Eastern Han Dynasty. After more than ten years of unification war, Liu Xiu successively annihilated many separatist forces such as Lulin, Chimei, Kaixiao, Gongsunshu and millions of peasant uprising armies, causing disputes since the end of Xinmang. After more than 20 years of war, the land of China is once again unified. After the world was settled, Liu Xiu implemented the national policy of "eliminating martial arts and cultivating literature", developed production, and promoted Confucianism, thus laying the foundation for the Eastern Han Dynasty for nearly two hundred years.

Yanwu cultivated literature and worked hard to govern

It took nearly 20 years from the chaos in the late New Year to the reunification of the world. During this period, the people here suffered heavy casualties, including countless deaths in battle, disease and starvation. , after Liu Xiu unified the world again, the world's population was already "two out of ten". In order to restore and develop the war-torn Central Plains as quickly as possible, Liu Xiuze "knows that the world is exhausted, and rests his mind on happiness. Since the Ping of Long and Shu, he has not been cautious and has not talked about the military again." At the same time, Liu Xiu issued six consecutive orders to release slaves, which greatly improved the problem of a large number of farmers who had lost their land and became slaves since the end of the Western Han Dynasty. It also solved the problem of a large amount of land being deserted and insufficient population after the war. solve. At the same time, Liu Xiu also vigorously eliminated officials and merged counties and counties. Emperor Guangwu issued an edict: "More than 400 counties were merged into the province, the official posts were reduced, and one out of ten was replaced." This greatly reduced the people's burden. By the end of Liu Xiu's reign, the population had more than doubled to more than 20 million, and the economy had also developed greatly.

Centralize power at the Chancellery

In the name of preferential treatment to meritorious officials and noble relatives, Guangwu granted them titles, lands, houses, and high-ranking officials with generous salaries, but removed their military and political power. In view of the weight of the Three Dukes in the early Western Han Dynasty, Guangwu shifted his authority downwards. Although he established the position of the Three Dukes, he attributed all administrative power to the Shangshutai, which was located in China and under the direct command of the emperor. There is a Shangshu Ling with a rank of 1,000 shi, a Servant with a rank of 1,600 shi each, and one Shangshu each with a rank of 600 shi, who are responsible for various government affairs. There are officials such as Cheng, Lang, Lingshi, etc. below. All government orders are directly reported to Emperor Chen from the Shangshutai, and are decided by the Emperor. From then on, "all affairs in the world were submitted to the ministers, who participated in the decision-making with the masters, and then went to the three (gong) mansions." However, in the late Eastern Han Dynasty, more powerful ministers were given the title of "recording affairs of the minister", so the authority once again shifted downwards, and the minister's desk transformed into a tool for the dictatorship of powerful ministers.

Pay attention to people's livelihood and rest with the people

First, free slaves and prisoners. Since the late Western Han Dynasty, more and more farmers have been reduced to slaves and prisoners, which has become an important issue in the increasingly acute class conflicts in the late Western Han Dynasty. In Wang Mang's last years, many slaves and prisoners participated in the uprising; at the same time, there were also many slaves and prisoners in the armies of some separatist forces. When Guangwu was rebuilding the feudal regime of Liu Han, in order to disintegrate the enemy's army and strengthen his own power, as well as to stabilize social order and ease class conflicts, he issued many edicts to release slaves and stipulated that anyone who abused, killed or injured slaves would be punished. The scope of the imperial edict to free slaves and maidservants as common people mainly includes: officials and people who were illegally confiscated as slaves during Wang Mang's reign in the Han Dynasty; those who married their wives and sold their children as slaves due to poverty; and those who were sold as slaves due to famine or war in the last years of Wang Mang's reign ; Those who were plundered as wives during the war. In addition, it was also stipulated that arbitrarily killing slaves was not allowed and the "law of slaves shooting and wounding people and abandoning the market" was abolished, which showed that the status of slaves had improved compared with the past. At the same time, in the provincial edict commuting penalties, it was also announced many times that prisoners would be released, that is, "the prisoners will be exempted from becoming common people." Second, rectify the administration of officials and promote frugality. In view of the corruption of official administration and the corruption of bureaucratic extravagance in the late Western Han Dynasty, Guangwu paid attention to rectifying official administration after taking the throne, practiced frugality, rewarded integrity, and selected talented people as local officials; he also had strict requirements for local officials and strict rewards and punishments. Therefore, after the rectification, the official atmosphere changed. Therefore, the "Book of the Later Han Dynasty·Xunli Biography" has the reputation of "the internal and external bandits are relaxed, and the people are relaxed." Third, reduce taxes and restraint, save criminal law, practice martial arts and cultivate literature, do not pay attention to side merits, and rest with the people. In the early years of the Eastern Han Dynasty, in view of the decline in production and the sharp decline in population after the war, Guangwu paid attention to implementing policies to recuperate and rehabilitate the people, and first of all, to reduce taxes and reduce taxes. In the sixth year of Jianwu (AD 30), an edict was issued to restore the tax system of thirty to one tax in the early Western Han Dynasty. Next is the Provincial Criminal Code. The next step is to practice martial arts and cultivate literature, which is not about side merit. Guangwu "knows that the world is tired, and his thoughts and music are resting on his shoulders. Since the Longshu peace, he has never talked about the military again." In the 21st year of Jianwu (AD 45), the 16 countries including Shanshan and Dongshi in the Western Regions "all sent their sons to serve as servants and to ask for their protection. ... The emperor initially settled on China, and did not neglect foreign affairs, but returned it Waiter, give me a generous reward." In the twenty-seventh year of Jianwu (AD 51), the heroes Langlinghou Zanggong and Yangxuhou Mawu wrote a letter: Please take advantage of the split of the Huns and the weakening of the Northern Huns to send troops to destroy them, and achieve "the merit of carving stones for eternity". Guangwu issued an edict: "There is no good governance in the country today, disasters are endless, people cannot protect themselves, and they want to go far and far away!...It is better to calm the people." Fourth, in order to restrain the powerful forces, implement the policy of land transfer. The Eastern Han Dynasty was originally established with the support of powerful forces.

However, the development of powerful forces and the gradual seriousness of land annexation not only threatened the imperial power, but also affected the lives of the people. In order to strengthen the court's control over the country's cultivated land and labor manpower, the burden of taxation and corvee was evened out. In the fifteenth year of Jianwu (39 AD) ) issued an edict: "The prefectures and counties inspected the acres of cultivated land and the age of the household registration, and inspected the two thousand stone chief officials who were in vain." This means that each county and county was ordered to measure the land and verify the household registration as the basis for correcting the land reclamation, population and taxation. . After the edict was issued, it encountered resistance from powerful forces. Guangwu ordered the execution of Henan Yin Zhangji and more than ten prefects from other counties who had falsely transferred land, expressing his intention to pursue the investigation severely. As a result, powerful families in various places resisted, and armed rebellions even broke out in some areas, "especially in the four prefectures of Qing, Xu, You, and Ji." Guangwu had no choice but to let it go. As a result, the land cultivation ended in failure. Various policies and measures were implemented to varying degrees, creating favorable conditions for the restoration and development of social production, resulting in a substantial increase in cultivated land and population, thus laying the foundation for the eighty years of the Eastern Han Dynasty. The country’s strong material foundation.

Simplify the organization and cut redundant staff

In the sixth year of Jianwu (AD 30), an edict was issued to subordinate the prefectural and animal husbandry departments to all the actual offices. Those who can be combined can go to the two mansions of Da Situ and Da Sikong. So "there were more than 400 counties in Tiaozuo, and the official posts were reduced and one of ten was replaced." At the same time, the local military system of the Western Han Dynasty was abolished, local soldiers in various inland counties were abolished, the post of county captain was abolished, and the annual military recruitment training test in the county was also cancelled. Local defense was replaced by recruited professional troops. However, in the late Eastern Han Dynasty, the provincial governors gradually became more powerful, possessing military, political and financial power, and local military forces gradually rose again.

Promote Confucianism and commend integrity

After the founding of the People's Republic of China, the Imperial Academy was built in Luoyang, the Five Classics Doctors were established, and the Fourteen Doctors' School of the Western Han Dynasty was restored. He often visited Taixue and talked with students. Under his advocacy, schools were established in many counties and counties, and many private schools also appeared among the people. Guangwu inherited the tradition of only respecting Confucianism during the Western Han Dynasty. After the establishment of the Eastern Han Dynasty, he immediately established the Imperial Academy and set up doctors, each of whom taught the classics according to their family methods. When Guangwu visited Lu, he sent Da Sikong to worship Confucius. Later, he named Kong Zhi, a descendant of Confucius, as a Marquis of Bocheng to show his respect for Confucius and Confucianism. In particular, they worship the prophecy superstition created by the Confucian Jinwen school. At the same time, in view of the fact that some bureaucrats and celebrities in the late Western Han Dynasty were obsessed with wealth and wealth and attached themselves to Wang Mang, Guangwu commended and appointed officials and celebrities who had lived in seclusion during Wang Mang's Han Dynasty and did not serve in official positions, praising them for being loyal to the Han Dynasty and not serving in official positions. High moral integrity."