China Naming Network - Eight-character lottery - Explain the role of writing methods

Explain the role of writing methods

Everyone is most familiar with composition, especially expository writing, which is of great significance in composition. Explanatory writing is a kind of writing with explanation as the main expression and other expressions (such as narration, discussion and description) properly matched. How to write this type of composition? The following is the function of the explanation method I have compiled for you. Welcome to learn from it, I hope it will help you.

Explain the function of writing method 1 defines the essence of things accurately and concisely.

Classify things more orderly, more detailed and clearer.

Column numbers describe the characteristics of things more accurately and concretely.

Give examples to show that things are real and concrete.

The image vividly illustrates the characteristics of things.

Compare, emphasize and highlight the characteristics of something.

Quote truth and trust and emphasize the characteristics of something.

The appearance of imitation vividly illustrates the characteristics of things.

Explain the characteristics of things.

(2) How to distinguish these interpretation methods accurately?

1. For example: for example, for example, for example, for example, for example, for example, for example, for example, for example, for example, it is said that, for example, only some examples are given.

(different from analogy)

2, analogy: like, yes, as, is a metaphor.

3. Definition: scientific and complete, the sentence … is …, this is …, called …

4. Interpretation: things and parts of things, the nature and characteristics of a certain aspect, and the explanation of some reasons, because, because, what caused this time.

5. Number of columns: numbers (also in words), approximate numbers and exact numbers. Decimals, fractions, percentages, degrees, multiples …

6. Comparison: Two things are compared, compared with … and …. And, relatively speaking, more. ...

7. Classification: There are several categories, one is ... and the other is ... which is different from the priority list in the logical explanation.

8. Quote: Quote comments, marked with quotation marks. Information, legends, folk songs.

9. Imitation: It not only explains the expression of description in the text.

10, column chart: the signs are obvious, so I won't repeat them.

(3) Summarize the answer format.

Transition: After analyzing the explanation method, 80% of the questions are like this to answer the function of this method. Our task is to summarize the common answer formats about "explanation method and its functional analysis":

Interpretation method+function (context analysis) (interpretation method+specific context)

Explain the function of the method 2 Explain the function of the method.

Using appropriate interpretation methods can improve the vividness and accuracy of interpretation language, make the object of interpretation more concrete and vivid, make readers better understand and enhance persuasiveness.

Explain the type of method.

There are 1 1 common interpretation methods, such as examples, citing data, classification, list, comparison, drawing charts, definition, explanation, analogy, imitating appearances, hypothesis, etc.

Common in primary schools are: examples, figures, metaphors, classifications and comparisons.

What is common in middle schools are: giving examples, enumerating numbers, analogy, classification, comparison, quotation, drawing charts, defining, explaining and imitating appearances.

"Hypothesis" is not commonly used in primary and junior high schools, but can be learned in senior high schools.

(1) example

Cite practical examples to explain things, make the things to be explained specific and make readers understand. This method of explanation is called example.

For example, in the article "Marching into the Desert", the successful cases of sand control in desert areas of Xinjiang and Inner Mongolia are cited, indicating that "the desert can be conquered".

To illustrate things or things through examples, we should pay attention to the representativeness and appropriateness of examples.

Benefits: Make the meaning expressed in the article clearer, more vivid, more understandable to readers and more convincing.

(2) Reference information

In order to make the explanation more substantial and specific, we can quote some documents, poems, proverbs and famous sayings, which can make the explanation more convincing. The quoted materials range from classic works, famous sayings and epigrams, formulas and rules, allusions and legends, proverbs and sayings, poems and sentences, etc. Act as the content or basis of explanation to explain and introduce things. For example, the article "China Stone Arch Bridge" quoted Zhang in the Tang Dynasty, which shows that the design and construction are ingenious.

Benefits: Make the article more convincing. Reflect the accuracy of explanatory language. Quoting ancient poems: it is the expository writing that is more poetic.

(3) Comparison

Explain that some abstract or unfamiliar things can be compared with concrete or familiar things, so that readers can get a concrete and vivid impression through comparison. The characteristics of things often appear in comparison.

For example, in the Great Hall of the People, in order to illustrate the building area of the banquet hall, the author used the contrast method: "The 5000-seat banquet hall is another scene. It covers an area of 7,000 square meters, which is larger than a football field, and its exquisite design is rare. "

In the article "Seeing the weather from clouds", we compare clouds with clouds.

When comparing, you can compare things in the same category, things in different categories, things can be compared horizontally or vertically.

Benefits: Explain some abstract or unfamiliar things and compare them with concrete or familiar things, so that readers can get a concrete and vivid impression through comparison.

(4) Column number

In order to specify the things to be explained, you can also use the method of enumerating numbers to make readers understand. It should be noted that the quoted figures must be accurate, and inaccurate figures must never be used. Even the estimated figures should have reliable basis and try to be approximate.

For example, the article "The Dead Sea is Undead" explains the length, width and depth of the Dead Sea. The majestic Great Hall of the People also uses a series of figures to illustrate that the majestic Great Hall of the People is one of the most magnificent buildings in the capital. China Stone Arch Bridge: Zhao Zhouqiao is very magnificent, with a total length of 50.82 meters, a width of 9.6 meters at both ends, a slightly narrow middle and a width of 9 meters.

Benefits: Numbers are the most accurate, scientific and convincing basis for quantitatively explaining the characteristics or reasons of things. Explaining with numbers can not only accurately and objectively reflect the facts, but also be persuasive. )

(5) Classification

It is often difficult to explain the characteristics of things unilaterally. According to the similarities and differences of shapes, properties, causes and functions of things, things can be divided into several categories, and then explained one by one according to the categories. This method of explanation is called classification.

Using classification, we should explain things and different aspects of things according to certain standards.

For example, "Seeing the weather from clouds" explains the forms of various clouds respectively.

Benefits: clear organization, clear at a glance.

(6) For example

Using the similarity between two different things to compare, highlight the characteristics of things and enhance the vividness and vividness of explanation is called analogy.

Explain that the metaphor in method is consistent with the metaphor in rhetoric. The difference is that there are similes, metaphors and metaphors in figurative rhetoric, while similes and metaphors are mostly used for description, while metaphors are inappropriate.

For example, the stone arch bridge in China: The bridge opening of the stone arch bridge is curved, just like a rainbow. The basic characteristics of stone arch bridge are expressed by analogy, which gives people a sense of beauty.

Benefits: abstract things become concrete, vivid and vivid. (or explain the characteristics of things in an exact, concrete and easy-to-understand way. )

(7) Imitate appearance

In order to make the explained object more vivid and concrete, we can imitate the appearance, which is called imitation.

For example, in the article "China Stone Arch Bridge", "Lions with different postures are carved on each stigma. Some of these stone lions hug each other, some whisper, some listen to the sound of water, and some watch pedestrians. "

Pay attention to the difference between imitation and analogy. Simply put, as long as it is not an obvious metaphor or just a single metaphor, it is generally classified as "analogy".

Benefits: In order to make the object of explanation more vivid and specific.

(8) Definition

Defining the essential characteristics of a concept in concise language is called definition. Definition can accurately reveal the essence of things and is a common method in scientific and technological discussion.

Sometimes in order to highlight the main contents and problems of things, things are often defined in concise words, so that readers have a clear concept of the explained objects. For example, in the article "Overall Planning Law", the author defines the overall planning law with the method of explanation: "Overall planning law is a mathematical method to arrange the work process." The language is concise, concise and accurate.

When defining, we can consider it from different angles according to the purpose of description. Some emphasize characteristics, such as the definition of "person"; Some emphasize functions, such as the definition of "fertilizer"; Some explain both characteristics and functions, such as the definition of "master planning method" and "applied science".

Benefits: It can make people understand abstract words more clearly when reading.

(9) explanation

From one side, make some explanations for a certain characteristic of things. This method is called explanation.

Definition and explanation often adopt the language form of "what is what". The form is the same, how to distinguish it? Generally speaking, the words on both sides of the word "yes" are interchangeable, which is the definition; If it is not interchangeable, it is interpretation.

For example, the sentence "Man is a senior animal who can make tools and use them to work" is changed to "The senior animal who can make tools and use tools to work is a man", and the meaning remains unchanged. If the sentence "snow is solid precipitation formed in the cloud" is changed to "snow is solid precipitation formed in the cloud", it is not in line with the objective facts, because the solid precipitation formed in the cloud may also be hail. It can be seen that the former sentence is a definition and the latter sentence is an explanation.

Benefits: It enables readers to better understand abstract words when reading.

Draw a chart

In order to explain complex things clearly, we can also use charts to make up for the shortage of using only words and explain some things more directly and concretely.

Benefits: it's obvious.

(1 1) as a hypothesis.

Hypothetical interpretation is a method to explain things by presupposing what will happen in the hypothetical environment.

For example, in The Sun: "Without the sun, the earth would be full of darkness, cold, wind and frost, rain and dew, plants and animals, and naturally there would be no one." This emphasizes the close relationship between the sun and human beings.

Benefits: From the other side of things, it is easy to understand.

Explain the function of method 3 1. Example: By citing specific examples to explain the characteristics and reasons of things, the explanation will be more specific and convincing.

2. Classification: Classify features and things to make the explanation more organized.

3. Comparison: Compare what with what, and highlight the characteristics and reasons of things.

4. Interpretation: Explain the features and things in detail to make the explanation easier to understand.

5. Analogy: compare what to what, thus vividly explaining the characteristics and reasons of things.

6. Imitation: A vivid description of things' features and events makes the explanation more specific.

7. Definition: To reveal the object of explanation and scientific facts in simple and clear scientific language, so as to reveal the characteristics and facts of things more scientifically and essentially.

8. Enumerate figures: explain the characteristics and reasons of things with specific data, so as to make the explanation more accurate and convincing.

9. Charting: Explain the characteristics and reasons of things through charts, making the explanation more concise and intuitive.

10, reference:

(a) citing specific cases (the same as the case).

(2) Reference specific data (figures in the same column).

(3) Quoting famous sayings, maxims and proverbs; The function is to make the explanation more convincing.

(4) Citing myths and legends, news reports, riddles, anecdotes, etc. The function is to enhance the interest of the explanation.

Explain the function of method 4 1. Example: Example is to illustrate things, and to concretize things to be explained so that readers can understand them. This method of explanation is called example.

Scientists have put forward many ideas, for example, to establish an immigration base on Mars or the moon.

2. Metaphor: A description method that uses the similarity between two different things to highlight the shape characteristics of things and enhance the vividness and vividness of description is called analogy.

The clouds in the sky are like continuous peaks, like swift rivers, like mighty lions, like galloping horses.

3. Definition: Defining the essential features of a concept in concise, linguistic and scientific terms is called definition.

For example, psychology is a science that studies human psychological phenomena and the laws of their occurrence and development.

4. Draw a chart: In order to explain complex things clearly, you can also draw a chart to make up for the lack of words and explain something more directly and concretely. Make readers understand the characteristics of things intuitively and clearly.

5. Interpretation: Explain some characteristics of things from one side. This method is called interpretation.

Uranium is a silvery white metal.

6. Contrast method: Contrast method is an explanatory method that compares two identical or different things and phenomena to illustrate the characteristics of things.

Example: It is said that elephants are very big animals, which reveals that there are animals bigger than elephants, namely whales.

7. Imitation: In order to make the explained object more concrete and vivid, we can imitate the appearance, which is called imitation.

Example: Walking on the park path, looking at the willows on both sides of the road. Some people are dejected and despondent, just like children who make mistakes in exams. Some are swaying in the wind, like lottery winners.

8. Quote information: Give a strong explanation and quote information. The quoted materials range from classic works, famous sayings and aphorisms, formulas and rules, allusions and proverbs, documents, poems, ballads, legends and so on.

Example: Einstein once said, "Genius is equal to 1% talent plus 99% sweat".

9. Classification: The objects to be explained are divided into different categories in an orderly manner according to certain standards and explained one by one. This method of explanation is called classification.

For example, there are four types of memory: visual, auditory, action and comprehensive.

10, number of columns: In order to make the things to be explained accurate, you can also use the method of number of columns to make it easier for readers to understand.

Example: This tower covers an area of 300 square meters and is 100 meter high.

1 1. Quote: In order to make the explanation more substantial and convincing, you can quote some documents, poems, proverbs and famous sayings.

After my hard thinking, I finally came up with a solution to the problem. It' s really a mountain and heavy water, and there is no way to doubt it.

The role of explanatory writing method 5 1. Grasp the characteristics of things and the center of explanation.

Everything has its own qualitative stipulation, and the characteristic of one thing is that it is different from other things. Only by grasping the characteristics of things can we accurately and clearly introduce the things explained to readers and make people have a definite understanding of things. Things often have various characteristics, and it is impossible to cover everything in an explanatory article when introducing things; You can say only one or two characteristics at a time as needed. Therefore, if you want to write a good exposition, you must also grasp the center of the exposition. For example, "Wandering Pi" is an explanatory article that introduces the basis of mathematics. This article, called Random Talk, does not pile up materials about pi at will, but introduces the contributions made by mathematicians at home and abroad to the value of pi around the center of finding a more accurate value of pi.

It is an important requirement to grasp the characteristics of things and the center of explanation. To do this, the author must make a thorough and detailed study of the things to be explained before writing. We must understand that we can do this only if we are familiar with what is explained and understand and master the regularity of what is explained.

Second, according to the specific situation, choose a good writing angle.

Writing expository texts also requires targeted methods. What to write and how to write it should be considered from the actual situation of readers, so that the article can be targeted and meet the readers' knowledge level, professional characteristics and age. Usually different readers write from different angles. For example, there are many discussions about the harm of smoking, some are aimed at the elderly, some are aimed at women, and some are aimed at teenagers. From different angles, the content of the explanation is different. The article "Smoking is harmful to teenagers" introduces the harm of smoking to teenagers from the perspective that teenagers are the future and hope of the country, highlights the physiological characteristics of teenagers, shows that teenagers are exposed to toxic substances faster, eliminated more slowly and are more harmful than adults, and points out that "smoking is absolutely harmful to teenagers". This shows that the purpose is clear and targeted.

What angle to choose when writing an explanatory article depends on the actual situation. For example, introducing the knowledge of cattle, if written for breeders, should focus on the life habits and characteristics of cattle; If it is written for users, it should focus on the function and strength of cattle; If it is written for a veterinarian, it mainly introduces its body structure; If it is written for consumers, it can mainly introduce its nutritional value. Of course, as an introduction to popular science knowledge, it is better to be comprehensive.

Third, explain clearly and clearly.

The purpose of writing expositions is to let people acquire knowledge and skills. Only by explaining clearly can this goal be achieved. Explain, as soon as you say it, how to explain it clearly, pay attention to the method of explanation, pay attention to the arrangement of structure, and pay attention to the use of language. About the method of explanation, I won't introduce it in detail here. Here, I will focus on the arrangement of organizational structure.

The organization of the article is the reflection of the characteristics and laws of objective things and events themselves in the structure of the article. Explanatory words should be arranged in their own order, so as to be clear-cut and clear-cut. First of all, pay attention to the order when arranging the structure of the explanatory text. Different types of expositions have different requirements on how to arrange the detailed structure. The description of the product production process is often arranged according to the product production process. For example, Ye Shengtao's "Making Cloisonne" is an exposition that introduces cloisonne as a handicraft. According to the procedure of manufacturing technology, detailed explanations were made in turn, and five key processes were grasped: tire making, silk kneading, painting, firing and polishing. The whole article is orderly and gives a very clear impression. This arrangement focuses on the process of writing in chronological order.

Fourth, the language is accurate and concise, and the text is popular and simple.

Choosing accurate language and explaining things accurately are the basic requirements of interpreting language. Explanatory text mainly introduces the content of knowledge, and only by truthfully reflecting the objective situation of the explained content can the scientific nature of knowledge be guaranteed. On the contrary, inaccurate language will lose the scientific nature of knowledge.

Xu Guangqi, a scholar in the Ming Dynasty, translated Euclid's Principles of Geometry, one of which is:

"The theoretical level there will begin with one. From point to line, from line to surface, from surface to body, there are three contours. It is a line with a long heart but not wide, a long face but not thick, and a long and wide body. Only points are not long, wide and thick, which can't be accommodated and can't be counted. However, the two ends of the line are points, and both lines and faces come from this life. Although the point is not counted, it is actually the basis of calculation. "

This section explains the basic concepts of mathematics, and gives an exact explanation of what is a point, what is a line, what is a surface, what is a body, the relationship and difference between a point and several degrees, and the language is also very accurate.

In addition, there are often some contents with specialized scientific knowledge, involving some specialized terms and technical terms, which are particularly required to be used accurately in the interpretation to facilitate readers' understanding. For example, "aviation" and "aerospace" are two different concepts. There is an article that explains this: "An airplane flying in the atmosphere is called aviation; Satellites and spaceships flying outside the atmosphere are called space flight. They use different aircraft in different spaces to complete their tasks. " This explanation is very accurate, which gives people a scientific understanding of what is "aviation" and what is "aerospace".

The language of explanatory writing must be concise and accurate. Look at the following passage:

"The peeling of cicada larvae starts from the back. The first layer of old skin split from the back, revealing a light green cicada. The head comes out first, then the straw and front legs, and finally the hind legs and folded wings, leaving only the tip of the tail still in the old skin. At this time, it got up, turned back, hung its head upside down, spread its folded wings and tried to straighten it. Then with an almost invisible movement, try to turn your body up and hook the old skin with your front paws. This action makes its tail tip completely stick out of the old skin. That old skin is just an empty shell and has become a cicada. It takes about half an hour from start to complete removal.

This passage is less than 200 words, specifically explaining the whole process of cicada larvae peeling. In concise language, the complex movements of larva desquamation are written carefully and truly. The words are unbranched, and the language is expressive, giving a clear impression.

Explanatory articles should introduce some scientific knowledge and some contents, which are often unfamiliar to ordinary people. To explain professional scientific knowledge clearly and make it easy for people to understand, it is necessary to be simple, easy to understand, vivid and interesting. For example, "Intercontinental Missile Readme" is a scientific essay introducing the knowledge of intercontinental missiles. This paper explains the appearance, classification, structure, characteristics, power and weakness of intercontinental missiles by anthropomorphic method, and gives them a hypothetical human behavior, which is lively and interesting to read and easy to understand. In order to make expository articles vivid and easy to understand, people often use various rhetorical devices to enhance the vividness and interest of articles.

What is the order of explanation in the explanatory text?

1, chronological order.

That is, the order of interpretation of things is introduced according to the order of development of things. The development and change of everything is inseparable from time, such as explaining production technology, product making, working methods, historical development, text evolution, character growth, animal and plant growth and so on. , in chronological order.

2. Spatial order.

That is, according to the way things exist in space, or from outside to inside, or from top to bottom, or from the whole to the part, such an interpretation order is conducive to a comprehensive explanation of all aspects of things. Generally speaking, static entities (such as buildings, etc. ) is often described in this order, which is in line with people's habit of observing things and is the most reasonable order.

3. Logical order.

That is, according to the internal logical relationship between things, or from individual to general, or from concrete to abstract, or from main to secondary, or from phenomenon to essence, or from cause to result. Whether in kind, such as mountains, rivers, flowers, trees, utensils and so on. , or abstract things, such as ideas, ideas, concepts, principles, technologies, etc. It is appropriate to explain them in a logical order. When expounding various causal relationships or other logical relationships between things and events, it is most appropriate to write them in logical order.