Natural resource conditions
The study area is located in the east of Shandong Province, protruding from the Bohai Sea and the Yellow Sea, bordering the Bohai Sea in the north, the Yellow Sea in the northeast, Liaodong Peninsula in the north, the Korean Peninsula and the Japanese archipelago across the sea in the east and southeast, and Jiangsu Province in the south (Figure 2 1). Geographical coordinates span118 30 ′ ~122 42 ′ east longitude and 35 00 ′ ~ 38 00 ′ north latitude. The horizontal distance from east to west is 364km, and the vertical distance from north to south is 368km, with a total area of 54 370km2, accounting for 33.77% of the total land area of the province, including Qingdao, Yantai, Weihai, Rizhao, Weifang and Linyi densely populated areas, ***46 counties and cities (districts),1kloc-0/98 townships. This area is the most economically developed area in Shandong Province and occupies an important position in the economic development of Shandong Province.
Figure 2- 1 Traffic Location Map of the Study Area
The transportation in the area is convenient, and a three-dimensional transportation network has been formed with railways and highways as the main body, supplemented by sea transportation and air transportation. The main railway lines are Ji Jiao Line, Lanyan Line and Jiaoxin Line. Orchid (G22), Wu Rong (G 18), Deep Sea (G 15), Yin Qing (G20), Wei Qing (S68), Yanhai (S 1 1) and Roewe (S/kloc-0). Shipping relies on key large ports such as Yantai Port and Qingdao Port, supplemented by a number of small ports in coastal port groups, and builds a transportation bridge connecting major domestic ports and important international ports. Air transportation centers on Qingdao Liuting Airport and yantai laishan airport, and assists Weihai Dashuipo Airport and Linyi Mubuling Airport to form an air transportation system, which can directly reach major domestic cities and Japan, South Korea and other countries. The transportation network system extending in all directions has accelerated the urbanization process in this area and effectively guaranteed the sustained and rapid economic and social development.
Second, the topography
(1) Terrain
The terrain in this area is complex, with middle and low hills accounting for 65%, plain basins accounting for 33% and rivers and lakes accounting for 2%. The terrain is high in the east and low in the west, with uplift on the north and south sides and depression in the middle. The middle and low mountains are mainly distributed in the west of Yishu fault zone, with an altitude below 500 meters, and hilly basins are scattered among the mountains. The hills are mainly distributed in the east of Yishu fault zone. Geologically, it belongs to Ludong Uplift and Jiaonan-Weihai orogenic belt. Geomorphologically, they are divided into three parts, with hills in the north and south and plains in the middle. A few peaks in the northern hilly area are distributed in the east-west direction, with an altitude of 700 ~ 800 m, and most hills are below 300m, which are cut by the north-south river, showing the landform characteristics of wide valleys and gentle hills. The southern hilly area is in the south of Jiaozhou Bay. Except Wulian Mountain, Xiaozhu Mountain, Ma 'er Mountain and Jiuxian Mountain, which are about 700m above sea level, most of the peaks below 500m above sea level are concentrated here. The east and west sides of the hilly area are cut by rivers with short sources and rapid flows, and the terrain is broken. To the east of Jiaozhou Bay is Laoshan Mountain, with steep mountain and strong valley cutting. The Laoding in Qingdao, at an altitude of 1 133m, is the highest peak in this area. Jiaolai River Basin is the main plain in the central depression basin, including river alluvial plain, limnetic plain and denudation quasi-plain, with thin sediments, bordering Laizhou Bay in the north and the Yellow Sea in the south, with an altitude of less than 50m.
The study area is surrounded by the sea on three sides. The mainland coastline starts from Jiaolai estuary in the north and reaches Xiuzhen estuary in Rizhao city in the south, with a total length of about 2200km, accounting for 1/7 of the national coastline. It can be divided into three basic types: headland bedrock coast, muddy silt coast and bedrock sandy coast, among which muddy silt coast is the most extensive; In shallow water, there are underwater shoals, modern underwater deltas and marine erosion plains. The coastline is tortuous, there are many harbors, vast beaches and fertile water. The coastal beach covers an area of about 2500km2, and the water area within the isobath of 15m is about13,300km2, which is the place where various aquatic organisms thrive. There are 299 islands scattered in the coastal waters, with a total coastline of 668.6km and a total area of 147km2, of which the largest is Nanchangshan Island in miaodao islands, with an area of 12km2. The vast majority of these islands are less than 20 kilometers away from the mainland, and the farthest island, Beihuangcheng Island, is about 65 kilometers away from the land.
(2) Geomorphological types
Geomorphology is the result of long-term tectonic movement of geological internal forces and weathering, denudation, movement and deposition of external forces on the crust surface. The main factors affecting the formation of landforms are neotectonic movement, rock structure and physical, chemical and biological effects of external forces. According to the morphological types and genetic characteristics of landforms, the landforms in the survey area can be divided into six morphological combination types: Zhongshan, low mountains, hills, mountain plains, piedmont inclined plains and slightly inclined low plains (Figure 2-2).
1. Zhongshan
Zhongshan is located in Laoshan Mountain, Yishan Mountain and Kunyu Mountain, accounting for about 1% of the surveyed area, with an altitude of more than 900m and a relative height of more than 500 m. The slope of the ground is generally more than 25, and the terrain is cut strongly, with a cutting depth of100 ~ 200 m. The mountain is mainly composed of alkali-feldspar granite and syenite. The mountains in this area are high and deep, most of which are covered by forests and a few bedrock. There are also splendid ancient cultural relics. Laoshan Mountain is known as the famous mountain of Taoism and Buddhism, and Kunyu Mountain has always been known as the "ancestor of fairy mountain" and is the birthplace of Quanzhen religion.
Figure 2-2 Distribution Map of Geomorphic Types
2. Low mountains
Low mountains account for 6% of the total area of the study area, mainly distributed in Laoshan West, Daze Mountain, Zhushan, Zhuxiaoshan, Wulian Mountain, Yantaishan and Ai Shan, with an altitude of 500 ~ 1000 m, a relative height of 200 ~ 500 m, a ground slope of 20 ~ 25, low mountains, wide valleys, shallow cutting depth of 500.
3. Hills
Hill is the main landform type in the study area, accounting for 35% of the study area. Mainly distributed in the south of Qingdao-Wulian fault zone, Yantai and Weihai. The terrain is continuously undulating, and the mountains are low and gentle. The parent rocks of soil are mainly granite, granite gneiss, sandstone, conglomerate and a small amount of limestone. The altitude is 200~500m, the relative height is less than 200m, and the ground slope is generally below 20. The hilly area is the distribution area of gold, silver, copper, iron, marble, granite and other mineral resources, and some hilly areas contain relatively rich groundwater. The hilly terrain with large ups and downs is cut and broken, and the soil and water are difficult to maintain, which is generally not conducive to crop planting and should be used as forest land; However, in hilly areas with gentle terrain and developed residual slope accumulation, organic matter such as nitrogen and phosphorus is obviously insufficient, but trace elements such as iron, manganese, copper and zinc are rich, which is suitable for planting economic fruit trees such as apples, peaches, pears, chestnuts, apricots and peanuts. In lowland areas, soil has been cultivated and various dry crops, such as potatoes, beans, yellow tobacco, corn and wheat, have been planted.
4. Mountain plain
Mountain plain is the most widely distributed landform type in the study area, accounting for 36% of the study area. It is distributed in the mountainous plain in the south of Weifang-Gaomi Juxian County and on both sides of Wulong River, Dagujia River, Huanglei River and Rushan River, with an altitude of < 300 m, a relative height of < 100 m and a ground slope of < 8. The eroded bedrock is mainly clastic rock, and the surface sediments are extremely thin, mostly 1 ~ 2 m weathering residues. It is distributed in most areas of Jiaolai Basin and mountain plains along Dagu River, Yishu fault zone and Dagu River and Wulong River, with low terrain, generally below 50m above sea level, thick soil layer, fertile soil, criss-crossing rivers and canals and convenient irrigation. It is the main producing area of wheat, corn and beans.
5. Slope plain in front of the mountain
Mainly distributed in Linqu-Changyi area, scattered in Laizhou and northern Zhaoyuan, accounting for 5% of the study area. It consists of a series of piedmont diluvial fans, with an altitude of < < 50m, a relative height of < < 20m and a ground slope of < 5. Low-lying, shallow groundwater depth, and affected by water accumulation in flood season, soil salinization is more serious.
6. Slightly sloping low plains
Generally distributed in the coastal zone, accounting for 17% of the study area. According to the different genetic types, it is further divided into three secondary geomorphic units: denudation-marine plain, alluvial-marine plain and marine plain. The denudation-marine erosion plain is mainly distributed between the southern and eastern coastal hills and the marine plain, and it is the transitional zone between the hills and the marine plain. The altitude is generally < < 10m, which is mainly composed of accumulated sand layer and aeolian sand layer, and the ecological environment is fragile, so it is appropriate to build coastal shelterbelts. Alluvial-marine plain is a transitional zone between alluvial-diluvial plain and marine plain, which is distributed in the coastal area of Rizhao and the northern part of Changyi. The stratum structure is the intersection of land and sea, and the elevation is generally < < 10m, which is dominated by marine and aeolian sand, and the growth of crops is limited. The marine plain is distributed in coastal areas, with flat terrain and ground elevation below 6m. Microgeomorphology mainly includes coastal lowlands and intertidal zones, which are generally salinized or swamped. Some of them have been reclaimed for cultivating seafood or building saltworks, which is a landform type to be developed and utilized for a long time in the study area.
Three. Climate and hydrological resources
climatic resources
The study area is located in the eastern coast of China, which is influenced by geographical location, topography and atmospheric environment and belongs to a typical warm temperate continental monsoon climate. The study area extends into the sea and has the characteristics of maritime climate: humid air, moderate rainfall, suitable temperature, no heat in summer and no cold in winter. The annual average temperature is 1 1 ~ 14℃, the average temperature in June is -4.5 ~- 1.0℃, and the temperature in July is mostly above 24℃. Drought in spring and waterlogging in autumn, rainy in late autumn. The annual average precipitation is 650 ~ 800 mm, which decreases from east to west, and summer accounts for 60% ~ 70% of the annual precipitation. The frost-free period of the whole year is 180 ~ 190 d, the monsoon is mainly southeast wind, with an annual average wind speed of 3.5 ~ 5.3m/s, and the coastal areas are foggy, with an annual average foggy weather of 160 d, mainly from March to July, with occasional disastrous weather such as cold wave, rainstorm and typhoon. The study area is rich in agricultural climatic resources, with good combination conditions of light, heat and water, different climatic zones and diverse microclimate types, which have the characteristics of suitability, maturity, multi-level and multi-type of agricultural development, providing favorable climatic conditions for the adjustment of agricultural structure in the whole province.
(2) Water resources
1. Groundwater resources
According to the geological, geomorphological and hydrogeological conditions, combined with the hydrogeological problems related to groundwater development and utilization and agriculture, the hydrogeology of the study area is divided into four types.
1) pore water of loose rocks: mainly distributed in intermountain alluvial-diluvial plain, piedmont alluvial-diluvial plain and coastal plain. The lithology of aquifer is mainly Quaternary fluvial facies, gravels, pebbles and sand, with multi-layer structure, and the total thickness is generally less than 50m. The hydrochemical types of groundwater are mainly calcium bicarbonate water, magnesium water and calcium bicarbonate water, and the pH value is generally 6.5 ~ 8.5, and the salinity is generally less than 2500 mg/L.. There are some problems in this area, such as local over-exploitation of confined fresh water, waterlogging in agricultural production and local water shortage.
2) Bedrock fissure water: mainly distributed in hilly areas, which can be subdivided into layered rock fissure water and massive rock fissure water according to its groundwater occurrence conditions, formation lithology and structure. The lithology of fractured aquifer in layered rocks mainly includes slate, phyllite, sandstone, siliceous rock and shale. Groundwater mainly occurs in weathered fracture zone and structural fault zone, and its water abundance is generally moderate to poor. The hydrochemical types are mostly bicarbonate, magnesium bicarbonate and sodium bicarbonate, and the pH value is generally 6.4 ~ 8.4, and the salinity is generally150 ~ 500mg/L.. The lithology of fissure water aquifer in massive rocks is mainly granite and adamellite. Groundwater occurs in weathered cracks and fault structures, and its water abundance is generally poor. The hydrochemical types are mostly sodium bicarbonate, calcium bicarbonate and magnesium bicarbonate, with pH value of 5.5 ~ 7.7 and salinity of 50 ~1000 mg/L.
3) Carbonate fissure karst water: mainly distributed in Anqiu-Juxian area. The lithology of aquifer is mainly Cambrian, Ordovician limestone and dolomite. Groundwater mainly occurs in karst fractures, and its water abundance is generally moderate to abundant. The hydrochemical type is bicarbonate or magnesium bicarbonate, the pH is 7.2 ~ 8.2, and the salinity is generally 200 ~1000 mg/L..
4) Clastic fracture pore water: mainly distributed in Yishu fault zone and the southern piedmont of the study area. The lithology of aquifer is mainly purplish red and brick red glutenite and conglomerate in Cretaceous and Jurassic. Groundwater mainly exists in cracks and pores, and its water abundance is generally poor, which is slightly influenced by local geological structures. The hydrochemical type is mostly magnesium bicarbonate, with a pH of 6.9 ~ 8.3 and a salinity of 200 ~1500mg/L..
The groundwater in the area is mainly replenished by atmospheric precipitation and irrigation water infiltration, and the drainage methods are mainly artificial mining and spring water drainage. The law of groundwater occurrence and migration is mainly controlled by topography, stratigraphic lithology and structure.
2. Surface water systems and water resources
There are many rivers and well-developed river networks in the study area, and the average river network density in the whole area is about 0.47km/km2. There are about 2,000 large and small rivers in the whole region, 7 of which are 100 ~ 500 km long, all of which are rain sources in monsoon region, and most of them are independent streams that enter the sea. Runoff resources are scarce and unevenly distributed. The per capita runoff is about 370m3, accounting for 13.7% and 3.36% of the national and world average runoff respectively. The runoff in Yishu River basin can reach 10.9 L/s, and only 3.25L/s in a few rivers. According to the water system, it is divided into Yishu river system, Jiaolai river system and coastal water system.
3. Present situation and countermeasures of water resources development and utilization
Reservoirs, ponds and other water storage facilities are scattered all over the study area, and irrigation projects supporting water conservancy projects have begun to take shape. Surface water has been fully and reasonably developed and utilized, and groundwater resources have also been widely developed and utilized. In recent years, due to the continuous development of industrial and agricultural production, especially in Qingdao, Yantai and Weihai, the demand for water resources will continue to increase, and the contradiction between supply and demand of water resources has become increasingly prominent. In the future, the development of surface water and groundwater should be managed in a unified way and developed rationally, and attention should be paid to increasing revenue and reducing expenditure, saving water sources and protecting precious and limited water resources for future generations. With the implementation of the Yellow River Diversion Project and the West-East Gas Transmission Project in China, it has become a reality to transfer water from different river basins to replenish water resources, which will play an important role in alleviating the contradiction between supply and demand of water resources in this area.
Fourth, land resources.
(A) agricultural layout and development status
There are many kinds of agricultural products resources in the study area. First, there are many kinds of resources. There are more than 100 families and 1000 species in plant resources alone, including more than 40 crops in more than 20 families. Food crops mainly include wheat, corn, sweet potato, soybean, millet, sorghum, miscellaneous grains, etc. Cash crops mainly include peanuts, cotton, yellow tobacco, sesame and so on; Vegetables mainly include peppers, ginger, garlic, taro, green onions and so on. Dried and fresh fruits mainly include apples, grapes, peaches, hawthorn, jujube, chestnut, sweet persimmon, cherry, strawberry and so on. As far as animal resources are concerned, terrestrial animals mainly include broilers, laying hens, beef cattle, pigs, sheep and rabbits. There are many harbors, vast beaches, fertile soil and rich bait in this area, and there are many aquatic organisms that inhabit and breed, such as snapper, yellow croaker, perch, abalone, oyster, stockade fish, prawn, scallop, sea cucumber, crab and conch. Second, the total output is large. In 2009, the total grain output reached13.485 million tons, vegetables19.925 million tons and fruits/7.09110,000 tons, all of which increased in different degrees compared with 2006. Third, there are many famous products, among which many local famous products are the most famous, such as Yantai apples, Laiyang pears, Dazeshan grapes and Rizhao tea. , all have high external visibility and certain commodity advantages.
See table 2- 1 for the species, area and yield of regional dominant crops in six prefecture-level cities in the region. As can be seen from Table 2- 1, grain crops are the crops with the largest area, the widest distribution and the highest output value, mainly wheat and corn, followed by peanuts. The variety, planting area and yield of crops in different regions are different. The highest yield per mu of wheat in Weifang is 398. 13 kg/mu, and the rest in Qingdao, Yantai, Rizhao, Weihai and Linyi are 385.09 kg/mu, 348.64 kg/mu, 342.94 kg/mu, 338.99 kg/mu and 304.89 kg/mu respectively. The highest yield per mu of corn in Yantai is 475.77 kg/mu, while that in Rizhao, Qingdao, Weihai, Weifang and Linyi are 447,439.77,436.11,407.438+0,405.69 kg/mu respectively. Yantai has the largest apple planting area (2,005,200 mu), which is 5 ~ 1 1 times that of other prefecture-level cities.
Table 2- 1 Statistical Table of Crop Planting Area and Yield in Different Regions of the Study Area
sequential
(B) the status of land resources utilization
The total land area in the study area is 54 370km2, but the per capita occupied area is only 0. 1.8 1 hm2, which is slightly higher than the provincial average (0. 1.7 hm2/ person), lower than the national average (0.78 hm2) 1/4, and far lower than the world. The regional difference of per capita land ownership and the uneven distribution of various types of land are the main characteristics of the current land use situation in this area.
The land use types in the area are complete, which can be divided into 8 first-class land types and 23 second-class land types. According to the first category, the land use status of six prefecture-level cities is shown in Table 2-2.
Table 2-2 Land Use Status Table
Cultivated land and woodland are two main land use types in eastern Shandong, accounting for 80.43% and 9.09% of the total land area of six prefecture-level cities respectively. Cultivated land is mainly distributed in alluvial plain, piedmont plain and vast river hilly area. The survey area is vast and sparsely populated, with a total cultivated land area of 83,292,300 hm2 and per capita cultivated land area of 1.24hm2, slightly higher than Shandong (1.5438+0.8hm2,2010 year) and lower than the whole country. Woodlands are mainly distributed in Yantai, Haiyang-Weihai, northern Pingdu, Laoshan Mountain in Qingdao and Wulian's low mountainous areas, high hilly areas and flood plain areas. They are mainly natural forests, and coastal areas are mainly artificial seawall windbreaks. There are also small nurseries in hilly areas, which mainly cultivate ginkgo, poplar and willow. Residential land and industrial and mining land ranked third, accounting for 2.76%. The study area has a large population density, and there are many villages and large towns. In addition, gold mines, iron mines, graphite and other mines in hilly areas also occupy a lot of land. Gardens rank fourth, accounting for 2.50%. They are mainly distributed in Yantai, northern Pingdu, southern Linqu, the hilly slope of Laoshan Mountain in Qingdao and the alluvial plain in the middle and upper reaches of rivers. Orchards are the main ones, and apples, pears, peaches, grapes, cherries and hawthorn are planted. The other four types of land, such as traffic construction land, grassland water area and unused land, only account for 5.22% of the total land area.
Verb (abbreviation of verb) mineral resources
The whole region is rich in mineral resources, and more than 89 kinds of minerals (including sub-minerals) have been discovered, accounting for about 60% of the discovered minerals in the province, including 6 kinds of energy minerals, 24 kinds of metal minerals, 57 kinds of non-metal minerals and 2 kinds of water gas minerals. There are more than 70 kinds of minerals with proven reserves (resources), accounting for 86% of the province's proven reserves. There are 947 large, medium and small mineral deposits and occurrences, including 25 energy minerals, 479 metal minerals, 400 non-metal minerals and 43 water and gas minerals. Most of these minerals have been mined or are being developed. Main energy minerals: coal, oil shale, oil and geothermal; Ferrous metals: iron, manganese and titanium (rutile); Non-ferrous metals: copper, lead, zinc, tungsten, molybdenum, cobalt, nickel and magnesium; Precious metals: gold and silver; Rare metals: rare earth, beryllium, niobium, thorium, uranium and antimony; Metallurgical auxiliary materials: timely sandstone, fluorite, casting sand, flux dolomite; Mineral raw materials for chemical industry: phosphorus, pyrite, barite, andalusite, silica, serpentine, potassium-bearing rocks and natural brine; Building materials and other nonmetallic minerals: graphite, talc, cement limestone, cement marble, cement clay, brick clay, bentonite, potash feldspar, diabase, decorative granite, decorative marble, bentonite, kaolin, natural brine, zeolite, perlite, obsidian, vermiculite, mica, medical stone and Iceland spar; Arts and crafts minerals: inkstone, crystal, sapphire, Muyu stone; Water and gas minerals: drinking mineral water, geothermal hot springs, etc.
The dominant minerals with proven reserves in the forefront of China are: rock gold, sapphire and zircon reserves rank first in China, magnesite reserves rank second in China, aluminum ranks fourth in China, and talc ranks fifth in China. There are various genetic types of the deposit, including magmatic hydrothermal type, volcanic type, contact metasomatism (skarn) type, hydrothermal type (filling metasomatism) type, metamorphic type, sedimentary type and pegmatite type. The metallogenic ages are mainly Precambrian, Indosinian, Yanshan and Himalayan.