Pruning principle of ornamental flowers and trees
Adjust the proportional relationship between plant organs to make them tend to balance. Adjust the relationship between leaf nutrients to keep a certain proportion between growth and thickening.
Plastic pruning should conform to the branching law of ornamental flowers and trees
1, the main branches of flowers and trees should be restrained and weakened to form a tall and straight crown.
2. The annual top branches should be shortened by cutting off the top advantages in the combined branches, such as cherry blossoms and crape myrtle. Strong buds should be left under the incision, and 3 ~ 4 lateral buds should be removed to ensure good growth of strong buds. This pruning method should mainly be to enlarge the crown, increase the number of flower branches and promote the flowering inside and outside the plant. However, the central branch should be cultivated in the young tree stage, and the lateral branches should be selected and arranged reasonably to make the main branches obvious.
3. Pseudodichotomous flowers and trees can not form terminal buds at the end of apical growth, and the lateral buds are opposite. We should remove one, keep strong buds and cultivate tall trunks.
4, many flowers and trees, such as oleander, Daphne odora, etc. Because the terminal buds are not full, the method of holding buds should be adopted to re-cultivate the central main branches. The number of flower buds of this kind of flowers and trees is related to its incident angle. If the angle is moderate, there will be more flowers and more fruits.
Mainly as follows:
1, conifer: the top advantage is strong, and the competitive branches near the main branch can be shortened to control their growth and ensure the top advantage of the central branch.
2. Broad-leaved trees: the top advantage is weak, and the crown is spherical. Generally, the relationship between main branches and lateral branches is adjusted by cutting short, retracting and bundling branches, which promotes the growth of flowers and trees and makes the overall shape of trees good. The top advantage of young trees of this kind of flowers and trees is stronger than that of old trees, so young trees should be cut lightly to make them take shape quickly; Old trees should be cut down again to sprout new branches and strengthen the tree.
The utilization of light energy should be considered in plastic trimming
Cutting off the top of the branch makes the lateral buds germinate and form medium and short branches to increase the leaf area and improve the utilization rate of light energy.
Plastic pruning should conform to the law of nutrient distribution and accumulation in trees.
For example, flowers usually undergo flower bud differentiation in July and August, when the nutrition center will shift to short branches and middle branches to ensure the number of flowers and fruits. The leafy branches should be cut short and topped to promote the concentration of nutrients in the short branches and middle branches. In addition, we should focus on cutting off overlapping branches, staggered branches and over-dense branches, so that the leaves inside and outside the crown can see light and increase photosynthetic products.
Must follow the growth and development law of trees
Pruning, regulating the relationship between plant growth and development, so that nutrients can be supplied to the needed parts. Because of the different uses of flowers and trees, the purpose and method of shaping and pruning are also different.
1. Street trees: The purpose of childhood is to grow fast, the trunk is tall, and promote vigorous development. Ensure the growth of main branches after molding, and re-cutting can promote the growth.
2, flower fruit trees: prevent premature aging when young trees, pay attention to summer pruning, mainly light pruning. After molding, it is necessary to ensure flowering while expanding the crown, and to cultivate backbone branches at all levels to maintain the balance of the tree. It is necessary to strictly control long branches, competing branches and disturbing branches. After adulthood, we should cultivate permanent branches and leave enough backup branches, so that adult branches and backup branches bloom alternately and increase ornamental value. For aging trees, on the basis of promoting root growth, trunk cutting and regeneration should be carried out. Pruning and coring can inhibit the elongation of branches, promote the transport of nutrients to short and medium branches, and achieve the purpose of more flowers.
3. Roof gardens and potted trees: In order to achieve beautiful effects, it is necessary to control growth and promote dwarfing. In the early stage of pruning, it is mainly to promote molding. In the later stage, it is necessary to restrain growth and use heavy cutting to make the trunk have a big wound and play an aging role. The extension branches of the main branches and lateral branches are the trunk of the tree, and its growth should be controlled after the tree is formed.
4. Evergreen trees: The pruning in each season should follow certain rules, and the pruning intensity should be different. The general principle is: lightly cut14 branches, moderately cut12 branches, and then cut 3/4 branches. Prune again before the vigorous growth period, and prune properly according to the needs of the tree after entering the vigorous growth period.
In order to make ornamental flowers and trees meet the ideal requirements, aesthetic principles should be followed in the process of modeling and pruning, among which the principles of proportion and scale are more important.
The crown width of ornamental flowers and trees is different from the height ratio of trees, and the aesthetic effect is also very different. When width: height = 1: 1, it gives people a straight feeling. Width: height = 1: 1. 4 14, giving people a sense of luxury; When their ratio is 1: 1. 732, giving people a faint pleasure; When it is 1:2, there is a handsome feeling; Their ratio is 1:2. 36 o'clock gives people an upward feeling. Balance and stability are also important components of aesthetic principles, which can be divided into symmetric balance and asymmetric balance. In terms of volume, it will feel unstable when it is big and small. In terms of texture, the top is meticulous and the bottom is rough, giving people a sense of stability.
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Seedling pruning
In the flower border maintenance, the shaping and pruning of seedlings is essential. Maintaining the proper plant type of all kinds of seedlings is a necessary prerequisite to ensure the overall ornamental effect of flower borders. Pruning and shaping should be carried out according to the physiological characteristics of individual seedlings and local conditions. There are several technical measures for pruning: one is to remove the heart. Remove the terminal buds of branches, promote the growth of branches, make flowers flourish and plant shape compact. This is an effective method to prevent many tall perennial flowers from lodging. If Coreopsis is too high, the plant height can be reduced by coring.
The second is to bud. The purpose is to peel off too many axillary buds and limit the number of branches, so that the flowers are big and full, and the seedlings in the flower border can maintain an appropriate volume without affecting the growth and landscape effect of other seedlings. For example, when planting chrysanthemum in the flower border, in order to fully reflect the large and gorgeous effect of chrysanthemum flowers, it is necessary to erase more flower buds of plants.
The third is pruning. Cut off dead branches, branches with pests and diseases, branches that are not in the right position and disturb the plant type, branches that remain after flowering, etc. , and clean it in time, which is not only conducive to improving the ventilation and light transmission conditions of plants, reducing the consumption of nutrients, but also ensuring the best viewing effect of seedling landscape.
In addition, the residual flowers of seedlings in the flower territory should be removed in time, otherwise the flower border will appear messy. If the dead leaves of Coreopsis are not removed in time in winter and scattered when new leaves grow in spring, the aboveground parts can be removed in winter for renewal. In addition, some varieties such as chrysanthemum, chrysanthemum and oregano rot in summer, resulting in poor landscape effect, which should also be paid attention to.
The branches and leaves of flowers growing in vain shall not exceed 20 cm in total height. If some grass flowers are found to be white and long, you can ensure the smoothness of the flower belt by picking the heart, picking the flowers and changing the seedlings. On the other hand, pruning is the key to ensure the good effect of the pattern. Such as five-color grass flower beds, the five-color grass is pruned for the first time after planting, and the grass is flattened, and then pruned every 15-20 days/time. There are two ways to cut grass: the first is flat cutting. Cut the pattern and text flat, with the edge slightly lower and the top slightly higher. The second is relief modeling. Trim the pattern into a relief shape, that is, the middle grass is higher than the sides. After planting, the first pruning should not be repeated, and the second pruning can be heavier. At the junction of two seedlings, all directions are trimmed obliquely, so that the junction is sunken, resulting in a three-dimensional effect. In particular, the shapes of figures and animals need to be carefully trimmed. For example, when making animal models such as horses and cows, the following problems are easy to appear: if the horse's belly is rounded, it will become a fat horse without spirit; Pioneering cattle should have prominent muscles and ribs and a towering backbone, but the works produced can't find the feeling of making progress. Red and green grass should be pruned in time, so that the tillers at low nodes can grow flat and densely as soon as possible. Late pruning will lead to high tillering, waste seedling nutrients and delay the formation time. In addition, when pruning the flowerbed with patterns, in order not to trample the flowerbed patterns, you can use a long wooden stool to put the flowerbed and operate it on a long bed.
Damage of seedling pruning technology
The injury of seedling pruning skills is called injury, which damages the phloem and xylem of branches in various ways, weakens the growth potential of branches and relieves the tree potential. The damaged branches are mostly carried out in the growth period, which has great influence on the local area and little influence on the growth of the whole seedling. It is one of the auxiliary measures of plastic trimming. The main methods are: girdling (girdling), in which the downward transport of carbohydrates at the top of branches is stopped for a period of time with a knife at the appropriate part of branches or at the base of branches, which is beneficial to the accumulation of nutrients and flower bud differentiation of branches above girdling, and is suitable for branches with less flowering and fruiting in the prosperous period. It should be noted that the peeling width depends on the thickness of branches and the healing ability of tree species. Generally, the peeled wound can heal within 65,438+0 months, which is about 65,438+0/65,438+00 (2 ~ 65,438+00 mm) of the branch diameter. A wound that is too wide is difficult to heal, and a wound that is too narrow cannot heal too early. The depth of girdling should reach xylem. Too deep girdling will damage xylem, resulting in broken or dead girdling branches. Too shallow girdling will leave phloem, and the girdling effect is not obvious. There should be enough branches and leaves above the girdling branches to facilitate normal photosynthesis.
Circumcision is a temporary pruning measure applied in the growing season of seedlings, which is usually carried out in the stages of flower bud differentiation, flower drop and fruit expansion. When pruning in winter, the above part of girdling should be gradually cut off. The main branch can also be circumcised, but it must be carefully decided according to the growth of the tree. Generally used for young and strong trees with strong trees and few flowers and fruits. Trees with excessive bleeding and easy gum flow should not be girdled.
Carving, the method of cutting the upper (or lower) side of the bud (or branch) with a knife and going deep into the xylem is called carving. During hibernation, carving wounds is usually combined with other pruning methods. The main methods are:
The eye injury is carved on the top of the bud or branch, and the wound is shaped like an eye, which hurts the xylem and prevents water and mineral nutrients from continuing to transport upwards, thus achieving the purpose of sprouting and branching in the ideal position; On the contrary, if a bud or branch is cut off below it, its growth potential will be weakened, but the accumulation of organic nutrients is conducive to the formation of flower buds.
Longitudinal injury refers to the method of cutting branches vertically with a knife to reach xylem, so as to reduce the mechanical binding force of bark and promote the thickening and growth of branches. The longitudinal injury should be carried out before the seedlings begin to grow in spring, and the hardened part of the bark should be selected when implementing. One longitudinal injury can be carried out on branchlets, and many longitudinal injuries can be carried out on thick branches.
Transverse injury refers to the method of cutting off the trunk or thick main branch with several knives. Its function is to block the downward transport of organic nutrients, promote the enrichment of branches, and facilitate the differentiation of flower buds to promote flowering and fruiting. The mechanism of action is similar to girdling, but the strength is lower.
Cracking, in order to prevent branches from growing too vigorously, or twisting branches to form various vigorous and powerful artistic shapes, branches are often cracked in early spring when tender buds sprout slightly. The thicker and looser method is to break the branches by hand, but in artistic modeling of precious seedlings, people should use a knife to cut obliquely to 1/2 ~2/3 of the diameter of the branches, then carefully bend the branches and use the inclined planes at the cracked xylem to resist each other. Fine management will smear mud on the incision to avoid excessive transpiration.
Twisting, in the growing period, refers to the branches that grow too vigorously, especially the long branches attached to the back of the branches, which are twisted without breaking. A broken tip is called a broken tip. Twisted branches and broken branches partially damage the conduction tissue, hinder the transport of water and nutrients to the growth point, weaken the growth of branches, and are beneficial to the formation of short flowering branches.