Please introduce the country of Dawan to the experts

Dawan Kingdom

The Sixty-Third Biography of Dawan

Wang Yanhai’s Translation and Annotation

Explains that "The Biography of Dawan" is a record of the kingdoms of the Western Regions Biography of national historical facts. It records in detail the events of the eight kingdoms of Dayuan, Wusun, Kangju, Yancai, Yuezhi, Anxi, Tiaozhi, and Daxia; additional notes include Kugui, Yutuo, Loulan, Gushi, Lixuan, Shendu, and Huan. The affairs of the nine kingdoms of Qian, Dayi, and Su Xie; occasionally involved in the affairs of the ten kingdoms of the southwest Yi, Ran, Yi, Qiong, Boshi, Zuo, Xi, Kunming, Yunnan, and Yue, but mainly the affairs of Dayuan and Wusun. It starts with the story of Dayuan and ends with the story of Dayuan, so it is called "Biographies of Dayuan". The article describes the products and customs of the countries in the Western Regions, focuses on Zhang Qian's two missions to the Western Regions, demonstrates the subtle relationship between the Han Dynasty and the countries in the Western Regions, and illustrates that China and the countries in the Western Regions have a long history of economic and cultural exchanges. There are political and personnel contacts. In the narrative, Sima Qian implicitly expresses Sima Qian's ridicule and exclamation for Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty's military success in successive years. However, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty insisted on sending Zhang Qian to open up the road to the Western Regions and worked hard to control the Hexi Corridor. He made a significant contribution to the economic and cultural exchanges between the Han Dynasty and Central Asian countries, and to maintaining the unity and strength of China. It has a positive history. effect.

The story in this article is detailed and appropriate, combining narrative and discussion. "(Wu Jiansi's "Historical Essays"), it is indeed a good article.

Dawan was discovered by Zhang Qian. Zhang Qian was a native of Hanzhong and served as a Langguan during the Jianyuan period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty (140 BC - 145 BC). At this time, the emperor asked the surrendered Huns. They all said that the Huns attacked and defeated King Yuezhi and used his skull as a drinking vessel. The Yueshi fled and often resented the Huns, but they had no friends to fight with them. At this time, the Han Dynasty was about to attack the Xiongnu. After hearing these statements, it wanted to send an envoy to Yuezhi to contact them. But to go to Yuezhi, you have to pass through the Xiongnu, so you recruited people who could be sent as envoys. Zhang Qian responded to the call as a Langguan and was sent as an envoy to the Yuezhi. He left Longxi with a former Huns slave named Ganfu from Tangyi. When passing by the Huns, he was captured by the Huns and handed over to the Chanyu. The Chanyu detained Zhang Qian and said, "The Yueshi are to the north of us. How can the Han Dynasty send envoys there? If we want to send envoys to South Vietnam, will the Han Dynasty allow us?" He detained Zhang Qian for more than ten years and married him. He married a wife and gave birth to a child, but Zhang Qian kept his talisman as an envoy of the Han Dynasty and did not lose it.

Zhang Qian stayed with the Xiongnu, and the Xiongnu's care for him gradually relaxed, so Zhang Qian and his followers fled to Yueshi, and ran westward for dozens of days before arriving in Dayuan. Dawan heard that the Han Dynasty was rich in money and wanted to communicate with the Han Dynasty, but failed. Now that he saw Zhang Qian, he felt happy and asked Zhang Qian: "Where do you want to go?" Zhang Qian said: "I went on a mission to the Yuezhi for the Han Dynasty, but was blocked by the Huns. Now that I have escaped from the Huns, I hope that the king will send someone to guide me. Escort us to Yuezhi. If we can really reach Yuezhi, we will return to the Han Dynasty. The gifts given to the king by the Han Dynasty are beyond words." Dayuan believed that Zhang Qian's words were true, so he asked Zhang Qian to set off and gave him. A guide and translator were sent to arrive at Kangju. Kangju transferred him to Dayuezhi again. At this time, the king of Dayuezhi had been killed by the Xiongnu, and his prince was appointed king. This king had conquered Bactria and settled here. The land here is fertile and fertile, and there are few enemies to invade it, so the mood is comfortable and happy. I also thought that I was far away from the Han Dynasty and had no intention of revenge against the Huns. Zhang Qian arrived in Daxia from the Yueshi, but after all he did not get the clear attitude of the Yueshi towards uniting the Han to attack the Huns.

Zhang Qian lived in Yuezhi for more than a year and returned home. He traveled along the Nanshan Mountains and wanted to return to Chang'an from where the Qiang people lived, but he was captured by the Huns again. He lived with the Xiongnu for more than a year. When the Chanyu died, King Zuoguli of the Xiongnu attacked the prince and established himself as the Chanyu. The country was in chaos. Zhang Qian took the opportunity to escape back to the Han Dynasty with his Hu wife and Tangyi father. In the Han Dynasty, Zhang Qian was granted the title of Taizhong Dafu, and Tang Yifu was granted the title of Envoy Lord.

Zhang Qian is strong, powerful, broad-minded, honest and trustworthy, and all barbarians like him. Tangyi's father was a Huns and was good at archery. Whenever he was in poverty and danger, he would shoot birds and animals for food. Initially, Zhang Qian had more than a hundred followers when he was sent as an envoy. Thirteen years after leaving the Han Dynasty, only he and Ganfu returned to the Han Dynasty.

When Zhang Qian visited Dayuan, Dayuezhi, Daxia, and Kangju, it was said that there were five or six big countries next to these countries. He stated the situation to the Emperor of Han one by one, saying:

Dayuan is located southwest of the Xiongnu, due west of the Han Dynasty, about 10,000 miles away from the Han Dynasty. The local custom is to settle in one place, cultivate the fields, and grow rice and wheat. Produces wine. There are many good horses. The horses are sweating and bloody. Their ancestors are the sons of Tianma. There are city walls and houses there, and there are more than 70 large and small towns under its jurisdiction, with about hundreds of thousands of people. The weapons of Dawan are bows and spears, and people ride horses and shoot arrows. It is bordered by Kangju in the north, Dayuezhi in the west, Daxia in the southwest, Wusun in the northeast, and Chugui and Yuzhi in the east. To the west of Zhi, the rivers flow westward and flow into the West Sea. The rivers east of Yuzhi all flow eastward and flow into the salt lake. The water in the salt lake flows secretly underground. To its south is the source of the Yellow River, from which the Yellow River water flows out. Jade is abundant there, and water from the Yellow River flows into China. The towns of Loulan and Gushi both have city walls and are close to Yanze. Yanze is about five thousand miles away from Chang'an. The right side of the Xiongnu was east of Yanze, up to the Longxi Great Wall, and connected to the Qiang residential area in the south, blocking the road to the Han Dynasty.

Wusun is about 2,000 miles northeast of Dayuan. It is a country where people do not settle in one place. People move around according to the needs of grazing, which is the same as the custom of the Xiongnu. There are tens of thousands of soldiers who draw bows and fight, and they are brave and good at fighting. They were originally subordinate to the Xiongnu, but when they became powerful, they took back the hostages who were bound to the Xiongnu and refused to worship the Xiongnu.

Kangju is about 2,000 miles northwest of Dawan. It is a country where people do not live in one place. The customs are mostly the same as those of the Yuezhi. There are 80,000 to 90,000 warriors who draw bows and fight, and they are neighboring countries with Dawan. The country was small, so the south was forced to serve the Yuezhi, and the east was forced to serve the Xiongnu.

Yancai is about 2,000 miles northwest of Kangju. It is a country where people do not live in one place, and its customs are mostly the same as those of Kangju. There are more than 100,000 warriors who draw bows and fight. It is close to a large swamp with no shore, probably the North Sea.

The Dayue clan is about two to three thousand miles west of Dayuan and north of the Guishui River. It is bounded by Daxia in the south, Anxi in the west, and Kangju in the north. It is a country where the people do not settle in one place. People move around according to the needs of grazing, which is the same as the custom of the Xiongnu. There are one to two hundred thousand warriors who draw bows and fight. When they were strong in the past, they despised the Xiongnu. When Maodun became the Chanyu, he defeated the Yuezhi. When the Xiongnu became the Chanyu, he killed the Yuezhi king and used the Yuezhi king's skull as a drinking vessel. At first, the Yuezhi lived between Dunhuang and Qilian. When they were defeated by the Xiongnu, most of them left here far away, passed through Dawan, and went west to attack Daxia, defeated it, and made it surrender to the Yue people. family, so the capital was built north of the Guishui River as the royal court. The remaining small group of Yuezhi people who could not leave preserved Nanshan and the place where the Qiang people lived, and they were called Xiao Yuezhi people.

It rests in a place about several thousand miles west of Dayuezhi. Their custom is to settle in one place, cultivate the fields, grow rice and wheat, and produce wine. Its towns are like Dawan. It has hundreds of towns and cities under its jurisdiction and a land area of ​​thousands of miles. It is the largest country. There is a market near Guishui, and people use cars and ships to load goods for business, sometimes to nearby countries or places thousands of miles away. They used silver to make coins, and the coins were minted to resemble the king's appearance. When the king died, they changed the coins because they wanted to imitate the king's appearance. They drew horizontal lines on the leather as text. To the west is Tiaozhi, to the north are Yancai and Lixuan.

Tiaozhi is thousands of miles west of Xi'an, close to the West Sea. The weather there is hot and humid. People tilled the fields and grew rice. There was a large bird whose eggs were as big as an urn. With a large population, some places often had small rulers, and Parthian servants governed them. Think of it as a peripheral country. The people of Tiaozhi are good at magic. The old people in Anxi said that there was Ruoshui and Queen Mother of the West in Tiaozhi State, but they had never seen them.

Daxia is located south of the Guishui River, more than 2,000 miles southwest of Dawan. The local custom is that people settle in one place, with towns and houses. The custom is the same as that of Dawan. There is no grand governor, but small governors are often set up in each town. The country's military is weak and afraid of war. People are good at doing business. When the Da Yueshi moved westward, they defeated Da Xia and ruled the entire Da Xia. There are many people in Daxia, about one million. Its capital is called Lanshi City. There is a trade market here. Sells various items. There is a poisonous country in the southeast of Daxia.

Zhang Qian said: "When I was in Daxia, I saw Qiong bamboo sticks and Shu cloth, so I asked them: 'Where did you get these things?' The people of Daxia said: 'Our merchants Bought from Shendu Country. Shendu Country is about a few thousand miles southeast of Daxia. The custom there is roughly the same as that of Daxia, but the terrain is low and humid, and its people ride elephants. Fighting. It is close to the flood. I estimate that Daxia is 12,000 miles away from the Han Dynasty and is located in the southwest of the Han Dynasty. The country of Shendu is several thousand miles southeast of Daxia. There are products from Shu County. Shu County is not far away. If the envoy to Daxia passes through the Qiang residential area, the terrain will be difficult and the Qiang people will hate it. If he goes a little further north, he will be captured by the Xiongnu. It should be a straight and dangerous route from Shu. No intruders”. The emperor has heard that Dawan, Daxia, Anxi, etc. are all big countries that produce many strange things. The people live in one place and their lives are quite similar to those of the Han Dynasty. However, their armies are weak and they value the property of the Han Dynasty. There are countries such as Dayuezhi and Kangju in the north. Their armies are powerful, but you can use gifts and benefits to induce them to come to pay homage to the Emperor of Han. And if we can really get them and make them our own with morality, then we can expand the territory of thousands of miles, and through many translations, attract people with different customs, so that the prestige and kindness of the emperor of the Han Dynasty can be spread all over the world. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty was happy and thought Zhang Qian's words were right, so he ordered Zhang Qian to send secret mission envoys from Shu County and Qianwei County, and set off in four groups at the same time: one from Zhan, one from Ran, one from Xi, and one from Qi. When Qiongbo set out, they each traveled one or two thousand miles. As a result, the northern route was blocked by Di and Zuo, and the southern route was blocked by Xi and Kunming. Countries like Kunming had no rulers and were good at robbing and stealing. They often killed and robbed the Han Dynasty envoys, but the Han Dynasty envoys failed to pass. However, I heard that more than a thousand miles west of Kunming, there was a country called Dianyue where the people rode elephants. Some of the merchants from Shu County who smuggled goods out of the country had been there, so the Han Dynasty wanted to find the country. He began to communicate with Dian Kingdom along the road of Xia Dynasty. At first, the Han Dynasty wanted to open up the southwestern barbarians, but it wasted a lot of money and the road was not opened, so they gave up. When Zhang Qian said that it was possible to reach Daxia from the southwestern barbarians, the Han Dynasty resumed the work of opening up the southwestern barbarians.

Zhang Qian followed the general Wei Qing to attack the Xiongnu as a captain. Because he knew where there were water and grass, the army could not be tired. The emperor named Zhang Qian the Marquis of Bowang. This happened in the sixth year of Yuanshuo (193 BC), Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. The next year, Zhang Qian became a guard and set out from Youbeiping with General Li Guang to attack the Xiongnu. The Xiongnu soldiers surrounded General Li, and his army suffered many casualties. However, Zhang Qian was sentenced to death because he missed the agreed time. He spent money to atone for his sin and became a commoner. In this year, the Han Dynasty sent Hussar General Huo Qubing to defeat tens of thousands of Huns in the west and came to the foot of the Qilian Mountains. The next year, King Hunxie (yé, Ye) of the Xiongnu led his people to surrender to the Han Dynasty. From then on, there were no more Huns in the area from Jincheng, the west side of Hexi and Nanshan to Yanze. The Huns sometimes sent scouts here, but this rarely happened. For two full years after this, the Han Dynasty drove the Xiongnu Chanyu to the north of the desert.

After that, the emperor repeatedly asked Zhang Qian about the affairs of Daxia and other countries. At this time, Zhang Qian had already lost the Marquis, so he said: "When I was in the Huns, I heard that the king of Wusun was named Kunmo. Kunmo's father was the king of a small country to the west of the Huns. The Huns attacked and killed Kunmo's father, and Kunmo was abandoned in the wilderness after he was born. Birds flew to him with meat in their mouths and fed him; wolves came to feed him. Shanyu felt strange and thought he was a god, so he took him in and let him grow up. When he came of age, he was asked to lead troops in battles and performed many meritorious deeds. Shanyu gave him his father's people and ordered him to stay in the Western Region for a long time and attack the small towns nearby. With tens of thousands of soldiers who could draw bows and were familiar with the art of offensive warfare, Kunmo led his people to move far away and remained independent, refusing to pay homage to the Huns. Kun Mo, who did not win, thought that Kun Mo was a god and stayed away from him. He adopted a method of restraining and controlling him instead of launching a major attack on him. Now Shan Yugang was beaten very tired by the Han Dynasty, and it turned out that King Hunxie controlled him. There is no one to guard the place. It is the custom of the barbarians to covet the property of the Han Dynasty. If they can really give Wusun rich property at this time, he will be tempted to move eastward and live in the place originally controlled by King Hunxie, and join the Han Dynasty. Becoming brothers, according to the situation, Kunmo should be able to accept it. If he accepts this arrangement, then it will cut off the right arm of the Xiongnu. After uniting Wusun, Daxia and other countries to its west can be attracted. As a foreign vassal state." Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty believed that Zhang Qian was right and appointed him as Zhonglang General. He led 300 people, each with two horses, tens of thousands of cattle and sheep, and carried money, cloth and silk worth tens of millions. He was also equipped with many deputies holding talismans. If the road can be opened, send them to the neighboring country.

Zhang Qian has arrived at Wusun. King Kunmo of Wusun received the Han Dynasty envoy with the same courtesy as he treated the Xiongnu Chanyu. Zhang Qian felt ashamed in his heart. He knew that the barbarians were greedy, so he said: "The emperor is giving gifts. If the king refuses to thank him, he will return the gift." Kunmo stood up, thanked him, accepted the gift, and continued to do other things as usual. Zhang Qian explained the purpose of his mission to Kunmo and said: "If Wusun can move eastward to King Hunxie's old land, then the Han Dynasty will send a daughter of a prince to marry Kunmo as his wife." At this time. The Wusun Kingdom has been divided. The king is old and far away from the Han Dynasty. It is unknown how big it is. It originally belonged to the Xiongnu for a long time, and it is also close to the Xiongnu. The ministers are afraid of the Xiongnu and do not want to move. The king cannot decide alone. Therefore, Zhang Qian failed to get a clear attitude from King Wusun. Kunmo had more than ten sons, one of whom was named Dalu. He was strong and good at leading troops. He led more than 10,000 cavalry and lived in another place. Dalu's brother is the prince. The prince has a son named Cen Marry. The prince has died long ago. When he was dying, he said to his father Kun Mo: "You must make Cen Marry the prince, and don't let anyone else take his place." Kun Mo sadly agreed to him, and finally let Cen Marry become the prince. Da Lu was angry that he had failed to replace the prince, so he recruited his brothers and led his army to rebel, planning to attack Cen Maru and Kunmo. Kunmo was old and often feared that Da Lu would kill Cen Marry, so he gave Cen Marry more than 10,000 cavalry and lived in another place. And Kunmo himself has more than 10,000 cavalry for self-defense. In this way, the Wusun Kingdom was divided into three parts, but still generally belonged to Kunmo. Therefore, Kunmo did not dare to discuss this matter with Zhang Qian alone.

Zhang Qian then assigned deputy envoys to Dayuan, Kangju, Dayuezhi, Daxia, Anxi, Shendu, Yutian, Kuyi and several nearby countries. Wusun State sent a guide and translator to send Zhang Qian back to his country. Zhang Qian and the envoys sent by the Wusun Kingdom captured dozens of people and brought dozens of horses to return and thank the Emperor of Han. By the way, they allowed them to peek into the situation of the Han Dynasty and understand the vastness of the Han Dynasty.

Zhang Qian returned to the Han Dynasty and was appointed Daxing. His official position was ranked among the nine ministers. More than a year later, he died.

Wusun’s envoy had seen that the Han Dynasty had many people and rich property, so he went back and reported to the king. Wusun State paid more and more attention to the Han Dynasty. More than a year later, most of the envoys sent by Zhang Qian to communicate with Daxia and other countries returned to the Han Dynasty together with the people from the countries they went to. As a result, the northwest countries began to have contacts with the Han Dynasty from this time on. However, this kind of exchange was initiated by Zhang Qian, so in the future, envoys to various countries in the Western Regions were called Bowang Hou, in order to win the trust of foreign countries, and foreign countries also trusted Han Dynasty envoys.

Since the death of Bowang Hou Zhang Qian, the Xiongnu heard that the Han Dynasty had contacts with Wusun, and they were very angry and wanted to attack Wusun.

When the Han Dynasty sent envoys to Wusun, and from the south to Dayuan and Dayuezhi, the envoys continued one after another. Wusun became frightened and sent envoys to offer horses to the Han Dynasty, hoping to marry the daughters of the Han Dynasty princes. The Han Dynasty became brothers. The emperor asked the ministers for their opinions, and they all said: "They must send betrothal gifts first, and then they can marry the daughters of the princes." At first, the emperor opened the "Book of Changes" for divination, and the book said: "Shen Ma When coming from the northwest." After getting Wusun's good horse, the emperor named the horse "Tianma". When the horses from Dawan became stronger and stronger, they renamed the Wusun horses as "Xiji" and the Dawan horses as "Tianma". At this time, the Han Dynasty began to build the Great Wall Pavilion to the west of Lingju, and initially established Jiuquan County to communicate with the northwest countries. So additional envoys were sent to Anxi, Yancai, Lixuan, Tiaozhi, and Shendu countries. The emperor of the Han Dynasty liked Dawan's horses, so there was an endless stream of envoys to Dawan. The number of envoys sent to foreign countries ranged from several hundred to more than a hundred, and the things each person carried were roughly the same as those carried by Bowang Hou. From then on, missions became commonplace. The number of people assigned decreased. The Han Dynasty sent out envoys in roughly a year, sometimes more than ten batches, sometimes five or six batches. In places far away, it would take eight or nine years for the messenger to return; in places close, it would take several years.

At this time, the Han Dynasty had destroyed South Vietnam, and the Shu region and the southwestern Yi countries were all frightened, and asked the Han Dynasty to appoint officials for them and to visit the emperor of Han Dynasty. So the Han Dynasty established Yizhou, Yuexi (xī, 西), Zang (zāng, Zang) Ke, Shenli, Wenshan and other counties, hoping to connect the land into one and then lead to Daxia. So within one year, the Han Dynasty sent more than ten batches of envoys, including Bai Shichang and Lu Yue, from these newly established counties to Daxia. However, they were blocked by Kunming. The envoys were killed, their money and materials were robbed, and finally they were Failed to reach Daxia. So the Han Dynasty dispatched the sinners of the Sanfu, plus tens of thousands of soldiers from Ba and Shu, and sent two generals, Guo Chang and Wei Guang, to attack those who blocked the Han Dynasty's envoys in Kunming. They killed and captured tens of thousands of people before leaving. . After that, the Han Dynasty sent envoys, and Kunming carried out another robbery. In the end, they still failed to communicate with Daxia. On the way to Daxia from the north through Jiuquan, there were already many envoys. Foreigners were more and more satisfied with the Han Dynasty's cloth and property, and no longer felt valuable about these things.

Since Bowang Hou was honored and rich because he opened up the road to foreign countries, the officials and soldiers who followed the envoys were all scrambling to write letters describing the rare things, strange things and strange things in foreign countries. Feelings of self-interest require him to act as a messenger. The emperor of the Han Dynasty believed that foreign countries were very far away and not everyone was willing to go there, so he accepted their requests, granted talismans, recruited officials and people without asking about their origins, equipped them with personnel, and sent them on missions to expand the roads to communicate with foreign countries. . Those who returned from missions had to embezzle cloth and property, and deviate from the emperor's will. The emperor thought that they were familiar with the Western Regions and the work of the envoys, and often investigated their crimes deeply to anger them and make them pay for their sins. Ask to serve as an envoy. Since then, there have been endless incidents of envoys, and they have easily broken the law. The officials and soldiers often repeatedly praised foreign things. Those who spoke nonsense were awarded the title of official envoy, and those who were boastful and petty were appointed deputy envoys. Therefore, those who talked nonsense and had no virtue rushed to imitate them. Those who sent envoys were the sons of poor people. They took the gifts given by the government to various countries in the Western Regions as their own, hoping to sell them at low prices and gain private profits in foreign countries. Foreign countries also hated the Han Dynasty envoys because everything they said was untrue. They estimated that the Han Dynasty army was far away and could not reach them, so they cut off their food and made the Han Dynasty envoys suffer hardship. The envoys of the Han Dynasty lived in poverty and were cut off from supplies. As a result, they developed grudges against the countries in the Western Regions and even attacked each other. Loulan and Gushi were small countries located on strategic transportation routes, so they attacked the Han Dynasty envoy Wang Hui and others with great force. The Huns' assault troops also frequently blocked and attacked Han Dynasty envoys who were envoys to the countries in the Western Regions. The envoys rushed to talk at length about the dangers of foreign countries. Although there were towns in various countries, their armies were weak and easy to attack. Therefore, the emperor sent his subordinate Zhao Ponu to lead tens of thousands of cavalry and soldiers from various counties to the Xiong River to attack the Huns, but the Huns all left. The next year, when they attacked Gushi, Zhao Ponu and more than 700 light cavalry arrived first, captured King Loulan, and then captured Gushi. Taking advantage of the victory's military power, he besieged Wusun, Dayuan and other countries. After returning to the Han Dynasty, Zhao Ponu was granted the title of Hou Yehou. Wang Hui went on many missions and was made very miserable by Loulan. He told the emperor about this, and the emperor sent troops and ordered Wang Hui to assist Zhao Ponu to defeat the enemy, so he made Wang Hui a noble prince. Therefore, the Han Dynasty built pavilions from Jiuquan to Yumen Pass.

King Wusun used a thousand horses to marry a girl from the Han Dynasty. The Han Dynasty sent the daughter of Liu Jian, the royal family of Jiangdu, to marry King Wusun. King Kunmo of Wusun took her as his right wife. The Huns also sent a princess to marry Kunmo, who regarded her as his left wife. Kunmo said: "I am old." He ordered his grandson Cen to marry the princess. Wusun is rich in horses, and the wealthy families have as many as four or five thousand horses.

Initially, the envoys of the Han Dynasty arrived in Parthia, and King Parthia ordered the relevant people to lead 20,000 cavalry to greet them on the eastern border. The eastern border is thousands of miles away from the royal capital. When you get to the king, you have to pass through dozens of towns, where the people are connected and the population is large. When the envoys from the Han Dynasty returned, Parthia sent envoys to follow the Han envoys to observe the vastness of the Han Dynasty, and dedicated the big bird eggs and Li Xuan's magicians to the Han Dynasty. As for the small countries of Huan (huā, Huan) Qian and Dayi to the west of Dayuan, and the countries of Gushi, Chuhui, Su Xie (xiè, Xie) to the east of Dayuan, they all came with the Han Dynasty envoys to pay tribute and pay homage to the emperor. The emperor was very happy.

The envoys of the Han Dynasty tried their best to explore the source of the Yellow River. The source came from the country of Kuang, where the mountains were rich in jade.

At this time, the emperor was inspecting the seaside areas many times, and each time he asked foreign guests to follow him. Most towns with a large number of people had to pass through. He also distributed money to reward them and prepared generous gifts for them to show the wealth of the Han Dynasty. So large-scale hornet's events were held, strange plays were performed, and many monsters were exhibited, attracting many people to watch. The emperor then gave out rewards, gathered wine into a pool, hung meat into a forest, and allowed foreign guests to view the materials stored in warehouses everywhere. , to show the vastness of the Han Dynasty, making them overwhelmed and horrified. After the magic skills were added, the horns and spectacles changed into new tricks every year, and the prosperity of these skills began from this time.

Foreign envoys from the Western Regions came and went with constant exchanges. However, the envoys from the countries west of Dawan felt that they were far away from the Han Dynasty. They were still proud, indulgent and comfortable. The Han Dynasty could not restrain them with courtesy and make them obediently obey the prince's orders. From the west of Wusun to the Parthian countries, because they were close to the Xiongnu, the Yuezhi were in trouble. Therefore, when the Xiongnu envoys took a letter from Shan Yu, these countries took turns supplying them with food and did not dare to stop them and make them suffer. . As for the arrival of the Han Dynasty envoys, they would not be provided with food and drink if they did not bring out cloth and property, and they would not be able to get mounts if they did not buy livestock. So this situation occurred because the Han Dynasty was far away. The Han Dynasty had money and things, so they had to buy to get what they wanted, but this was also because they feared the Huns' envoys more than the Han Dynasty's envoys. Countries around Dawan all use Pu Tao to make wine. Rich people have more than 10,000 shi of wine in their collections, and it will last for decades without deterioration. The local custom is to drink alcohol, and horses like to eat alfalfa. The Han Dynasty envoys retrieved the seeds of Pu Tao and alfalfa, so the emperor began to plant Pu Tao and alfalfa on the fertile land. With more Tianma and more foreign envoys coming, the Han Dynasty's palaces and gardens were planted with Pu Tao and alfalfa as far as the eye could see. From the west of Dawan to Parthia, although the languages ​​of the countries are different, their customs are roughly the same and they can understand each other. The people there have sunken eyes, heavy beards, are good at business, and will argue over every penny. The local custom respects women. When a woman speaks, her husband will resolutely obey her instructions and not dare to violate them. There is no silk or lacquer everywhere, and they don't know how to make money or utensils. When the fugitive soldiers of the Han Dynasty envoys surrendered to them, they were taught to forge weapons and utensils. When they got gold and silver from the Han Dynasty, they used it to make vessels, not coins.

More and more envoys from the Han Dynasty went to the Western Regions. Most of those who had been envoys since their youth reported the situation they were familiar with to the emperor, saying: "There are good horses in Dawan. In Ershi City, they hid it and refused to give it to the envoys of the Han Dynasty. "The emperor already liked Dawan's horse. When he heard the news, he felt very happy, so he sent strong men and chariots to carry the golden horse. Go and ask the King of Dayuan to exchange the fine horses from Ershi City. Dawan already has many things from the Han Dynasty. King Wan and his ministers discussed with each other: "The Han Dynasty is far away from us, and when you come through Yanze, there will be many deaths in our country. If you come from the north, there will be Xiongnu intrusion, and if you come from the south, there will be shortages." There are often no towns and food is scarce. Each batch of Han Dynasty envoys comes, and often more than half of them die due to lack of food. How can they send a large army to us in this situation? Moreover, the second division's horse was a BMW from Dawan, so he refused to give it to the Han Dynasty envoy. The Han Dynasty envoy was angry and casually threatened to smash the golden horse and leave. The noble officials of Dawan were angry and said: "The envoys of the Han Dynasty underestimated us!" They sent the envoys of the Han Dynasty away and ordered Yu Chengguo in the east to intercept and kill the envoys of the Han Dynasty and rob them of their belongings. So the emperor was furious. People who had sent envoys to Dayuan, such as Yao Dinghan and others, said that Dayuan's army was weak. If he could really lead less than three thousand Han Dynasty troops and shoot them with strong bows and crossbows, they could all capture their troops. Defeat Dawan. Because the emperor once sent the Marquis of Zhao Ye to attack Loulan, he led 700 cavalry to attack Loulan first and captured the King of Loulan. Therefore, the emperor thought that Yao Dinghan was right and wanted to make his favorite concubine, Mrs. Li, a marquis. Therefore, the emperor appointed Mrs. Li's brother Li Guangli was the general of the Second Division. He dispatched 6,000 cavalrymen from the country and tens of thousands of irregular youths from various counties to attack Dawan. The purpose was to retrieve good horses from Ershi City, so he was called "General Ershi". Zhao Shicheng served as military commander, the former Haohou Wang Hui served as the army's guide, and Li Duo served as the captain, in charge of military affairs. This year was the first year of Emperor Taichu of Han Dynasty (104 BC). At this time, a serious locust plague occurred in Kanto, and the locusts flew to Dunhuang in the west.

The army of General Ershi has passed through the salt swamp in the west. The small countries passing by are all afraid. They each hold fast to their castles and refuse to provide food to the Han army. The Han army attacked the city and was unable to capture it. Only by capturing the city can you get food and drink. If you cannot capture the city, you will have to leave within a few days. When the Han army arrived at Yucheng, only a few thousand soldiers followed, and they were all hungry and tired. They attacked Yu Cheng, and Yu Cheng defeated them. Many Han soldiers were killed and wounded. General Ershi discussed with Li Duo, Zhao Shicheng and others and said: "We can't capture Yucheng when we reach it, let alone the king's capital?" So he led his troops back and went back and forth for two years. When they retreated to Dunhuang, only one-tenth of the remaining soldiers were left. They sent envoys to report to the emperor: "The road is far away and there is often a lack of food. Moreover, the soldiers are not afraid of fighting, but only worried about starvation. The number of people is small and it is not enough to capture Dawan. They hope to temporarily withdraw their troops. In the future, they will send more troops to attack."

"After the emperor heard this, he was furious and sent an envoy to stop them at Yumen Pass, saying that anyone in the army who dared to enter Yumen Pass would be beheaded. General Ershi was afraid, so he stayed in Dunhuang.

In the second year of Taichu (103 B.C.) In the summer, the Han Dynasty lost more than 20,000 troops of Marquis Zunye to the Xiongnu. The ministers and officials wanted to stop the military campaign against Dayuan and concentrate their efforts on attacking Dayuan. Wan was already here. If the small country fails to capture it, then Daxia and other countries will despise the Han Dynasty, and Dawan's good horses will never be obtained. Wusun and Luntai will easily cause trouble to the Han Dynasty envoys, and they will be invaded by foreigners. So he punished Deng Guang and others who said that the expedition to Dawan was particularly unfavorable, pardoned prisoners and brave soldiers who had committed crimes, and sent more young men with bad conduct and border cavalry. In more than a year, there were 60,000 soldiers. The soldiers set out from Dunhuang, not including those who brought their own food and clothing to join the battle. These soldiers carried 100,000 cattle, more than 30,000 horses, and countless donkeys, camels and other items. They also brought a lot of food. All kinds of weapons were in place. At that time, the whole country was in turmoil. It is said that there were more than 50 captains who were ordered to conquer Dawan. There were no wells in King Wan's city, so they had to draw water from outside the city. Hydraulic engineering changed the water channels in the city, leaving no water available in the city. The Han Dynasty also sent an additional 180,000 soldiers to garrison the north of Jiuquan and Zhangye, and set up two counties, Juyan and Xiutu, to guard Jiuquan. There was an endless stream of people carrying dry food to supply the generals of the second division. Until Dunhuang, two people who were familiar with horses were appointed as driving captains, preparing to select its good horses after conquering Dawan. .

So General Ershi went on another expedition, leading a large number of soldiers. Every small country he went to welcomed them, and they all provided food for the Han army. When they arrived at Luntou country, they refused. After surrendering, they attacked the country for several days and marched westward from Luntou. They arrived at the royal city safely. The Wan army arrived with 30,000 soldiers. The Han army defeated the Wan army with arrows, and the Wan army retreated into the city. Relying on the city wall to defend the city, General Ershi's soldiers were about to attack Yucheng. They were afraid that being delayed would make Dawan do more deceitful things, so they attacked Dawan City first, cut off its water source, and changed the water channel. Dawan was already deeply worried and trapped. The Han army surrounded Dawan City and attacked it for more than forty days. The outer city was destroyed and the brave general Jian Mi among the Dawan nobles was captured. The Dawan people were very frightened and all the senior officials of Dawan ran into the city to discuss with each other. Said: "The reason why the Han Dynasty attacked Dayuan was because King Wuwu of Dayuan hid good horses and killed the Han Dynasty envoy. Now, if King Wuwu of Wan is killed and a good horse is sacrificed, the Han army will probably break the siege and leave. If not, it will not be too late to fight hard and die. ” All the senior officials in Dawan thought this was correct, so they killed King Wuwi of Wan together and sent nobles to take Wuwi’s head to see the general of the second division. They made an appointment with him and said: “The Han army should not attack us. Hand over all the good horses for you to choose from, and provide food and drink for the Han army. If you do not accept our request, we will kill all the good horses, and reinforcements from Kangju will also arrive. If their army arrives, our army will be in the city and Kang Ju's army will be outside the city, fighting with the Han soldiers. I hope the Han army will carefully consider where to go? "At this time, Kangju's scouts were peeping at the situation of the Han army. Because the Han army was still strong, they did not dare to attack. General Li Guangli of the Second Division discussed with Zhao Shicheng, Li Duo and others: "I heard that the Han army has recently been recruited from Dawan City. Han Chinese, this person is familiar with the technology of digging wells, and there is quite a lot of food in the city. The purpose of our coming here is to kill Wuwu, the culprit. Wuwu's troops have been obtained, but they do not agree to their request to relieve the siege and withdraw their troops, then they will resolutely hold on, and Kangju's army will come to rescue Dawan when they see that the Han army is tired, and they will definitely defeat the Han army. "The officers all thought they were right, so they agreed to Dawan's request. Dawan then donated their good horses to let the Han army choose, and also provided a lot of food to the Han army.

The Han army selected dozens of their good horses, as well as more than 3,000 male and female horses below average, and established a new team among the Dawan nobles.