Research achievements of bamboo slips in Yinwan Han tomb
The whole process from the rescue and protection of cultural relics to cooperative research has been concerned and supported by the leaders of municipal and county cultural bureaus, which is the guarantee for the smooth development of the work.
It took three years from the discovery to the publication of the bamboo slips of the Han Tomb in Yinwan, and Wen Yi changed the manuscript six times. Mr. Zhang's evaluation in the appraisal book is: "It took only three years from/kloc-0 to the collection and publication of these cultural relics in early August, 1994, which is the fastest and highest-level work in the collation of bamboo and silk books I have seen for many years." Professor Xu, former director of the China Institute of Archaeology, said: "The interpretation of this book is accurate and has reached the current high level." Professor Yu, director of the Museum of Chinese History, believes that this book is "a high-level achievement in the interpretation and arrangement of existing bamboo slips in the Han Dynasty, which fully meets the standards required by the National Social Science Fund project."
Mr. Li Xueqin explained in detail at the appraisal meeting of bamboo slips in Yinwan Han Tomb: "The publication of bamboo slips in Yinwan Han Tomb is the result of collation. Research work cannot be completed by one generation or two. " Yes, it is the purpose and significance of our work to publish these materials to the society, provide first-hand materials for the research activities of experts and scholars, and promote the development of history and related disciplines.
In addition, A Comprehensive Review of Bamboo Slips of Han Tombs in Yinwan, edited by Lianyungang Museum and China Institute of Cultural Relics, was also published in February 1999, which brought together 27 domestic scholars' monographs on the study of bamboo slips in Yinwan. 1April, 1999, the bamboo slips of the Han Tomb in Yinwan, edited and distributed by the Japanese Painting and Calligraphy Institute, selected some important bamboo slips with important calligraphy artistic value, such as Fu of SHEN WOO, as special souvenirs of the exhibition of the Japanese Painting and Calligraphy Institute in1April, 1999, which caused great repercussions in Japan.
The bamboo slips of Yinwan Han Tomb were published less than a year ago, and there are six breakthroughs in the study of Han history with Yinwan bamboo slips:
1. Revision of Hanshu and the breakthrough of official history: Hanshu is a work of faith in the study of Han history. However, in the process of copying, proofreading and reprinting for more than 2,000 years, due to human factors, the classics handed down from generation to generation are easily modified by future generations. The first-hand materials revealed in the books such as Collection Book, Official Summary Book and Setting Book are all true records of the time and people at that time. The original materials and characters are original, and there is no suspicion of tampering, which fills some key gaps and can be directly used to revise Hanshu, correct Shiji and judge the relevant conclusions of previous research results.
Some county names in "Photo Album" can be used to correct some mistakes in "Geography of Hanshu". For example, "Haiqu" is the mistake of "Haixi". "I hope so" is the mistake of "situation" "In my hometown" is the mistake of "in my hometown". Lan Qi is considered as Lan Qi and Cheng Nan is considered as Cheng Nan. Donghai county has: "Pingqu", one for the county and the other for Houzhou. Some people may think that Hou Guo's "Ping Ge", one for the county and the other for Hou Guo. Some people may think that Hou Guozhi's Pingqu is "Quping", but now we can conclude that Erpingqu is correct.
There is a record of "iron official" in Hanshu Geography. However, in Official Records and Long Official Records, there is only one iron official in Xiapi County, Donghai County, while Lu Yi has one salt official, and Yuzhou and Beipu have two salt officials. These three places are all places, which can prove that "having an iron official" in Han Geography is a mistake of "having a salt official".
2. The breakthrough of Hanwuku research.
It is no exaggeration to say that the discovery of "Collection of Armored Vehicles in Yinwan Han Tomb Armory for Forever Four Years" is the earliest and most complete statistical report on the construction of armory in Han Dynasty in China so far, and it was found in the documents and archives of Neixian county government, and its literature value is even more extraordinary. As Mr. Li Junming of China Literature Research Institute said in "Preliminary Exploration of the Armory", the report "has many index items and clear order, which provides us with rare first-hand information and is precious."
What is listed in the picture book is the chariots and horses and the corresponding combat weapons and other equipment collected in a county armory. Among them, royal vessels and stock vessels are listed separately. Royal objects are marked as "riding", and the weapons and equipment in stock are collectively called "Kuche". Among them, the number of weapons in stock is amazing enough, and the two items add up to "all personnel carriers are 2423268487".
Donghai County Arsenal should be one of the national arsenals located in Neixian County. "History of Han Dynasty into Emperor Ji" is quoted as saying: "The North County Library is the place where officers and soldiers are stored, so order it." In the Han Dynasty, the national arsenal was not only built in Chang 'an, Luoyang and other municipalities directly under the central government, but also set up arsenals in border counties and inner counties. According to the records in the picture book, the armory in Donghai County has two characteristics. First of all, it has a large inventory, such as 537,707 crossbows, 52,555 spears and 78,392 weapons. Only these three pillars can equip an army of 500 thousand people, far exceeding the demand of a county arsenal. Second, the arsenal is not under the jurisdiction of Donghai County. Because there is no "library order" in the official general book or official setting book of Donghai County, it can be asserted that the armory of Donghai County is a national armory located on the southeast coast and directly under the jurisdiction of the central government.
3. Breakthrough in the study of financial planning system in the Western Han Dynasty.
The discovery of Jishu, a bamboo slip in Yinwan Han Dynasty, provides the first physical model so far for studying the accounting system in Han Dynasty, and its significance is self-evident. A large number of books have been found in the bamboo slips of Juyan and Dunhuang, but no county or county-level counting documents have been found, so Yin Wan's collection is more precious.
The so-called accounting means that local governors regularly submit accounting vouchers to their superiors and report on local governance. At the end of the year, the county magistrate sorted out the county's household registration, land reclamation, money valley, prisons and so on. Into a book. Judging from the artifacts unearthed in Yinwan, its exact name should be album. Reported to the counties, the counting collectors classified statistics according to the books of the counties, and then sorted out the books reported by the counties to the central government, which were sent to Chang 'an by the counting collectors and reported to the central government. On this basis, the imperial court assessed the achievements of local governors. This system was very complete in the Western Han Dynasty, and there was a special criminal law "Shang Yang Law" to ensure the standardized implementation of Shang Yang system. I have never seen a complete model of the specific content of the above plan before. According to Hu Guang's "Official Interpretation of Hanshu", researchers only say that it is "hukou, land reclamation, money and valley access, and the number of thieves". The wooden slips unearthed from the Han Tomb in Yinwan 1 are the original materials of Donghai County in the late Western Han Dynasty 2000 years ago. Even if they are not originals, they are copies of the plan, which is convincing to some extent. The wood of the album is Platycladus orientalis, which is 22.7 cm long, 6 cm wide and 0.25 cm thick. Double-sided writing, front 12 lines, back 10 lines, about 700 words, cursive ink writing.
This 700-word 22-item statistic is a complete record of Donghai County's plan to the central government. It seems to be groups of boring numbers, and it is these groups of numbers that specifically reflect all levels of social form in the late Western Han Dynasty and reproduce the colorful social life picture of the people in the Western Han Dynasty. Sociologists and historians are surprised and sigh. They obtained the historical information revealed by the Han people from this set of figures; They have drawn countless sources from these groups of figures and flowed out one after another.
4. Breakthrough in the study of political system in the Western Han Dynasty.
The research on the degree of political formulation in the Western Han Dynasty covers a wide range, including the composition and operation of government agencies, the establishment and application of the legal system, the formation and change of the military system, the facilities and influence of the cultural and educational system, and so on.
In the past, the research on the official system of the Han Dynasty was mostly focused on documents, and most of them did not jump out of some records about the official system of the Han Dynasty in ancient books, such as Guan Bai Biao, Hou Guan Bai Zhi, Han Jiuyi and Tong Dian. Moreover, many people pay attention to the official position setting of the central government, at most, the official position setting of the county. Since the excavation of some border county files such as the bamboo slips of Ziyan and Dunhuang, the research on the official system and political system in Han Dynasty has developed to a wider field and achieved fruitful results. Since the 1960s, Mr. Yan Gengwang of Taiwan Province Province has devoted himself to the study of the local political system in Han Dynasty, and completed a systematic masterpiece History of the Local Administrative System in China, which deepened the study of the political system in Han Dynasty and put forward many new ideas, which were highly praised by historians. However, due to the lack of literature and new archaeological materials, many problems such as pavilion system and village system have not been discussed in depth. In the book History of Qin and Han Dynasties, Mr. Jane Bozan was vague about the setting of salt and iron officials in the Western Han Dynasty from county officials to below, and even made wild speculations. Since the publication of Mr. Wang's article "Pavilion, Township and Lane with Different Administrative Systems in Han Dynasty", there have been various lawsuits and arguments in the past 30 years. As soon as the Han bamboo slips in Yinwan came out, the related records in various books were clear and the system was different, and the controversial issues for many years began to become clear. The new historical materials have opened up new channels and put forward new topics for the study of Qin and Han history.
5. Breakthrough in the study of Shu Shu's biography.
As a discipline category, Shu Shu began in the Western Han Dynasty. "Records" contains: "(Liu) Xin, so he always writes a set of books and gives play to his seven strategies. Therefore, there are collections, six arts, philosophers, poems, techniques and techniques. " The categories of skills are astronomy, almanac, five elements, turtle occupation, miscellaneous occupation, criminal law and so on. There are several kinds of skill number bamboo slips found in Yinwan Bamboo Slips: First, Yan Yuanyuan's Almanac, Yan Yuan's Almanac for Two Years, Yan Yuan's Three-Year Japanese Book, Shen Gui Zhan and Bo Ju Zhan recorded on the wooden slips; The second is "punishing morality" and "being good or bad in the Tao" recorded on bamboo slips.
Compared with the calendars of the Western Han Dynasty unearthed in the past, the most outstanding value of Yan Yuan Yuanzhi lies in its complete record of the four seasons and eight festivals, fu, wax and festivals in a year, which is unprecedented in the calendars discovered on bamboo slips in Juyan in the past. It provides a complete example for us to study the calendar of the Western Han Dynasty. It will play a direct role in correcting the mistakes in the calendar. This is of great reference significance to the reconstruction of leap tables and calendars in the Western Han Dynasty.
6. Shen Wufu and the breakthrough in the study of literary history.
SHEN WOO Fu is the only literary work in the bamboo slips of Yinwan Han Tomb. Write it on a piece of paper 2 1 wide. When unearthed, the order was out of order, in which 18 wrote the text, one wrote the title, and the other was illegible. The author who wrote it or assigned it is a scribe. There is also a plain Jane.
"Fu" is the official festival of "Fu" in Han Dynasty. SHEN WOO Fu is a lost prose fu written at the end of the Western Han Dynasty, with a full text of about 664 words. It tells a very touching story about birds. This is a very complete folk fu of Han Dynasty, which has been lost for more than two thousand years. Compared with some Han Fu handed down in the past and newly discovered in upper-class literature, its style is closer to folk literature in subject matter, content and writing skills. This poem is mainly composed of four words, and tells the story of birds fighting for nests in an anthropomorphic way, which is exactly the same as "ode to a partridge" and "ode to a swallow" discovered by Cao Zhi in Dunhuang. Its discovery advanced the history of this kind of folk fu by more than 2000 years, and greatly enriched the research content of ancient folk fu in the history of ancient literature, especially in the study of fu.
The discovery of SHEN WOO House is of great value. It adds a new source to Han Fu and supplements another example in the ancient bird fable literature series. People have a systematic understanding of this literary phenomenon from the process of its emergence, development, continuation and change. By observing the origin of SHEN WOO's Fu, we can draw inferences from others, improve people's interest in the generation, development, inheritance and evolution of some themes and images in classical literature, and summarize some experiences and lessons of artistic thinking, which is also a new perspective of literary research.
SHEN WOO's Fu is an important discovery in the history of ancient China literature. It fills a blank in Fu of the Whole Han Dynasty edited by Mr. Fei Zhengang. More importantly, the discovery and publication of SHEN WOO Fu gave a new feedback to literary historians. In studying the history of literature, we should not pay attention to literary phenomena in isolation, but also to the new discoveries of archaeological materials. The Han bamboo slips of Le Tang unearthed from Yinqueshan Han Tomb in Linyi, Shandong Province, the bamboo slips of Chu Ci and Ci unearthed from Dugu Dui in Fuyang, Anhui Province, and the Fu of SHEN WOO discovered in Yinwan, East China Sea have pushed the study of Fu history in the Western Han Dynasty to a new milestone. The combination of literature and history will open up a new world of literary research.
As the documents and archives of the county government at the end of the Western Han Dynasty, these bamboo slips are meticulous, complete and systematic, which is really unique among the five types of bamboo slips published in the past (Dunhuang, Jiuquan, Zhangye, Wuwei and Lop Nur). These documents and files are from the tomb of Shi Rao, a historian of Gongcao in Donghai County, Western Han Dynasty, with exact age and clear identity. Documents and archives, including personal documents and lost articles of Han Fu, are all files and materials that the tomb owner should have mastered, possessed or preserved in his collection in a special position before his death, and the possibility of making them at will can be completely ruled out. As a funerary object, it is not only a reflection of the funeral customs in Han Dynasty, but also has the status of cherishing high hopes. Therefore, the scientificity and reliability of these bamboo slips are established. In this sense, the academic value of bamboo slips in Yinwan Han Tomb cannot be underestimated. It will provide all-round first-hand information for the study of the history of Qin and Han dynasties, the history of Chinese political system, the history of archives, the history of military affairs, the history of artistic mathematics, the history of literature, the history of calligraphy and the history of bamboo slips, as well as the research of ancient books collation and archives protection technology. Mr. Qiu Xigui, a Peking University, said, "We can't overestimate the bamboo slips of Yinwan Han Tomb."
There are only 40,000 words of bamboo slips in Yinwan Han Tomb, but the literature value is extremely high, which needs to be further studied by experts and scholars.