The Analects of Confucius governing the Tao 2.2: 300 poems
original text
Confucius said: There are 300 poems. In a word, it means "thinking innocently".
explain
(1) Interpretation of Three Hundred Poems, in a word.
There are 300 poems, which are later called The Book of Songs. There are 365,438+065,438+0 poems collected from the early years of the Western Zhou Dynasty to the mid-Spring and Autumn Period, among which 6 poems are prosperous, that is, only the title has no content, so it can also be said to be 305 poems. 300 is an integer.
In short, a word is a sentence. In short, there are different tones in ancient times, and there is something to say; Have said a word to plug it; Once said a word to break it; There are words to cover it up, but in short, it is a generalization and a generalization.
The meaning of this section is that although there are as many as 300 poems, they can be summarized in one poem. This poem is Naive Thinking.
(B) the interpretation of "naive thinking"
Su Wen is a poem in The Book of Songs Truffle Biography. Kuai is a poem about horses, which is divided into four chapters, including "thinking without boundaries", "thinking without time", "thinking without sorrow" and "thinking without evil". The word "Xiang" here is a modal particle at the beginning of a sentence, which has no practical significance. The same should be true of Confucius' "thinking without evil". Some scholars understand "thinking" as "thinking", which is a misunderstanding.
So, what does "innocent" mean? Traditional annotations often interpret "innocence" as "righting", which means that poetry should righting people. The earliest annotation came from the Analects of Confucius, which was reconciled, "Think innocently and turn right".
Huang Kan's book says, "The only way to cure is to think that innocence is right.". Xing Bing Shu: "Poetry is the body, praising merit, checking eccentricity and preventing evil, and generally returning to the right". It means poetry, to persuade good or stop evil, in order to make people right.
Zhu's Notes to the Four Books said: "In every poem, goodness can inspire people's kindness, evil can punish people and create people's ambition, and its use is only to make people feel complete." It means that poetry can persuade good and stop evil, and its function is to correct human nature.
Modern translations of The Analects of Confucius mostly explain this chapter based on the above traditional annotations. For example, Yang Bojun translated "Notes on the Analects of Confucius": "There are 300 books of songs, which can be summarized in one sentence, that is,' pure thoughts'."
(3) But "evil" does not necessarily mean circuitous and evil, and "innocent" does not necessarily mean correction or circuitous.
A Qing wrote in The Analects of Confucius: "The evil in ancient times is empty, and the empty is empty. Without evil, there is no emptiness. There are 300 poems written by Confucius, whether they are dutiful sons, loyal ministers, resentful men or worried women, they all write their own feelings out of their deepest feelings, which is the so-called "poetry expressing ambition". These 300 poems are all the same, so they are all in one sentence. "
Li Zehou's The First Reading of The Analects of Confucius agrees with Hao Zheng's explanation that "thinking is a modal particle, without ideological explanation, and evil is not evil". This chapter is translated as: "There are 300 poems in The Book of Songs, which can be summarized in one sentence, that is: true." It means not hypocritical, but it's all true feelings.
In this way, there are two explanations for "innocent thoughts": first, poetry can persuade good to stop evil and make people righteous; Second, poetry is not hypocritical, but a work of true feelings.
Qian Mu's New Interpretation of the Analects of Confucius lists the above two explanations when explaining "innocence in thought", but still thinks the latter explanation is more appropriate.
(4) Both of the above understandings have some truth. It is difficult to prove which is right and which is wrong. No one can know exactly what Confucius meant by saying this. However, by analyzing the context of the text structure of The Analects, we can roughly infer the understanding and compiling intention of this chapter.
Chapter 16 emphasizes that people should "suffer from the ignorance of others", that is, they are worried that you don't know the living conditions and thoughts of China people.
The first chapter of "Governing the Country" then emphasizes "Governing the country by virtue", that is, the people are politicians whose purpose is to benefit the people, which is based on understanding the living conditions and thoughts of the people in China, that is, understanding the people's yearning for a better life. Only by knowing what the people think can we benefit the people accurately.
So, how do you know what China people are thinking and want?
The answer given in the text of The Analects of Confucius is the content of this chapter, that is, to look for it in poetry, because poetry is not hypocritical, it is all works of true feelings, which reflects the place of human nature and the voice of people. As Qian Mu said, "the poet's temperament is as bright as ever, so learning from poetry will make people feel unhappy."
This echoes learning. In chapter 15, Confucius said to Zi Gong, "Only by giving can you speak in poetry!" Tell the past and know who will come ".Through poetry, we can grasp people's hearts and understand people's joys and sorrows. Human nature has always been like this, so we can" tell the past and know who will come ",that is to say, we can understand history and grasp the future.
Therefore, it is appropriate to understand "doing no evil" as "not hypocritical", that is to say, "poetry is not hypocritical, but a work of true feelings"
interpret
Confucius said: There are 300 poems in The Book of Songs, which can be summarized in one sentence: True.
Attachment: Selected Notes of Past Dynasties
Sinology annotation
Ji Jie quoted Bao Shi as saying, "It is appropriate to cover up. Naively thinking, it is right. "
Huang Kan: This chapter quotes poems to prove that politics is based on morality. Poetry is today's Mao poetry. There are 350 poems of 300 people, which is all. In short, thinking is innocent. Cover it up.
Although there are as many as 300 poems with six meanings, only one innocent word is used as the reason for 300 poems. It's like there are many things to do in politics, but they will all end in virtue in the end. The way to govern the country is to consider only innocence. Innocence is right. Wei Yun: Don't think about justice, but think about innocence. If you know clearly, you won't think about evil. When evil goes, it is right.
Star Ice Book: The way to cure this chapter, get rid of all evil things and turn right. Therefore, it is necessary to express this poem in words. Cover, still when also. The ancients called a word a word. Although there are as many as 300 songs, it is reasonable to quote one sentence. Naive thinking person is a word in the poem, and the biography of truffles is also written in this way. "Poetry" is the body, praising merits, stopping eccentricities and preventing evil spirits, and generally being reformed, so a word is also considered.
Notes on Song Studies
Note: In every poem, goodness can inspire people's kindness, while evil can punish and cultivate people's ambition, and its purpose is only to make people get the right feelings. But if his words are slightly obscure, each caused by one thing, it is not clear whether they are completely targeted.
Therefore, the master said that there are 300 poems, but this word is enough to cover its meaning and show its profound meaning.
"People who think naively are sincere," Cheng Zi said.
Fan said: "A scholar must know what is important. If he knows what is important, he can keep his promise. If he keeps his promise, he can do his best." . There are three hundred gifts and three thousand quli, which can also be summarized as' no respect'. "
He talks about others and explains them.
Zheng said: the word "innocent" in the poem is not far from the meaning of "indefinite", "boundless" and "innocent" in the last three chapters, and it is not evil.
"preface to the collection" says: "the prosperity of male herding horses is due to its Zhiyuan. のののの :ののののののののののののののののののののの It is similar to the meaning of every sentence in this article.
I don't know how to interpret the sentence "innocent" as evil. There is no evil in the heart, which is inconsistent with the flourishing age of horse husbandry and is no different from the sentence of "nothing". Knowing the ancient meaning is not like this. In ancient times, evil was Xu. In the poem "North Wind", the sentence "its deficiency and its evil" is often quoted by the Han people as "its deficiency and its emptiness", which is a common word of "evil" and "emptiness" in ancient times.
The "evil" sound "Xu" included in the "North Wind" says in this article: "And the next sentence" "is the same sound. Disciple Guan said, "There is no empty evil in the will." It is a combination of two words and two sounds, which was used in ancient times. As the poem says, "emptiness is emptiness. Interpreters such as Hui Shidong and Zang Shilin. They are all poems in this book, meaning "virtual", and "virtual" means virtual.
Since the word "evil" in the north wind is clear, the word "thinking without evil" in Huiwen can be solved without bothering to say anything. The first two chapters say that "life is boundless", but the last two chapters dare not say "no evil", which is far from the meaning of the word "evil". Today, with such a solution, we can also say, "There is still no need to feel innocent". If you don't need to feel bored, there will be no other heart. If you devote yourself to herding horses, will Ma 'an not prosper?
In ancient times, it was said that bailixi rice cattle and cattle fat; Cautiously, it is also a horse that is strong; Which is its evidence. The original intention of "self-innocence" is very clear, so this chapter can be solved without bothering to say anything. There are 300 poems written by Confucius, whether it is a dutiful son, a loyal minister, a resentful man or a sorrowful woman, they all write their own feelings out of their deepest feelings, that is, the so-called "poems express their aspirations", and the same is true in 300 poems, so in a word.
However, the poet's temperament is eternal, so readers are easy to accept the interesting effect. If the gains and losses of Fu's poems are related to knowing people and discussing the world, it is not the original intention of this chapter. The condensed notes don't only test evil, but also have no choice but to write obscene poems, so they have to bypass their words and say, "Good people feel good, and evil people punish and create easy aspirations."
Later generations also found it difficult to pass circuitous notes, so Confucius deleted some obscene poems and used them to make up 300 words. There are also obscene poems that are not obscene, but the poet's hypocrisy about the love between men and women. So the word is unclear and the dispute has not been resolved.
According to Cheng Shude's comments on The Analects of Confucius, only "returning power" was noted in the package, while Huang Shu said that this chapter gave a poem to prove "governing the country by virtue", and the running script said that the way to govern the country was to get rid of evil and return power.
It's just a political statement, and its meaning has become narrower and inconsistent. However, there are still 300 obscene poems, and it is quite difficult to justify "innocent thoughts". The stealing of the word "Gai" in this chapter should be interpreted from the end of the pen. Kang Shu wrote Zhu, Zuo Zhuan wrote Zhu Xing Hou in the 14th year of Zhao, and both Kong Chuan and Du Chuan taught "breaking".
The word "think" is an oral expression, not an idea, so it should be said from the item. The word "evil" is interpreted as "Xu", which is well said and accurate. When these three factors are combined, the meaning of this chapter is meaningless. As Wang Kaiyun said in "The Analects of Confucius School Motto", "Poetry praises horses, and horses are evil and right?" "If you know this person, you will think more than half.