During the more than 80 years from the Opium War to the founding of the Chinese Production Party, China people's difficult course of exploring the country's way out and its enlightenment.

The sound of the Opium War awakened the Qing Dynasty, which had always regarded itself as a "celestial dynasty", despised foreign countries and was arrogant, and revealed that the Chinese nation was repeatedly ravaged by the West.

The tragic history of aggression, humiliation and bullying by foreign powers has also aroused some advanced China people's tenacious exploration of the country's way out and their concern for the future and destiny of the motherland.

As Mao Zedong said, "Start with 184. Since the defeat of the Opium War in 1998, the advanced people of China have gone through hardships and made great efforts.

Western countries seek truth. Hong Xiuquan, Kang Youwei, Yan Fu and Sun Yat-sen represented the people who sought truth from the West before the birth of China's * * * production party.

Things. " This school is an advanced China people. In order to save the nation from peril, they opened their eyes to see the world and used new ideas, new eyes, new ways of thinking and new experiences.

It took nearly a hundred years to seek the truth of saving the country and the people from the west, and boldly put forward valuable ideas of exploring the country's way out and patriotism.

Plan, and patriotism, national salvation, and the founding of the country. Although these different national salvation plans had their limitations under the historical conditions at that time, they were deepened.

In order to fully understand and understand the western world, it promoted the social changes in modern China and the struggle of modern China to explore the way out for the country.

Become. It also provided rich historical experience and laid a foundation for China producers to put forward and formulate a new program for new democracy and socialist revolution and construction.

Laid the necessary foundation.

First, the landlord class reformers such as Lin Zexu and Wei Yuan boldly put forward a plan to save the country by learning military technology from the West, resisting foreign aggression and transforming society.

184。 Britain, a small capitalist country, not only opened the door of the arrogant Qing feudal empire with big shelling, but also achieved the Qing empire.

Failure (worship) befalls Britain. The failure of this first confrontation cannot but arouse the shock and thinking of people of insight and enlightened patriotic officials in China.

The autocratic rule of the landlord class reformers represented by Lin Zexu and Wei Yuan and the feudal die-hards of the Manchu government began to learn from the West.

Exposing and attacking the importance of political corruption in Qing Dynasty, reforming and innovating, promoting advantages and eliminating disadvantages, and putting forward the idea of learning western military technology, resisting foreign aggression and becoming rich.

The valuable thought of strengthening the country and saving the country.

Lin Zexu, the first person in modern China who opened his eyes to see the world, was an outstanding anti-feudal politician who had been in politics for 40 years in feudal times and had been in 14 province.

In the struggle against aggression, the die-hards are neither arrogant nor bend their knees to make peace. He suggested banning opium smuggling and encouraging legal trade. Claimed arrival

Resist foreign aggression, but do not exclude learning from foreign strengths. In the practice of leading the anti-British struggle, he conducted a lot of investigation and study, and paid attention to understanding western capital.

With the development of this socialist country, people are sent to buy foreign books and periodicals and some people who know foreign languages are recruited to translate western books and periodicals and newspapers, and they are carefully studied to plan to ban smoking and deal with the enemy.

In his view, "the coastal officials abandoned foreign feelings and were shocked by the name English, but they really didn't know its origin." Therefore, "you must always visit the foreign situation and know its emptiness."

Reality is the only way to control it. "(2) He organized the translation and editing of Macau News, Macau Monthly and Petrochemical Yi Yan, and invited people to translate western weapons systems.

Books about architecture. Starting from the actual needs of the anti-aggression war and international exchanges, he compiled the historical materials of foreign geography into an Introduction to the World.

Four continents, more than 90 countries, the world geography book "Four continents" can be used as a reference for China. Although the contents of the Annals of Sizhou are incomplete,

However, it broke China people's long-standing ignorance of the outside world, and created a precedent for modern China to learn from the west and understand the world, especially.

What is commendable is that after being framed and persecuted by the capitulators and exiled by the fatuous and corrupt Daoguang Emperor, he still did not forget to resist Britain. He is very patriotic.

Enthusiasm warned the Qing rulers not to relax their foreign affairs, but to "obey the rebellion by force" rather than "try to detain it" And put forward that "the amount of silver is used to prevent foreigners,

From then on, guns will be extremely profitable and shipbuilding will be extremely strong "(3). Regardless of his personal gains and losses, he put the interests of the nation and the country first and always insisted on learning from others.

Technology, the idea and position of resisting foreign aggression, once put forward the eight-character message of suppressing foreigners: "Good skills, dare to fight and dare to fight", showing a high degree of patriotism, which is close.

On behalf of China's struggle to explore the country's way out, he put forward valuable ideas.

The advocator of China's modern new ideological trend, Wei Yuan, a great thinker who comprehensively and systematically expounded the famous proposition of learning from foreigners to control foreigners, started from the autumn of 1842.

At first, on the basis of Lin Zexu's Records of the Four Kingdoms, he compiled the earliest masterpiece "Atlas of the Sea Countries" which advocated comprehensive western learning and resistance to the West, and systematically expounded it.

The idea of "learning from foreigners to control foreigners" is expounded. He put forward specific suggestions: first, learn from the advanced military production technology of western capitalist countries. Point out:

"Barbarians have three skills: one warship, two firearms and three training methods." (1) "People know that naval guns are western skills, but they don't know that western skills are not just naval guns.

And ... "(3) He believes that people who are beneficial to the people are among the students. It is required to establish a modern capitalist new industry and learn to manufacture all kinds of guns and ships.

Machinery. He warned the Chinese people: "Those who are good at learning from the four foreigners can control the four foreigners; Those who are not good at learning from foreigners will be controlled by foreigners. " This shows the relationship between "learning from foreigners" and "controlling foreigners". Obviously,

It is really important to learn from the west. Second, establish a military industry run by the government. It is believed that doing so can "learn from the strengths of the West and be the strengths of China".

China has mastered advanced production technology and independently created and improved its own weapons and equipment. Third, civilian industries have been established, allowing private enterprises to set up factories and mines freely.

He said: "There are all kinds of warships, and there are endless ships that pretend to be deaf and dumb." "There are countless guns and countless instruments coming out of the stomach." Today, this links "learning from foreigners" with the development of national industries.

Together. Fourth, follow the example of the West in selecting soldiers for training. He emphasized that selecting and training new naval divisions from people who know technology and have practical experience will improve the quality of the army.

Quality, improve combat effectiveness. Offer to reward the inventor of military creation. Obviously, the purpose of Wei Yuan's "learning from foreigners" is to change the backwardness of China.

The situation has made the country rich and strong. The method of "learning from foreigners" is not a blind copy, but a choice. What should we bring? At that time, Wei Yuan thought it was mainly

Wei Yuan's thought and proposition of learning from the West is in line with the requirements of historical development.

It represents the common aspiration of the reformists of the landlord class and people of insight at that time, and has the significance of pioneering the atmosphere.

Looking at the valuable ideas and plans of the landlord class reformers to explore the country's way out, we can draw the conclusion that although Lin Zexu and Wei Yuan did not take root.

Changing the status of the landlord class has obvious limitations, but it has not completely broken with feudalism. However, they adhered to a clear patriotic stance.

He advocated looking at the world and changing the society, especially seeing that western military technology is the force we should learn, and bravely put forward the idea of "learning from foreigners"

Yi "thought combines" learning from foreigners "and" controlling foreigners ". Their thought and plan of saving the country not only met the needs of the situation at that time, but also initiated modern times.

China people tried hard to learn from the west and explore the way out of the country, which played an important role in "opening the atmosphere first"; Later, the emergence of new thoughts also had a stage.

The influence of the Party became the forerunner of exploring the country's way out in modern China.

Two, Hong Xiuquan, Hongya and other peasant revolutionary leaders put forward the "heaven and earth" national salvation plan.

185 1- 1864. The unprecedented Taiping Heavenly Kingdom peasant revolutionary war in China was the peak of the old peasant war.

It lasted 14 years, covering 18 provinces and regions, with a huge momentum, which is unique in the history of peasant war in China and even in the world. It launched and led the peasant revolutionary war in the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom.

Hong Xiuquan, the leader of the struggle, used the doctrine of reforming Western Christianity to combine the spirit of equality with China's Confucianism and farmers' average thought.

Put forward a plan to save the country on behalf of farmers' interests-celestial eye system. In order to realize this national salvation plan, Hong Xiuquan led the soldiers of Taiping Heavenly Kingdom to fight bloody battles and explore 14 years, which pushed the struggle of China peasant revolutionaries to explore the country's way out to a new climax. However, the "Tian" formulated by Hong Xiuquan

After all, the system of the sky is a dual national salvation plan. On the one hand, it fundamentally denied the feudal land ownership and highlighted the broad masses of farmers.

The people's strong desire to get rid of feudal economic exploitation and political oppression and demand land fully mobilized the enthusiasm of farmers to participate in the revolutionary struggle.

The inheritance and development of the idea of equality in the peasant uprisings of past dynasties has revolutionary significance of thoroughly opposing the feudal system in political inclination. On the other hand, it

It is also the product of small-scale peasant economy. It is the pursuit of utopia by small producers, trying to average all social wealth and destroy everything on the basis of small-scale peasant economy.

Private property plan is an absolutely equal peasant utopia. It not only doesn't work in practice, but also has great backwardness and fantasy.

It violates the laws of social and economic development, hinders the development of social productive forces and is reactionary. Therefore, it represents the "foundation" of peasant egalitarianism.

The national salvation plan of "Heaven" failed to be implemented in the end.

Hong Xiuquan's younger brother Hong (1859) was appointed as prime minister at the critical moment of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom. He designed and put forward a strategy of governing the country with distinctive capitalist colors.

Governing the country and transforming society-a new chapter in state affairs. Its central idea is how to employ people and legislate, with emphasis on legislation, so that China can achieve the goal of "strengthening the country by force" and "being vulgar and honest".

Politically, Hong Ren put forward a set of political reform programs with certain capitalist legal system and democratic color. Advocate to speak widely.

Tao, innovative politics, communication from top to bottom, and opposition to nepotism; Especially in employing people, he proposed to "examine the mistakes of employing people" and "prohibit the disadvantages of cronyism". He emphasized the application of law.

Establish the country, improve the legal system and perfect the absolute monarchy. To this end, he specifically proposed to carry out internal affairs reform from three aspects, namely, using style, usage and punishment.

In addition to the three, leaders should take the lead in setting an example. In order to strengthen centralization in politics and realize "from big to small",

From top to bottom, power is unified. He also suggested setting up a "news hall" to exchange views, strengthen public opinion supervision, and set up a "secret cabinet" to "collect people's hearts and discuss them" for the people.

Opportunities for political participation.

Economically, Hong advocated imitating the economic system of capitalist countries and vigorously establishing and developing modern transportation, mining, post and telecommunications, finance and so on.

.

Enterprises and institutions shall allow private investment and reward inventions and creations.

In terms of culture, education and social reform, it advocates running schools and hospitals, developing relief undertakings, fasting opium, banning slavery and cicadas, and reforming social customs.

In terms of foreign relations, it advocates establishing normal diplomatic relations with other countries, trading with foreign countries and developing culture and technology under the principle of independence and equality.

Art exchange, but stressed that it is not allowed to interfere in China's internal affairs, and opium smuggling is prohibited. It is clearly stated that learning western "skills" and learning western "national laws" should be equally important.

What is particularly commendable is that Hong put his eyes on learning from foreign countries on a longer-term goal and put forward the law of "combining with the people", that is, through

Competition with foreign capitalism. Catch up with or surpass western countries.

As a political program and social reform plan in the later period of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, the "Senior Minister's New Chapter" put forward by Hong Gan, the leader of the peasant revolution in the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, is very

Incomplete, it does not involve the land issue that farmers care about, nor does it mention changing the feudal economic system, learning the capitalist political system, and when.

At that time, the social conditions and class foundation for realizing the plan were not yet available. Therefore, it has not been put into practice. However, just before the competition, Hong represented and surpassed the peasant class.

From the point of view of farmers' small producers, the plan of saving the country put forward according to the western capitalist model is an outstanding achievement of farmers' leaders in the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom learning from the West.

Fruit. It made pioneering contributions to the struggle of exploring the country's way out in modern China, and provided valuable ideas, which was first put forward by modern China.

Seeking to learn from the systematic writings and bold designs of western capitalism conforms to the objective requirements of historical development at that time and the direction of historical progress.

Three, Kang Youwei and other bourgeois reformers put forward the plan of "reform and reform" to save the country.

1898, Kang Youwei, a famous bourgeois reformist leader, put forward the plan of "political reform and reform" to save the country and explore a way out for modern China.

The field of learning western military technology to resist foreign aggression and learning western economy to revitalize industry and commerce has been further expanded to learning western political system.

The implementation of constitutional monarchy is a great historical progress.

Kang Youwei, who studied the history of Confucian classics, was deeply educated by Confucianism and felt the western material civilization and legal system, was invincible in China after the Sino-French War.

Stimulated by the great shame of the defeated country, it takes saving the world as its heart every day and takes saving the world as its task all the time. 1June, 888, he became a cloth for the first time.

Emperor Shu and Qing began to brew the ideological theory of reform and reform and the plan of saving the country. +089 1- 1896 Kang Youwei successively wrote the sensational Theory of Reform and Reform.

On the works "A Test of New Learning and Pseudo-Classics" and "A Test of Confucius System Reform" created a theoretical basis for the reform and reform. 1895, after the failure of the Sino-Japanese War, China faced being

The serious danger of imperialist carve-up and whaling. Kang Youwei, who is taking an exam in Beijing, immediately contacted 18 provincial juren 130. People gathered to discuss and pass.

The Imperial edict of Guangxu, drafted by him, requires the Qing government to refuse to sign a peace treaty with Japan and take urgent measures to resist aggression. This is Kang Youwei's second letter, which is this book.

The famous "writing on the bus" was an unprecedented patriotic petition by intellectuals in the Qing Dynasty at the instigation of Kang Youwei, which showed that in modern China.

The new awakening of intellectuals in China is also the first step for the bourgeois reformists to publicly clarify their plans for reform and saving the country.

From 1888 to 1898. During this 10 year, Kang Youwei wrote to the Qing emperor seven times, and clearly put forward the national salvation plan of political reform and reform. Summarize kangyou

The basic propositions of peaceful reformists mainly include:

Politically, he advocated civil rights and implemented a constitutional monarchy. He put forward three strategies for political reform to the emperor: the first strategy is to choose the law and decide the country by Russia and Japan; that

The second policy is that large-scale clusters seek political change; The third policy is to let ministers in Xinjiang reform independently. He said: "All three strategies can be powerful if they can be implemented; Nengqi

Still weak, only under it, it will not die, but the emperor chose to do so. " He especially hoped that Emperor Guangxu could follow the example of Peter the Great and Meiji Day.

The emperor decided the national policy by himself and carried out political reform to make the country rich and strong, which he thought was the best policy. He repeatedly emphasized the indispensable viewpoint of political reform and pointed out: "Look at the world."

The general trend of a country exists if it can change, dies if it doesn't change, becomes strong if it changes completely, and dies if it changes slightly. People think: "new things are strong, old things are old;" "The new is fresh and the old is rotten; The new one is still alive and the old one is still alive.

Board of directors; The new is interlinked, and the old is stagnant; The principle of things, too, is that the laws accumulate over time and the disadvantages will be numerous, so there is no law that will remain unchanged for a hundred years. Attending his proposal: open the House of Representatives, formulate a constitution and promote civil rights,

Implement a constitutional monarchy, thinking that only in this way can the world be invincible. In particular, he also proposed: set up a system bureau to be the imperial palace, and the emperor personally discussed it every day.

Establish a new system, set up 12 sub-bureau to replace the old temple and implement the new policy; It is suggested that all provinces set up civil affairs bureaus to supervise the new policy of local autonomy and learn from western countries.

Family system, separation of powers of deliberation, administration and justice, etc. It can be said that Kang Youwei's idea of setting up a system bureau in the imperial palace is a reform of reformism.

The core of the plan is his bold attempt to learn from the west, and it is also the central idea of the reform and reform plan to save the country. The reformists also put forward: open mind and allow.

Guan Xumin wrote a letter saying things, and allowed local organizations and newspapers to be established, giving certain freedom of publication and speech; Cancel overlapping leisure institutions, lay off employees and delete them.

Change the rules, clarify the official management, abolish the privileges of flag-bearers, and encourage them to make a living by themselves. These political propositions of reformists are not only in breadth and depth, but also in

In the sense of social change, it surpassed all the national salvation schemes put forward by various political factions in the past, and it has progressive historical significance.

Economically, the reformists directly quoted Zheng's "commercial war" theory, emphasizing that "the ancient country was destroyed by soldiers, and everyone knows it."

So today's national subjugation is based on commerce, and everyone ignores it. "They advocate the development of emerging industries. Establish a chamber of commerce. The state helps it; Establish modern education,

Promote economic development, etc. These ministries have produced practical social effects. Especially during the Reform Movement of 1898, Division L also promulgated the development of national industry and science.

63. The cultural imperial edict put forward the measures of establishing the General Administration of Agriculture, Industry and Commerce, which improved the social status of the upper class of the national bourgeoisie to a certain extent and combined investment.

The legitimate rights and interests have been protected to a certain extent.

Culturally, reformists advocated western learning, developed schools and enlightened people's wisdom. The reformists used the western bourgeois democratic thought as a weapon and made great contributions to the traditional feudalism in China.

Ethical principles have been boldly criticized, and a new trend of thought has sprung up in the ideological and cultural fields. They widely introduce and publicize western natural science.

Science and social science books systematically introduce western bourgeois economics, politics, law, biological evolution, scientific methodology and natural human rights.

Say, there are freedom, equality and so on. This played an important role in promoting the ideological emancipation of intellectuals and the development of democratic revolution in modern China.

Use.

Kang Youwei, Liang Qichao and other bourgeois reformers put forward the plan of saving the nation from extinction, which was abolished after a short period of implementation, but in modern China,

The struggle to explore the country's way out has not stopped, and the historical trend of social change is even more irreversible. The bourgeois reformists have increased their courage in reform and innovation.

This spirit of responsibility and dedication laid an ideological foundation for the bourgeois revolutionaries to continue to struggle for the country's way out and even put forward more advanced plans to save the country.

Foundation.

Fourth, the bourgeois revolutionaries represented by Sun Yat-sen put forward the national salvation plan of "democracy * * * harmony".

The bourgeois revolutionaries, represented by Sun Yat-sen, deeply realized from the blood of the reformists that the Qing government could not be established without overthrowing it by force.

A regime that conforms to the interests of the bourgeoisie cannot realize the plan of saving the country designed by the bourgeois revolutionaries.

Bourgeois revolutionaries, educated by western capitalism to varying degrees, have an urgent pursuit after rational thinking and political practice.

A brand-new social plan to solve the China problem, that is, a "democratic and harmonious" national salvation plan.

1894165438+10 In October, Sun Yat-sen, who completely abandoned bourgeois reformism and embarked on the road of anti-Qing revolution, established the first China in Honolulu.

Sun Yat-sen, a small bourgeois revolutionary group, drafted the articles of association of the Communist Party of China with the aim of "rejuvenating China and safeguarding the national system", and secretly vowed to "expel the people of China, restore China and create a public government" for the Association, and proposed to the people of China for the first time to overthrow the autocratic government of the Qing Dynasty.

The right to establish bourgeois democracy and the political goal of the country. This is China's first bourgeois revolutionary program and what Sun Yat-sen described as "democracy".

And in August, 2005, Sun Yat-sen established the China League in Tokyo, and established China No.1 according to the model of western political parties.

A national unified bourgeois political party put forward a political program of "expelling booty, restoring China, establishing the Republic of China, and sharing land rights equally". Same year

In March, Sun Yat-sen put forward the three principles of nationality, civil rights and people's livelihood for the first time in the preface of People's Daily. He clearly declared: "The purpose of our revolution is

China seeks happiness. Because he doesn't want a few Manchu despots, he wants a national revolution. I don't want absolute monarchy, so I want political revolution; I don't want a few rich people to be arbitrary.

Therefore, social revolution is needed. None of these three things can be done, and it is not our intention. After achieving these three goals, I think China will be perfect.

Country. “⑩

The Three People's Principles expounded by Sun Yat-sen is a relatively complete program of bourgeois democratic revolution and a brand-new ideal program of bourgeois revolutionaries.

National salvation plan.

The nationalism advocated by it includes two meanings of "anti-Manchu and independence" to achieve the purpose of national revolution. This shows the purpose of nationalism.

The core is to overthrow the reactionary rule of the Qing Dynasty, relieve national oppression and establish an independent nation-state.

The democracy it advocates is to overthrow the feudal monarchy, establish a bourgeois democratic system and complete the political revolution. this is

The core of the Three People's Principles. Sun Yat-sen said: "China has been an absolute monarchy for thousands of years, and this kind of government is unacceptable to equal and free citizens."

",is" the root of bad politics ". Attending, therefore, just a national revolution is not enough. While carrying out the national revolution to overthrow the Qing dynasty, it must also be administrative.

Cure the revolution and overthrow the absolute monarchy. He clearly put forward: "According to the current political theory, even if the Han people are monarchs, they can't help but make revolution".

The result of the revolution is to "subvert the imperial system", remove the "root of bad politics" and establish democratic constitutionalism. In addition, Sun Yat-sen is also creative.

Put forward the political proposition of formulating the constitution of the Republic of China and implementing the "separation of five powers", that is, in addition to the administrative, legislative and judicial powers practiced in Europe and America,

We have also set up the power of examination and supervision to make up for the shortcomings of "separation of powers" and make the country better governed. Therefore, the goal of civil rights is

Abolish feudal monarchy. Establish a bourgeois political system.

The people's livelihood advocated by it is to prevent the polarization and opposition between the rich and the poor under the capitalist system and realize social revolution with the help of state-owned land.

Purpose. Sun Yat-sen put forward: "When we are carrying out the national revolution and the political revolution, we must try our best to improve the social and economic organization at the same time to prevent the later cooperatives."

Revolution, this is really the biggest responsibility. "Attending the core of people's livelihood is to solve social and economic problems, which is actually to solve the land problem.

Under the guidance of the Three People's Principles, the bourgeois revolutionaries represented by Sun Yat-sen held a series of armed uprisings, which were indomitable and suffered repeated setbacks.

Finn finally turned his plan of establishing a "democratic republic" into reality. He won the Revolution of 1911 and announced it in 19 12.

The establishment of the provisional government of the Republic of China. This is the first bourgeois government and China government in the history of China and Asia.

Opened a brand-new page for China to explore the country's way out in modern times. After Sun Yat-sen took office as interim president, he promulgated the Provisional Constitution of the Republic of China.

A series of laws have been promulgated to protect and develop national capitalist industry and commerce. The bourgeoisie shouted happily: "It's time for the industrial revolution!" Investigate Nanjing Pro

At that time, the internal structure of the government and the decrees issued. You can see the projection of the United States almost everywhere, and you can see the sincerity of the bourgeois revolutionaries in China.

Imitate the western political system. How pious is the belief in carrying out the plan of saving the nation through democracy and republicanism in China. However, in the era of imperialism, half

Colonial and semi-feudal China was led by the bourgeoisie. Imperialism will never tolerate a revolution aimed at establishing bourgeois dictatorship.

The history of the failure of the Revolution of 1911 fully proves that the old road of western capitalist modernization, the bourgeois * * * and China's plan, will not work in China.

Looking back on the presentation and evolution of China's valuable ideas and plans to explore the country's way out in modern times, it not only shows the stage and continuity of the struggle to explore the country's way out

Continuity also proves that the struggle to explore the country's way out is long-term and gradual. Although all kinds of struggle schemes for exploring the country's way out in modern China are without exception,

All the places ended in failure, but the history of struggle, exploration and entrepreneurship of advanced China people in the past 100 years is a valuable spiritual heritage. Modern China took several generations.

After a lifetime of hard work and indomitable struggle, the people put forward various plans to save the country, still shining with the glory of that era and still representing that era.

The best plan. Because even the smallest step is a difficult step with the color of historical progress.

Summarizing the historical experience put forward by China's national salvation plan in the past century tells us that history cannot be cut off. Without the past, there is no present.

There will be no future. Without the proposal, implementation and failure of one national salvation plan after another in modern China, there would be no people's democracy and national harmony leading to victory.

The emergence, implementation and development of the program. Therefore, we should cherish the past history, find the spirit of self-confidence and self-improvement, and feel enterprising and brave.

With the passion of creation, we will draw on the strength of forging ahead and contribute our wisdom to the implementation of the plan of building Socialism with Chinese characteristics into a cross-century power.

Bright and wise.