Why was Empress Xiaozhuangwen buried outside the gate of the Qing Royal Cemetery?
The Qing Tombs are located in Malanyu, Zunhua City, Beijing, 250 miles away from Beijing. This imperial mausoleum of the Qing Dynasty was built in the 18th year of Shunzhi in the Qing Dynasty (1661). There are 14 mausoleums for emperors, empresses and concubines, including 5 emperor mausoleums, including the Xiaoling Mausoleum of Shunzhi, the Jingling Mausoleum of Kangxi, and the Qianlong Mausoleum. Yuling Mausoleum, Dingling Mausoleum of Xianfeng, and Huiling Mausoleum of Tongzhi; there are also four empress mausoleums of Xiaozhuang, Donghui, Xiaozhen (Ci'an), and Xiaoqin (Cixi); as well as Jingfei, Jingshuangfei, Yufei, The five concubines, Dingfei and Huifei, slept in the garden. From the second year of Kangxi (1663), when Shunzhi, the first emperor after the Qing Dynasty entered the customs, was buried, to 1935, when the last surviving concubine of Emperor Tongzhi was buried in Huifei Garden, it lasted 272 years, which is longer than the Qing Dynasty that ruled China. It lasted four years.
The feudal rulers of the Qing Dynasty regarded the royal mausoleum here as a "fengshui treasure land" where "dragons and tigers hugged each other for thousands of years, and ghosts came to court every night", so they built a circle of "forty miles long". The "Feng Shui Wall" surrounds more than 200 individual buildings of various sizes and styles that house the emperors, concubines, and concubines, and is called the "Front Circle". The two together constitute the entire mausoleum area. However, all the "longevity palaces" of emperors and empresses in the Eastern Tomb of the Qing Dynasty are within the Feng Shui wall circle. Only one queen's mausoleum - the Zhaoxi mausoleum - is built outside the mausoleum wall. It is so uncoordinated and very eye-catching.
The Zhaoxiling Mausoleum is the tomb of Empress Xiaozhuangwen, the biological mother of Emperor Shunzhi, the founder of the Qing Dynasty. The title of "Queen" is based on Emperor Shunzhi's biological father, Emperor Taizong of the Qing Dynasty, Chongde Emperor Taiji. Emperor Shunzhi should be called "Empress Dowager", and Emperor Kangxi should be called "Empress Dowager". This person is the highest-ranking person among all those buried in the Eastern Tombs of the Qing Dynasty. Her status is extremely noble, and her contribution to the Qing Dynasty is also very important. It can be said that she has worked for more than half a century and made contributions to three dynasties. She can be called a heroine and shine in the annals of history. However, the Qing Dynasty buried her outside the gate of the royal cemetery. What was the reason?
"Queen Xiaozhuang Wen" was the "Xiangongyi of Xiaozhuang Renxuancheng Xiangongyi Zhidexu Tianqi Shengchun" The abbreviation of "Queen Huiwen". Among them, "Xiaozhuang" is the name of the temple, which is the name given to the special temple where a treasure was erected and enshrined. "Renxuan Chengxian respectfully introduces Deyi to Tianqi Shengchun emblem" is the emblem, which is a title specially used to praise emperors and queens. The title of "Queen Xiaozhuangwen" was given to the owner of Zhaoxi Mausoleum after his death. When Huang Taiji was alive, she was a concubine; after Huang Taiji's death, his son Fulin succeeded to the throne as Emperor Shunzhi and promoted him as the Empress Dowager; after the death of Emperor Shunzhi, his grandson Xuanye ascended the throne as Emperor Kangxi and promoted him as the Empress Dowager. It can be seen from the phased changes in this title that the so-called "Queen Mother's Marriage" should have occurred in the Shunzhi Dynasty.
The queen mother is the mother of the emperor; the second marriage is another name for the daughter of the royal family who gets married; the second marriage refers specifically to the remarriage of a woman. The combination of "Queen Mother" with "marriage" and "remarriage" was an unimaginable strange thing in China's feudal society, and it was also a reflection of the dominant spirit and behavioral norms of the times represented by the "Three Cardinal Principles and Five Constant Rules" Absolutely unacceptable and intolerable deeds. Although the Queen Mother was married to the regent who was the younger brother of the late emperor and the uncle of the current emperor, who had outstanding achievements and distinguished status, this kind of marriage between a sister-in-law and an uncle was a messy marriage that happened in the imperial family. It really made the prince, emperor, grandson and the people of the world Feeling ashamed and angry. In ancient times, the funeral rule was that emperors and empresses should be buried together. Even if they could not share the same grave, their tombs should be close to each other. However, forty-three years after Huang Taiji's death, Xiaozhuang passed away. According to the regulations, Zi Palace should be transported out of the customs to Shengjing (today's Shenyang), and a mausoleum should be built next to Huang Taiji's Zhaoling Mausoleum for burial. However, because he had married and remarried during his lifetime, Since the matter has been eliminated from her ex-husband, she cannot be buried in the Zhaoling Mausoleum and tarnish the "auspicious place for thousands of years" of the late emperor. Furthermore, because later generations of princes and emperors were deeply disgusted with Xiaozhuang's unruly and indecent behavior, they simply buried him outside the Feng Shui wall of Dongling Tomb in the Qing Dynasty and ordered him to guard the gate for future generations. He would be lonely day and night, weathering the wind and rain alone, as a sign of gratitude. punish.
As mentioned above, the Zhaoxiling Mausoleum was almost a place of imprisonment deliberately built by the tombs of emperors and concubines of the Eastern Tombs of the Qing Dynasty outside the garden. At most, it was nothing more than a concierge where servants lived and served. Looking at the mausoleum from a bird's eye view, the metaphor seems to be very appropriate, and the theory of "the Queen Mother getting married" can also be concluded as a final decision.
The construction of a mausoleum for the empress alone and a Shinto stele pavilion began in Xiaozhuang. Among the mausoleums where the Eastern Tombs of the Qing Dynasty are located, only the Long'en Hall of the Zhaoxi Mausoleum is the top of the verandah hall, and the rest are all the tops of the Xieshan. Zhaoxi Mausoleum was expanded from the Temporary Anfeng Hall, so its layout is different from other mausoleums. The most notable ones are the two-story deep walls inside and outside, and the four wide walls at the front and back. A tomb city was built around the underground palace, and a square city was built in front of it. All this shows that Xiaozhuang has a more noble status than other queens buried in the Dongling Tomb. It is also a special sign that the Zhaoxi Tomb and all the tombs of emperors and concubines in the entire Dongling Tomb of the Qing Dynasty are systematically different. Zhaoxiling, as the name suggests, is the mausoleum to the west of Zhaoling. Made in the Qing Dynasty, the names of the queen's mausoleums are determined by the name of the imperial mausoleum plus the location of the queen's mausoleum, such as the Xiaodong Tomb of Emperor Xiaohuizhang of Shunzhi, the Taidong Tomb of Emperor Yongzheng's Emperor Xiaoshengxian, the Changxi Tomb of Emperor Xiaoherui of Emperor Jiaqing, and the Tomb of Xianfeng The Puxiang Valley of Emperor Xiaozhenxian (Ci’an) and the Dongling Tomb were built, and the Dongling Tomb of Emperor Jingxiao and Qinxian (Cixi) was built in the Putuo Valley. The Zhaoling Mausoleum of Taishi is located in Shenyang, and Zunhua is located in the west of Shenyang. This is the case with the Zhaoxi Mausoleum.
The reason why the Zhaoxi Mausoleum was built outside the wall of the Eastern Qing Mausoleum was, firstly, to comply with Xiaozhuang’s last wish and to prevent him from being far away from the two generations of emperors who had personally raised and assisted the emperor; secondly, it showed that the Zhaoxi Mausoleum was closely connected with the Qing Dynasty Mausoleum. The Zhaoling Tomb of Taizong, which is nearly a thousand miles east, belongs to the same system. It was built outside the mausoleum wall and decorated with special features on the regulated buildings to show that it is different from the Dongling Tomb of the Qing Dynasty.