Geographical survey of western Europe
Western Europe. Geographically speaking, Western Europe refers to the region near the Atlantic Ocean and the islands near Western Europe. Administratively, it includes Britain, Ireland, the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, France and Monaco. It covers an area of 930,000 square kilometers. The population is about 1.4 1 100 million (1.958). The terrain is mainly plain, followed by plateau; The mountainous area is small, mainly distributed in northwest England and southeast France. There are the busiest sea lanes in the world, the English Channel and the Dover Strait, as well as the Rhine, Seine, Loire, Thames and other rivers. Most areas belong to temperate maritime climate, located in the westerly belt, with mild and humid climate and abundant and even precipitation. It is the earliest area where modern science and technology developed, and it is also one of the most developed areas in the world, with developed industry, agriculture and foreign trade. There are coal, oil, natural gas, iron, potassium salt and other minerals here. Important seaports include London, Liverpool (UK), Marseille (France), Brussels (Belgium), Rotterdam and Amsterdam (Netherlands). There are famous cities such as London, Paris, Rotterdam, Antwerp, Brussels and Marseille. Except Monaco, the other six countries are all members of the European Economic Community. Western Europe in a broad sense refers to all capitalist countries in Europe. Located in Western Europe, Central Europe and Northern Europe. It covers an area of about 5 million square kilometers and has a population of over 500 million (1988). The highest Alps in Europe run across the south, with its trunk extending eastward to Carpathian Mountains, southeast to Narrow Mountains, south to Apennines and southwest to Pyrenees. There are Scandinavian mountains in northern Scandinavia. The central part is mainly distributed in the plains. There are many volcanic earthquakes in the south and Iceland. The Mediterranean coast has a subtropical dry summer and wet winter climate, while most other areas have a temperate humid climate. There are coal, iron, oil and other mineral deposits here. Most countries are developed capitalist countries, with developed industries, agriculture, foreign trade and transportation, forming an economic system centered on the European economy. The member countries of the European Economic Community are France, Britain, Germany, Italy, Belgium, the Netherlands, Ireland, Luxembourg, Greece, Spain, Portugal and Denmark.
natural environment
(1) position range
The western half of Europe, bordering the Arctic Ocean in the north, the Atlantic Ocean in the west and the Mediterranean Sea in the south, is divided into four parts: Northern Europe, Western Europe, Central Europe and Southern Europe.
(2) The coastline is tortuous
The most tortuous continent in the world has many peninsulas, islands and bays. Scandinavia is the main peninsula in the north, Balkan Peninsula, Apennine Peninsula and Iberian Peninsula in the south, the main islands are the British Isles and Iceland, the main inland seas are the Baltic Sea in the north, the Mediterranean Sea in the south and the Black Sea in the southeast, the marginal sea is the North Sea, and the Bay of Biscay is a famous bay.
(3) topography
The continents with the lowest average elevation in the world are mainly plains and mountains.
Plain: North Sea, Baltic Sea, Bode Plain to the east of Rhine River and Western Europe Plain to the west.
Mountain: Scandinavian Mountains in the north, Alps in the south and Lang Feng as the highest.
Deeply influenced by glaciers: there are many lakes-"the country of thousands of lakes"-Finland's fjord coast-Norway's coast
The plain is wavy-lakes are scattered on both sides of the Alps in the Bode Plain.
(4) The climate is deeply influenced by the Atlantic Ocean.
Features: It is mild and humid, with obvious maritime characteristics (mild in winter, cool in summer, less in daily range than annual range, and even in annual precipitation distribution), and gradually transits from maritime climate to continental climate from west to east.
cause
geographical environment
Most of the latitude is located between 35 and 60 north latitude, belonging to temperate climate.
The land and sea are adjacent to the Atlantic Ocean in the west, and the outline of the continent is tortuous, which makes the ocean influence go deep inland.
The central part of the terrain is a plain, and the east-west mountains are conducive to the moist air flow from the ocean to the inland.
Ocean current and North Atlantic warm current pass by, which plays a role in warming and humidifying coastal areas.
The atmospheric circulation is located in the westerly belt, and the prevailing westerly wind transports the Atlantic warm and humid airflow to the inland.
The difference between east and west: the west has a temperate maritime climate, while the east has a temperate continental climate.
North-South differences; The climate is polar in the north and Mediterranean in the south.
Climate and agriculture
(1) The temperate maritime climate-mild winter, cool summer, even seasonal distribution of precipitation, moist air, heavy cloud cover, rainy days and little sunshine-is not conducive to the growth of crops, but is suitable for the growth of juicy pastures-developing animal husbandry.
(2) Mediterranean climate-dry in summer and rainy in winter (different rainy and hot periods)-subtropical fruit producing area, rich in oranges, lemons, figs, grapes and olives.
(3) Agricultural production-shortage of arable land and labor force-agricultural modernization attaches great importance to mechanization and biotechnology-European agriculture is the second production sector. The combination of agriculture and animal husbandry and high degree of intensification are important characteristics. Wheat, corn, potatoes, vegetables, melons, beets, sunflowers, flax, etc. Mainly planting. Wheat production accounts for about 50% of the world total output, and barley and oats account for more than 60%. Horticulture is developed, mainly producing grapes and apples. Animal husbandry mainly focuses on raising pigs, cattle and sheep.
Hehu
(1), river hydrological characteristics:
Climate and topography-determine the hydrological characteristics of this area-there are many rivers, dense river networks, abundant rivers, small water level changes, stable water flow, few long rivers and long navigation mileage, including the ice age.
② Main rivers:
The rivers that flow through the country the most-many rivers: Germany, Austria (Vienna), Slovakia, Hungary (Budapest), Croatia, Yugoslavia (Belgrade), Bulgaria, Romania, Ukraine-flow into the Black Sea-the estuary is about 45 degrees north latitude and 30 degrees east longitude.
The Rhine, the busiest river in the world: Switzerland, France, Germany (Ruhr, Frankfurt) and the Netherlands-flowing into the North Sea-flows through developed industrial and agricultural areas and densely populated areas in the middle and lower reaches, with convenient shipping.
France Seine-Paris
Thames, England-London
The Elbe River in Germany-Hamburg (the largest port in Germany)
③ Main canals
Danube-Rhine canal
kiel canal
(4) British-French Cross-Harbour Tunnel
Country and residents
(1) Country and region: Vatican, the smallest country in the world.
(2) Residents: mainly white, densely populated areas are distributed along coal mines and industrial areas in a slightly "cross" shape, with a low natural population growth rate and zero or negative growth in Hungary.
(3) Economically developed areas: foreign trade is developed, among which Germany ranks first.
trait
In developed capitalist areas, foreign trade is developed, and animal husbandry plays an important role in agriculture. The EU is an important economic entity in the world. Britain is the earliest industrialized country in the world, and its industry has an absolute advantage in the national economy, with equal emphasis on light and heavy industries.
France is a country with developed industry and agriculture and the largest country in western Europe. Germany is a country with highly developed modern industry, the most populous country in Western Europe, the country with the strongest economic strength in Europe, and the country with the largest number of European neighbors, and its trade volume ranks among the top in the world.
Industrial distribution
The world-famous industrial concentrated areas are distributed in a cross shape.
Scandinavian Peninsula
England —————————————— Poland.
Italy
tourism
Natural conditions are varied; Brilliant culture in history; Unique local conditions and customs
Main tourist destinations: Parthenon in Athens, Greece; The Colosseum in Rome, Italy and Venice, the water city; City of Music; Oslo fjord and midnight sun in Norway; Flower, windmill and lake reclamation project in Rotterdam, Netherlands; Geneva, Switzerland, lakes and mountains, watch workshop, mountaineering and skiing; Beach scenery and bullfighting competitions along the Mediterranean coast of Spain; Eiffel Tower, Arc de Triomphe, Louvre, Palace of Versailles, Paris Fashion Festival; Buckingham Palace, Greenwich Observatory, British Museum, Marx Cemetery in London, England.
Major countries
Britain, England
(1) Western European island countries
Full name: "United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland", referred to as "United Kingdom"
Territory: It mainly includes the northeast of Great Britain and Ireland. The island of Great Britain is divided into three parts: England, Scotland and Wales, of which England is the political and economic center.
(2) Countries with the earliest industrialization
The first industrial revolution formed the textile industry in Manchester and the steel industry (coal producing area) in Birmingham. After World War II, automobile, airplane and electronics industries emerged in the oil processing industries around London, central England, southern Scotland and the coastal areas of the North Sea, and crude oil was self-sufficient.
(3) Agriculture
The west-not suitable for growing food crops, the dairy industry is developed: there is more rainfall and less sunshine, and juicy grass grows well.
Southeast planting areas (wheat and barley): less precipitation, more sunshine, high temperature and long growing period.
London, the capital
Across the Thames, London is the largest city and port. It used to be a famous foggy city (ten rainy days, coal dust in ten valleys). Now most factories use oil, gas or electricity instead of coal, and there is little fog.
France
(1) Natural geographical environment
The largest country in Western Europe, with high terrain in the southeast and low terrain in the northwest, hilly plains in the northwest, mountain plateaus (Alps, Central Plateau and Lorraine Plateau) in the east and south, and the famous Paris Basin in the north. The Seine River flows through the Paris Basin and flows into the English Channel, which is rich in water and convenient for shipping.
(2) Economies with developed industry and agriculture.
Paris basin is the most important industrial and agricultural area in France.
Agricultural advantages: plain and hilly terrain, mild and humid climate and fertile soil; The government encourages agricultural development policies; Highly mechanized and modernized.
Distribution of crops: wheat is distributed in the Parisian basin and northern high plains; The southwest and Mediterranean coast are well-developed in horticulture and rich in grapes; Animal husbandry is mainly in the hilly areas of southwest China. An important food producer and exporter in the world.
Minerals: Lille coal mining area-north; Luolin Iron Ore District in Northeast China
Coal and oil are insufficient, and hydropower and nuclear power are vigorously developed, with the proportion of nuclear power reaching 70%.
(3) Important cities
The capital-Paris-the largest city in China, the national political, economic, cultural, transportation and financial center, the world-famous fashion and cosmetics center, the world-famous tourist resort, the Seine River.