Melting water and harmonious weather
From the eastern and western hemispheres, it is located in the eastern hemisphere, from the northern hemisphere to the northern hemisphere. From the position relationship between the world continent and the ocean, it is a country in eastern Asia and the west coast of the Pacific Ocean.
Viewed from latitude, China's territory spans Guangdong Province from north to south, most of which are located in the mid-latitude area, belonging to the north temperate zone, and a few areas in the south are located in the tropical zone south of the Tropic of Cancer.
From the land and sea position, China is located in the east of Asia-Europe continent, the largest continent in the world, and its west is deep inside Asia-Europe continent, bordering many countries. The east is close to the Pacific Ocean, the largest ocean in the world, and it is a country with both land and sea.
The land border is more than 20,000 kilometers long, with 14 neighboring countries.
The northernmost, southernmost, westernmost and easternmost part of China (4)
From north to south, there are Bohai Sea, Yellow Sea, East China Sea and South China Sea, which are connected with the Pacific Ocean.
China's territorial waters and internal waters cover an area of 370,000 square kilometers, and the sea area under its jurisdiction is about 3 million square kilometers. It is one of the few maritime powers in the world.
Chinese mainland has a long coastline (5). There are six countries across the sea from China.
There is Luchang Yantian, the largest salt field in China, in the Bohai Sea, and Zhoushan Fishing Ground, the largest fishing ground in China, in the East China Sea. The Taiwan Province Strait, which is measured to the west of Taiwan Province Island, is the only channel for China to sail north and south and for Chinese mainland to communicate with Taiwan Province Province.
The whole country is divided into provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the central government; Provinces and autonomous regions are divided into autonomous prefectures, counties, autonomous counties and cities; Counties and autonomous counties are divided into townships, nationality townships and towns. Chinese administrative division diagram (7)
There are 34 provincial administrative units in China, including 23 provinces, 5 autonomous regions, 4 municipalities directly under the Central Government and 2 special administrative regions. Name, abbreviation and provincial administrative center of provincial administrative units in China (10)
The population in the east is larger than that in the west. The average population density in China is 0/35 people per square kilometer/kloc, which is more than three times the average population density in the world (39).
Among all ethnic groups in China, the Han nationality has the largest population, accounting for about 92% of the total population, while the other 55 ethnic groups have a smaller population, accounting for about 8% of the total population, so they are called ethnic minorities.
The Han nationality is distributed all over the country, with the most concentrated in the east and middle, and the distribution of ethnic minorities is relatively scattered. Ethnic minorities are mainly distributed in southwest, northwest and northeast China.
The distribution of ethnic groups has the characteristics of "big living together and small living together"
Names, population and main distribution areas of 55 ethnic minorities in China (19) China ethnic distribution map (18)
topography
China is dominated by mountains, plateaus and basins in the west, and plains and hills in the east. The overall feature of this terrain is that it is high in the west and low in the east.
Three-step Terrain Diagram of China (22) From the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau to the east, various terrains gradually decrease.
General Map of Topographic Distribution in China (24)
Most of the mountains are east-west and northeast-southwest, and less are north-south and northwest-southeast.
There are four plateaus (25), four great basin and three plains embedded between mountains.
China's plains and hills are mainly concentrated in the east, which is a region with developed agriculture, concentrated towns and prosperous economy.
Major mountain ranges on the land of China (26)
China is a mountainous country, where mountains and plateaus are mostly concentrated.
The inconvenience of mountain traffic (28)
Common Natural Disasters in Mountainous Areas: Collapse, Landslide and Debris Flow (29)
Advantages and disadvantages of mountain development and utilization (30)
More than two-thirds of poverty-stricken counties in China are located in the headquarters mountain area (30).
climate
There is a great temperature difference between the south and the north of China. The 0℃ line of 65438+ 10 is roughly distributed in the Qinling-Huaihe line. To the south of this line, the monthly average temperature of 65438+ 10 is 0℃.
The coldest place in China in winter is Mohe Town, Heilongjiang, and the hottest place in summer is Turpan, Xinjiang.
China can be divided into five temperate zones from north to south: cold temperate zone, middle temperate zone, warm temperate zone, subtropical zone and tropical zone. In addition, there is a plateau climate zone with high terrain, cold climate and vast area.
China Temperature Regionalization (33)
There are great differences in precipitation in different regions of China, and the general trend of annual precipitation distribution is decreasing from the southeast coast to the northwest inland.
Distribution Map of Annual Precipitation in China (35)
The highest annual precipitation record in China is: Huoshaoliao, Taiwan Province Province, and Toksun, Turpan Basin, with the lowest annual precipitation.
The contrast between precipitation and evaporation in a place reflects the humidity of the climate. Precipitation is greater than evaporation, and the climate is humid. According to the degree of dryness and wetness of climate, China can be divided into humid area, semi-arid area and arid area. China has a vast arid and semi-arid climate zone, mainly located in the northwest.
Arid and humid areas of China (36)
Different precipitation will affect different buildings, diets, folk customs and many other aspects.
Climate and humidity directly affect the growth of vegetation.
Different degrees of climate dryness and wetness will affect the growth of main crops (37)
China has formed a typical monsoon climate (which is easy to bring all kinds of disastrous weather 40): drought, typhoon, cold wave and flood 4 1.
The cold and dry airflow brought by winter wind is one of the main reasons for the large temperature difference between north and south in winter in China. In summer, wind energy brings abundant water vapor, which forms the rainy season in China. Taking Daxinganling-Yinshan-Helan Mountain as the boundary, China is divided into monsoon region and non-monsoon region. The monsoon area is obviously affected by the summer monsoon, and the precipitation is abundant, mainly in summer; Non-monsoon area is restricted by land and sea location, topography and other factors, so summer monsoon is difficult to reach, precipitation is scarce, and it is dry all year round.
China monsoon and non-monsoon areas (39) frontal rain (39)
Different climate types (42) The subtropical monsoon climate and temperate climate are dominant in the eastern region, while the temperate continental climate is dominant in the northwest region. The Qinghai-Tibet Plateau has formed a unique alpine climate.
China's climate is complex and diverse, what impact does it have on China's production and life (43)
Rivers and lakes
China is one of the countries with many rivers and lakes in the world.
Major rivers and lakes in China (44 saltwater lakes and freshwater lakes)
Most rivers in China are distributed in the outflow area in the southeast. Flood season (45)
Tarim River (the largest inland river in China) and Lop Nur (45) Beijing-Hangzhou Canal (46).
China internal flow zone and external flow zone (46)
When the Yellow River enters the downstream plain, the channel widens and the slope slows down. The river's velocity slows down, and the sediment it carries deposits, so that the river bed gradually rises and becomes an "overground river". Water System of the Yellow River Basin (48)
Loess Plateau is one of the areas with serious soil erosion in China.
The disaster of the Yellow River (5 1) is ice flood. After leaving Jinmeng, the Yellow River flows into the North China Plain. The river channel is widened and leveled, the water flow is slow and the sediment deposition is vigorous.
The Yangtze River originates from Tanggula Mountain on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and flows into the East China Sea. It is the longest river with the largest water volume and the widest drainage area in China. Known as the "water treasure house" and "golden waterway".
The hydropower resources of the Yangtze River are mainly concentrated in the upper reaches, accounting for one third of the national hydropower resources.
natural resource
Land, forest, water and hydropower can be regenerated in a short time, or can be recycled, which is a renewable resource. Mineral resources, etc. , always used less, is a non-renewable resource.
Vast territory, rich resources and large population are the basic national conditions of our country.
Land resources Land resources are divided into cultivated land, woodland, grassland and construction land. Cultivated land, forest land and grassland are agricultural land, and construction land is non-agricultural land. Composition of Land Use Types in China (67)
Uneven distribution of land resources
Cultivated land and forest land are mainly distributed in the eastern monsoon region, and the climate is humid. It is the main promulgation area of agriculture, forestry and fishery in China, with a high degree of land use. Cultivated land is mainly distributed in the eastern plains and low hills; Woodlands are mainly distributed in mountainous areas.
Grassland is mainly distributed in the western inland areas where the annual average precipitation is less than 400 mm.
Animal husbandry plays an important role in agricultural production in inland areas of the headquarters.
Rational use of land: destruction (7 1) and protection (land management law, grassland law and forest law)
National Land Day:1991May stipulates June 25th every year, and World Water Day: 1993 March 22nd of the United Nations General Assembly.
97% of the earth's water resources are ocean water, and the freshwater resources used by human beings account for 0.5% of the global freshwater resources. 3%
China's total water resources rank sixth in the world, and the per capita water resources rank behind 1 10.
China is rich in water resources in the south, but short in the north. Water resources in the south account for more than 80% of the country, while water resources in the north account for less than 20%, especially in North China and Northwest China, where the shortage is the most serious.
The construction of reservoir can effectively control the seasonal variation of runoff and water quantity. For example, the Three Gorges Project and Xiaolangdi Water Control Project will play an important role in flood control and water resources allocation of the Yangtze and Yellow Rivers.
One of the effective ways to solve the uneven distribution of water resources in different regions is inter-basin water transfer.
Route Diagram of South-to-North Water Transfer Project (79) Water Saving Signs for Solving Water Use and Preventing Water Pollution (8 1) (82)
transport
The Development of Transportation (86)
Transportation is the "pioneer" of economic development
Four rice markets in history: Changsha, Jiujiang, Wuhu and Wuxi.
Railway lines, highway lines, air routes and air routes are the "lifelines" of China's economic development.
The transportation network in the eastern region is dense, such as the plain area in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, with developed land, sea and air transportation networks; However, the traffic network density in the western region is relatively small. China Transportation Network (89)
Distribution of major expressways in China (90) Distribution of railway trunk lines in China (9 1)
Beijing is one of the most important transportation hubs in China (94).
There are different types of transportation hubs, some are single transportation hubs, such as railway hubs, and some are comprehensive transportation hubs, such as railway-general transportation hubs, which play an extremely important role.
Valuable or urgently needed goods in small quantities are mostly transported by air.
I use land transportation (cars, trains) to transport goods that are prone to death or deterioration.
For long-distance transportation of bulk heavy goods, water transportation is generally selected.
Main agricultural sectors: planting, forestry, fishery and animal husbandry (98)
Regional distribution of agriculture in China (100)
Develop agriculture according to local conditions (104)
Industry is one of the most important material production departments in the national economy. Industrial production is mainly a process of obtaining material resources from nature and processing and reprocessing raw materials.
Industry is the leading factor of national economy, the main source of national financial revenue, and the fundamental guarantee of national economic autonomy, political independence and national defense modernization.
Heavy industry: mainly providing means of production; Light industry: mainly providing means of subsistence.
General trend of industrial distribution in China (1 1 1)
Liaoning Zhongnanhai (11) and Shanghai-Nanjing-Hangzhou (1 12)
Zhongguancun is the earliest experimental zone for high-tech development in China.
Distribution of Main High-tech Industrial Development Zones in China (1 14, 1 15)
Book four
Geographical area of China
Different types of geographical areas: natural areas, such as the Yangtze River Delta and tropical areas; Some are economic regions, such as industrial zones and special economic zones; Some are administrative regions, such as Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region and Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Region.
Areas of different sizes or levels. China's administrative regions are basically divided into three levels: province, county and township; The temperature zone in China can be divided into temperate zone, subtropical zone and tropical zone, and the temperate zone can be divided into warm temperate zone, middle temperate zone and cold temperate zone.
The four geographical regions of China (4)
China is divided into four geographical regions, namely, northern region, southern region, northwest region and Qinghai-Tibet region.
North and South
There are obvious differences in topography, climate, river flow and vegetation types between the north and the south of China.
Physical and Geographical Conditions on the North and South Side of Qinling-Huaihe Line (8)
Affected by the natural environment, people in the north and the south also have great differences in production methods, living habits and cultural traditions.
Different farming systems: most farmland in the north is dry land, mainly planting wheat and soybeans, one crop a year or three crops every two years.
There are many paddy fields in the south, mainly planting rice and rape, two or three crops a year.
The difference between traditional modes of transportation: the transportation in the north is mainly land transportation, and the carriage is a frequently used means of transportation.
South: Water transportation is still a common mode of transportation.
The difference between traditional houses: the roof slope of northern houses is small and the wall is thick.
Houses in the south have large roofs and high walls.
Northwest China and Qinghai-Tibet region
The topography of northwest China is dominated by plateaus and basins. The eastern plateau is dominated by grassland and desert landscape; There is a large area of desert in the western basin, and only oases appear at the edge of the basin. There are few rivers in northwest China, mostly inland rivers, which shows that northwest China is a region with drought as its main natural feature.
Topography of Northwest China (1 1)
The Qinghai-Tibet region has become a unique region because of its towering terrain. The Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, with an average elevation of more than 4,000 meters, is known as the "roof of the world". Another remarkable natural feature brought by "high" is "cold". Many peaks are covered with snow all year round and glaciers are widely distributed.
Terrain of Qinghai-Tibet (13)
Northwest China and Qinghai-Tibet are the main pastoral areas in China. Inner Mongolia is mainly temperate grassland pasture; Xinjiang is mainly mountainous pasture; Qinghai and Tibet are mainly alpine pastures. Three hippos and three cows in Hulunbeier grassland of Inner Mongolia, fine-wool sheep in Xinjiang, yak in Qinghai-Tibet, Tibetan sheep and Tan sheep in Ningxia are all famous livestock breeds.
In the Hetao Plain, Ningxia Plain, Hexi Corridor and the foothills of Tianshan Mountain in the northwest of China, people have developed irrigated agriculture by using river water and melting water from alpine snow and ice. Valley agriculture is distributed in low-altitude areas such as Nangongchi and Huangshui Valley in Qinghai-Tibet region.
Beijing
Beijing is located on the northern edge of the North China Plain, with its back facing the mountains and the sea.
Beijing is the political and cultural center of the whole country and the center of international exchanges. The Great Hall of the People is the seat of the NPC Standing Committee, and Zhongnanhai is the seat of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council.
Geographical location of Beijing ancient and modern urban areas (19)
Distribution of Cultural Institutions and Facilities in Beijing (20)
Beijing is one of the famous historical and cultural cities and ancient capitals in China. Old Beijing (2 1) Some scenic spots in Beijing (22)
The Forbidden City in Beijing is the imperial palace in Ming and Qing Dynasties, and it is the largest and most well-preserved palace complex in the world.
Beijing Urban Planning Layout (24) Beijing Key Functional Areas (25)
Hong Kong and Macau are located at the southeast end of Chinese mainland, on the east and west sides of the Pearl River Estuary, and adjacent to Guangdong.
Hong Kong and Macau
Hong Kong consists of Hong Kong Island, Kowloon and the New Territories and more than 200 surrounding islands. Macao consists of Macao Peninsula, Dangzi Island and Coloane Island. Hong Kong and Macao are among the regions with the highest population density in the world.
Hongkong and Macau are two special administrative regions of China. The China government has formulated the policy of "one country, two systems", while the mainland of China implements the socialist system, while Hongkong and Macao implement the capitalist system.
Regional Flag of Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (29), regional flag of the macao special administrative region (29)
Hong Kong is an international trade center, transportation center, financial center, information service center and tourism center. Gambling tourism is an important pillar industry of Macao's economy.
The economic cooperation between Hong Kong and the mainland of China is complementary and mutually beneficial.
Taiwan Province Province, China
Taiwan Province Province includes Taiwan Province Island, and many small islands such as Penghu Islands and Diaoyu Islands nearby. Taiwan Province Island is the largest island in China. It borders the East China Sea of China in the north, the Pacific Ocean in the east, the South China Sea in the south and Fujian Province across the Taiwan Province Strait in the west. Taiwan Province Province (33)
Scenery in Taiwan Province Province (35)
Taiwan Province Island is also a rich treasure island with superior natural environment and rich resources such as forests, minerals and aquatic products. Known as "the pearl of the southeast sea of the motherland".
Taiwan Province Island has a subtropical and tropical climate, which is warm and humid. This plain is fertile and rich in rice, sugar cane, tea and tropical and subtropical fruits. The forest area is vast and has the reputation of "Asian Natural Botanical Garden". Cinnamomum camphora is the most famous tree species in Taiwan Province Province, and its camphor production ranks first in the world.
Distribution of Main Household Mineral Products in Taiwan Province Province (35)
Taiwan Province's economy is dominated by family businesses and agricultural products processing, and it exports cane sugar, pineapple, rice and camphor.
Favorable Factors of Export-oriented Economic Development in Taiwan Province Province (37)
The main industrial center island of Taiwan Province Province (38)
Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region
Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, located in the northwest border of China, is the largest province in China. This is a multi-ethnic area dominated by Uighurs and Han nationality.
Mountains and basins in Xinjiang are alternately distributed. The majestic Tianshan Mountains are located in the middle of Xinjiang, with Tarim Basin and Junggar Basin on the north and south sides respectively.
Topography and Urban Distribution in Xinjiang (40) Desert and Surrounding Environment in Xinjiang (4 1)
Topographic features of "three mountains and two basins" in Xinjiang. Desert and Oasis in Tarim Basin (42)
Xinjiang has thousands of oases, which is the most important agricultural production base. In the oasis area rich in water resources, people have built water conservancy facilities such as diversion canals, irrigation canals and karez, and developed irrigation agriculture with its own characteristics. Wheat, corn and sorghum are the main crops.
Karez Profile Schematic Diagram (43)
Xinjiang has great potential for oil and gas resources. Distribution of Oil and Gas Resources in Xinjiang (46) West-East Gas Transmission (47)
Chu Chiang Delta
The Pearl River Delta is located in the southeast of Guangdong Province, downstream of the Pearl River, adjacent to Hong Kong and Macao, facing Southeast Asia across the sea, with convenient land and water transportation, and is known as the "South Gate" of China.
From 65438 to 0980, China established four special economic zones, among which Shenzhen and Zhuhai were located in the Pearl River Delta. From 65438 to 0985, the whole Pearl River Delta became a coastal economic development zone.
The Pearl River Delta region has formed a multi-level open system including special economic zones, coastal open cities and economic open zones. Export-oriented economy, such as textile and garment manufacturing, electronic and communication equipment manufacturing, electrical machinery and equipment manufacturing, toy manufacturing, etc.
The products produced here are mainly exported to Southeast Asia, Europe, Africa, America, Oceania and other regions through Hong Kong and Macao trade channels, and it is one of the largest production and export bases of electronic and daily consumer goods in the world.
The development of processing and manufacturing in the Pearl River Delta has promoted the development of catering, entertainment, transportation and other service industries.
Xishuangbanna
Located at the southernmost tip of Hengduan Mountains, it borders Laos and Myanmar in the south, and is also connected with waterways such as Thailand and Vietnam through Lancang-Mekong River, which is rich in tourism resources. The geographical location of Xishuangbanna (57)
Xishuangbanna is the most intact place in China's primitive tropical rain forest except Hainan Province. Colorful rainforest plants (58)
Lovely rainforest animals (59), including Asian elephants, green peacocks and other national key protected animals. It is called "Tropical Animal Kingdom".
Xishuangbanna is also a place where ethnic minorities live in compact communities. Dai, Hani, Bulang and other 13 ethnic minorities live in harmony here.
Xishuangbanna is dominated by agricultural production. Distribution of scenic spots and international tourist routes in xishuangbanna tourism (6 1)
The development of tourism has promoted the development of many departments, increased the equality of employment opportunities and per capita income, improved people's lives and promoted the economic development of Xishuangbanna. The role of tourism in promoting economic development (62)
loess plateau
The largest loess accumulation area in the world-Loess Plateau. Taihang Mountain in the east, Wushaoling in the west, Qinling Mountain in the south and the Great Wall in the north.
Location of Loess Plateau (66) Landscape of Loess Plateau (66)
"Wind-formed theory" holds that the loess material in the Loess Plateau is blown from deserts and Gobi in Central Asia and Mongolia. (67)
The loess plateau has broken ground and high valley density. There are few plains and many slopes, and vertical cliffs often appear on both sides of the valley. It is one of the regions with the most serious soil erosion in the world.
Causes of serious soil erosion in the Loess Plateau at present (68) Settlements and cultivated land on the Loess Plateau (68)
Distribution of serious soil erosion areas in China (70) Natural disasters on the Loess Plateau (70)
The vicious circle of man-land relationship in the Loess Plateau (7 1) Ecological construction in the Loess Plateau (73)
Along the Yangtze River
It starts from Shanghai in the east and reaches Panzhihua in Sichuan in the west, with cotton stretching over 3,000 kilometers from east to west. The width from north to south is roughly within the range of 100~200 km on both sides of the Yangtze River, which is a typical "banded" region.
The areas along the Yangtze River are not only geographically superior, but also endowed with unique natural conditions.
Terrain along the Yangtze River (75)
Along the Yangtze River, the coastal economy running through the north and south, and the vast headquarters area constitute the pattern of the English letter "H". Along the Yangtze River, the economically developed coastal areas are connected with areas with rich headquarters resources, which is the link between the east and the west. H-shaped economic structure (77)
The area along the Yangtze River is an important agricultural area and one of the most dynamic high-tech industrial development zones in China.
There are many cities along the Yangtze River. Among them, Shanghai, Nanjing, Wuhan and Chongqing are the centers of regional economy, culture and transportation, which have a strong radiation and driving effect on regional economic development.
The distribution density of cities in the upper, middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River is quite different. Towns in the middle and lower reaches are densely distributed, while cities along the river in the upper reaches are few, and the urban density is relatively low.
Four urban agglomerations are formed along the Yangtze River. Distribution of Cities along the Yangtze River (80)
Shanghai has a radiation-driven effect on the Yangtze River Delta, the whole Yangtze River basin and even the whole country. (8 1)
The Yangtze River is a highly developed comprehensive industrial zone in China. Industries along the Yangtze River (82)
There are industrial bases such as steel, petrochemicals, automobiles and textiles along the Yangtze River, which constitute the embryonic form of China's east-west "industrial corridor".
Environmental damage and its harm in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River (84) Flood disaster in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River (84)
Acid Rain Pollution in the Yangtze River Basin and Its Adjacent Areas (85)