Hereditary Table of Emperors of the Song Dynasty
Genealogy table of the Northern Song Dynasty (960-1127)
Zhao Hongyin—┬— (1) Zhao Kuangyin, Taizu of the Song Dynasty
│ 960—976
│
└— (2) Song Taizong Zhao Guangyi—┬— (3) Song Zhenzong Zhao Heng—— (4) Song Renzong Zhao Zhen
976—997 │ 998—1022 1023—1063
│
└— King Zhao Yuanshang of Shang—— King Zhao Yunrang of Pu—┐
┌— ————————— — —— —————————— ———— ———————— ———— ———————— —┘
└— (5) Song Yingzong Zhao Shu———— (6) Song Shenzong Zhao Xu——┬— (7) Song Zhezong Zhao Xu
1064—1067 1068—1085 │ 1086—1100
│
└— (8) Song Huizong Zhao Ji—┬— (9) Song Qinzong Zhao Huan
1101—1125 │ 1126—1127
│
└ — [Southern Song Dynasty] Gaozong Zhao Goujin destroyed the Northern Song Dynasty and the Northern Song Dynasty fell
Genealogy table of the Southern Song Dynasty (1127-1279)
The fifth generation of Zhongjing
┌— Song Dynasty Taizong—————————— (1) Song Gaozong Zhao Gou
│ 1127—1162
│ Sixth Generation of Zhongjing
└— Song Taizu—┬ ———————— (2) Song Xiaozong Zhao Yu———— (3) Song Guangzong Zhao Dun———— (4) Song Ningzong Zhao Kuo
│ 1163—1189 1190—1194 1195—1224 < /p>
│
│ The Ninth Dynasty of the Chinese Classics
└— ——┬—— (5) Zhao Yun, Emperor Lizong of the Song Dynasty ┌— (8) Zhao Shi, Duanzong of the Song Dynasty
│ 1225—1264 │ 1276—1278
│ │
└—— King Fu Zhao Yurui———— (6) Song Duzong Zhao Yu——┼—— ( 7) Song Gongzong Zhao Xian
1265—1274 │ 1275—1276
│
└— (9) Song Xiangxing Emperor Zhao Bing
1278-1279 --- The Yuan Dynasty was destroyed and the Southern Song Dynasty was destroyed
The first year of Jianlong (960) - the ninth year of Kaibao (976)
The portrait of Taizu Zhao Kuangyin (yìn ), when he was 21 years old, he left home to travel. At the age of 23, he went to the tent of Guo Wei, Taizu of the Later Zhou Dynasty, and began to fight on the battlefield. After Shizong Chai Rong ascended the throne, Zhao Kuangyin led the imperial army and followed Shizong in the Northern Han and Southern Tang Dynasties, with outstanding military exploits. At the age of 30, he became the military governor of the national army, and at the age of 31, he moved to Yi to become the military governor. After Zhou Shizong's death, 33-year-old Zhao Kuangyin took charge of the inspection in front of the palace, and then moved to the German army as military envoy. In the first month of the seventh year of Xiande of the Later Zhou Dynasty (960), 34-year-old Zhao Kuangyin replaced Zhou Jian and Song Dynasty. He reigned for 17 years and died at the age of 50. Taizu's most important achievement was to restore the unification of most parts of China at that time. He put down the Erli Rebellion, annexed Jinghu, captured Houshu, destroyed the Southern Han Dynasty, and conquered the Southern Tang Dynasty. He forced Wuyue and Zhangquan to declare themselves vassals, which basically ended the situation of numerous vassal towns and warlord separatism since the middle of the Tang Dynasty. Taizu was also an important formulator of the "ancestral family law" in the Song Dynasty. Many of the policies he implemented had a significant impact on the poverty and weakness of the Song Dynasty, but these did not detract from Zhao Kuangyin's emergence as an outstanding politician and military strategist. on the stage of history. Throughout his life, Taizu went from a tramp to an ordinary soldier, then from a soldier to a general, and finally became the founding monarch of the Song Dynasty. His experience is legendary. Yellow Robe: A Monarch Created in Troubled Times
In November of the 14th year of Tang Tianbao (755), An Lushan rebelled against the Tang Dynasty. In the process of countering the rebellion, the Jiedushi of the Tang Dynasty supported their own troops and formed a situation of separatist vassal towns, and the prosperous Tang Dynasty gradually declined. In the fourth year of Tang Tianyou's reign (907), Zhu Wen forced Emperor Ai of the Tang Dynasty to abdicate and established the Later Liang Dynasty. Chinese history entered the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period.
In the past 50 years or so, generals from all over the country, no matter their origins, could become kings and emperors as long as they had strong soldiers and horses. To this end, they even did not hesitate to stage tragedies in which parents and sons killed their fathers and brothers killed each other. Ordinary people live in an environment of constant war and are even more precarious. They eagerly hope for social stability. It was under this circumstance that Zhao Kuangyin became a hero created by the times.
On February 16, the second year of Tiancheng's reign in the Later Tang Dynasty (927), Zhao Kuangyin was born in Jiamaying, Luoyang. "History of the Song Dynasty: The Benji of Taizu" records that Zhao Kuangyin was a native of Zhuozhou in his ancestors, and later generations thought that Zhao Kuangyin's ancestral home was Zhuozhou. However, in the third year of Xianping (1000), Zhao Kuangyin's nephew Zhenzong Zhao Heng once issued an edict to appoint the Zhao clan, a distant relative of his grandfather Xuanzu Zhao Hongyin, as an official. However, the edict clearly pointed out in the edict that Dong'an Village, Fenggui Township, Baosai County, Baozhou (Hebei) It is the hometown of Zhao family. After Zhenzong set this precedent, all subsequent emperors until Gaozong of the Southern Song Dynasty took care of the Zhao family in Baozhou. At this time, Zhenzong was only 40 years after the founding of the Northern Song Dynasty, and it seemed that he would not be mistaken about his grandfather's place of origin. However, due to differences in historical records, the exact location of the Zhao Kuangyin family's ancestral home requires further exploration.
Zhao Kuangyin’s ancestors all served as officials, and his father Zhao Hongyin was the favorite general of Emperor Zhuangzong Li Cunxu of the Later Tang Dynasty. Because he was born as a general, Zhao Kuangyin learned riding and shooting since he was a child, showing great perseverance and perseverance. He once found an untamed fierce horse to practice riding skills. Zhao Kuangyin just sat on the horse, but the horse was unwilling to be ridden. It got angry and ran straight towards the city gate. Zhao Kuangyin was caught off guard, hit the tower and fell down. Everyone present was shocked and thought he must be seriously injured. Unexpectedly, Zhao Kuangyin suddenly jumped up from the ground, quickly caught up with the horse, jumped on it, tamed the horse, but remained unscathed.
More than ten years after Zhao Kuangyin was born, dynasties changed twice. His father Zhao Hongyin was also left out in the cold after Tang Zhuangzong was killed, and the Zhao family gradually declined. When Zhao Kuangyin was 21 years old, even life became very difficult. Zhao Kuangyin was in his prime. Seeing that he could not rely on his father to make a future, he said goodbye to his parents and his wife of three years, and left home to pursue his career.
After Zhao Kuangyin left home, he went south all the way, becoming poor and receiving many looks and cold treatment. He once defected to his father's former colleague Wang Yanchao, hoping to find an official position. When Wang Yanchao saw Zhao Kuangyin's desolate appearance, he gave him a few
thousands of money and drove him away like a beggar. Zhao Kuangyin had no choice but to take the money to gamble. Unexpectedly, his luck turned out to be surprisingly good and he won every game. Later Zhou Yuan Tongbao, when he happily took the money and left, those red-eyed gamblers bullied Zhao Kuangyin as a foreigner, swarmed up to him, pushed him to the ground, punched and kicked him, and robbed his money before leaving. go.
The two-year wandering life was quite difficult, but it tempered Zhao Kuangyin's will and broadened his horizons. One day, Zhao Kuangyin arrived at a temple in Xiangyang. The abbot of the courtyard has experienced many vicissitudes of life and has a profound knowledge of the world and people. He saw that Zhao Kuangyin had a big face, and although he was dusty, he could not hide his appearance of wealth. He was dressed in inconspicuous clothes, but he exuded a majestic air. He also saw that Zhao Kuangyin had an extraordinary conversation and had a world in his heart, so he persuaded Zhao Kuangyin to go north. The southern region is relatively stable, while the north is prone to frequent wars, and heroes emerge from troubled times. Zhao Kuangyin accepted the abbot's suggestion and rode the donkey given to him by the abbot to the north.
After Zhao Kuangyin arrived in Yedu, he defected to Guo Wei, the privy envoy of the Later Han Dynasty. In the third year of Qianyou (951), Guo Wei launched a mutiny and established the Later Zhou Dynasty, which was named Taizu of Zhou. Zhao Kuangyin was promoted to a minor leader of the Royal Palace Guards because of his military exploits. Chai Rong, the adopted son of Zhou Taizu and the Yin of Kaifeng Prefecture, often went in and out of the palace. Seeing that Zhao Kuangyin was quite talented, he transferred him to his own account and made him the cavalry commander of Kaifeng Prefecture. Zhou Taizu had no children, and Chai Rong was the heir to the throne. Zhao Kuangyin entered the future emperor's sect and embarked on the road to the pinnacle of power.
In the first year of Xiande (954), Zhou Taizu died of illness, and Chai Rong succeeded to the throne as Shizong. At this time, Liu Chong of the Northern Han Dynasty and the Liao Dynasty launched a large-scale attack on the Later Zhou Dynasty. Shizong dispatched troops and generals, and the emperor personally led the expedition. Zhao Kuangyin accompanied him on the expedition. The two sides started a fierce battle in Gaoping, Shanxi. Not long after the battle began, Generals Fan Aineng, He Hui and others of the Later Zhou Dynasty became frightened and disordered their positions. The Zhou army was in a state of defeat. Shizong only had 4,000 soldiers led by Zhao Kuangyin and another general Zhang Yongde. At the critical moment, Zhao Kuangyin remained calm and suggested that Shizong's troops attack the Liao army in two groups, which was agreed. Zhao Kuangyin and Zhang Yongde led the troops to attack the enemy. Zhao Kuangyin shouted the slogan of loyalty to the Lord, which boosted his morale. Reinforcements from the later weeks arrived in time and entered the battle. Sejong finally defeated the Han and Liao coalition forces.
After Banshi returned to Beijing, Zhao Kuangyin became a senior general of the Forbidden Army due to his outstanding performance in the Battle of Gaoping, and was also entrusted by Zhou Shizong with the important task of rectifying the Forbidden Army. Zhao Kuangyin completed this task brilliantly, which greatly changed the appearance of the army of the Later Zhou Dynasty and enhanced the combat effectiveness of the soldiers.
More importantly, in the process of reorganizing the army, Zhao Kuangyin gradually formed his own power in the Forbidden Army. He made friends with other senior generals of the Forbidden Army. Among them, Shi Shouxin, Wang Shenqi, Yang Guangyi, Li Jixun, Wang Zhengzhong, Liu Qingyi, Liu Shouzhong, Liu Yanrang, Han Chongyun (yūn) and Zhao Kuangyin became the "Ten Brothers of the Yishe". In the following years, Zhao Kuangyin successively assigned his confidants Luo Yanhuan, Tian Chongjin, Pan Mei, Mi Xin, Zhang Qiong and Wang Yansheng to serve as generals at all levels in the Forbidden Army, thereby controlling the Forbidden Army from top to bottom. In addition, Zhao Kuangyin also recruited talents to form his own think tank. He had a large number of counselors under his account, such as Zhao Pu, Lu Yuqing, Shen Yilun, Li Chuyun and Chu Zhaofu, and later his younger brother Zhao Kuangyi.
Zhou Shizong was a very accomplished emperor who had great ambitions to unify the world. During his war for unification, Zhao Kuangyin made great achievements in battle, and his official position rose step by step. He was named the Jiedushi, and gradually became Zhou Shizong's right-hand man, mastering military and political power. But if Zhao Kuangyin wants to be emperor, there are still two big obstacles in front of him, which are Zhou Taizu's son-in-law Zhang Yongde and nephew Li Chongjin.
Both Zhang Yongde and Li Chongjin held military power, but Li Chongjin had a higher status than Zhang Yongde. Zhang Yongde was very unconvinced, and there was a great conflict between the two. For this purpose, Zhou Shizong set up the post of chief inspector in front of the palace and let Zhang Yongde take the position. In this way, Zhang and Li
were on an equal footing. Zhang Yongde and Zhao Kuangyin had a deep friendship. After the death of Zhao Kuangyin's first wife, He, he married the daughter of General Wang Rao. Zhang Yongde gave Zhao Kuangyin a large amount of money and allowed him to hold a luxurious wedding. But after all, Zhang Yongde was an obstacle to Zhao Kuangyin becoming emperor, so Zhao had to get rid of him. In the sixth year of Xiande (959), Zhou Shizong was on the northern expedition and accidentally got a wooden sign that read "Inspection to be the emperor". Apparently someone had arranged in advance to frame Zhang Yongde, but Zhou Shizong still became suspicious. During the northern expedition, Zhou Shizong fell ill and had to return to Beijing. When he was critically ill, he thought about the mysterious wooden sign again. He thought that Zhang Yongde had a large number of troops and was competing for power with Li Chongjin. He was particularly worried that Zhang Yongde would launch a mutiny. Therefore, Shizong dismissed Zhang Yongde from the post of inspection and replaced him with Zhao Kuangyin, who he considered very reliable. Zhao Kuangyin killed two birds with one stone. He not only removed one obstacle, but also became the supreme commander of the Forbidden Army.
After Zhang Yongde was removed, it was Li Chongjin’s turn. Li Chongjin lacked the foresight of a statesman. Although he held military power, he did not form a solid political force of his own. After the death of Zhou Shizong, the successor Emperor Gong, Chai Zongxun, was young, and the power was in the hands of Zhao Kuangyin. Zhao Kuangyin designed to easily demote Li Chongjin to Yangzhou as a military governor, controlling the situation in the entire capital. Soon, under the careful planning of Zhao Kuangyin and his counselors, through the Chenqiao mutiny, Zhao Kuangyin finally realized his dream of rising from a tramp to an emperor.
At that time, the situation in the Later Zhou Dynasty was that the master and the country were suspicious, people's hearts were floating, and a mutiny that had been planned for a long time was quickly staged.
During the Spring Festival of the seventh year of Xiande, people were immersed in the joyful and peaceful atmosphere of the festival, but urgent military information about the joint invasion of the Liao Dynasty and the Northern Han Dynasty came from the border. Prime Minister Fan Zhi and Wang Pu did not check whether the news was true, so they urgently ordered Zhao Kuangyin to lead his army north to defend against the enemy. However, people still remember that 10 years ago, the Hebei border was invaded and the Khitan invaded the border. At that time, Guo Wei, who was the Privy Envoy of the Later Han Dynasty, was ordered to lead an army to the north. When the army arrived in Chanzhou (Puyang, Henan), Guo Wei suddenly launched a mutiny, proclaimed himself emperor, and established the Later Zhou regime. In addition, there has been a saying that "checking to become emperor" has been circulating for a long time, and people just feel that what is happening in front of them is like a replica of the past. Therefore, when the powerful Zhao Kuangyin was ordered to go north, rumors spread in the capital, and it was spread everywhere that "on the day the army goes out, he will be inspected as the emperor."
Chenqiao Dongyue Temple (it is said to be the place where Zhao Kuangyin was stationed when he launched the mutiny)
On the third day of the first lunar month of the seventh year of Xiande, Zhao Kuangyin led his army from Kaifeng, the capital, and arrived at the capital in the evening Chenqiaoyi, forty miles away. When the army just left the city gate, Miao Xun, a military academy student who claimed to be proficient in astronomy, pointed to the sky and said that he saw two suns fighting with each other, and told Zhao Kuangyin's confidant Chu Zhaofu that this was destiny.
This kind of statement is nothing more than a common tactic used when dynasties change. However, this serious conversation quickly spread among the army, and the army officers and officers talked a lot: "The emperor today is young and does not understand government affairs. We risk our lives for the sake of the government." No one knows about our contribution to the country's resistance to foreign enemies. It is better to make Zhao Dianjian the emperor first and then march north."
Zhao Kuangyin already knew what the generals were talking about, so he made secret arrangements. He sent his cronies Guo Tingbin to secretly return to the capital, and made an agreement with his trusted generals Shi Shouxin and Wang Shenqi to open the city gate once the army returned to the capital.
That night, Zhao Kuangyin was drunk and fell asleep under the quilt. In the early morning, the soldiers who had not slept all night were already standing in front of the tent, holding swords and knives, and shouts were everywhere. Some soldiers were fully dressed and ready to go straight into the account. Upon seeing this, Zhao Kuangyi and Zhao Pu who were guarding outside the tent quickly entered the tent to wake up Zhao Kuangyin and supported him out of the tent. As soon as the soldiers outside the tent saw Zhao Kuangyin coming out, they shouted loudly: "The army has no master, and I would like to accept the Taiwei as the emperor." Zhao Kuangyin had no time to answer, and a yellow robe was already draped on him. All the soldiers knelt on the ground and shouted "Long live" three times. The shouts were deafening. Zhao Kuangyin pretended to refuse, but the soldiers refused and helped him get on his horse and go south. Zhao Kuangyin pretended to be helpless and said that the soldiers were greedy for wealth and power and made him the emperor, so they must obey his command. All the soldiers agreed.
Kaifeng City Wall
Zhao Kuangyin immediately ordered his troops to return to Beijing. Shi Shouxin and Wang Shenqi, who had been waiting for a long time, opened the city gate to welcome the new emperor. Zhao Kuangyin quickly controlled the entire situation with the cooperation of everyone.
When the ministers of the Later Zhou Dynasty who were attending the morning court heard the news of the mutiny, they were all shocked and at a loss. Prime Minister Fan Zhi held Wang Pu's hands, regretting that he should not have rushed to send troops, and held Wang Pu's hands until they almost bled. Only Minister Han Tong immediately returned home from the DPRK in an attempt to organize resistance. But as soon as he entered the house, he was killed by Zhao Kuangyin's general Wang Yansheng.
The soldiers rushed into the court and forced Fan Zhi, Wang Pu and others to come to the capital to inspect the Yamen. When Zhao Kuangyin saw them, he pretended to be very sad, saying that he had been favored by the late emperor and was forced by the soldiers today. He was really ashamed to have reached this point. Fan Zhi was about to answer when Military Academy Luo Yanhuan stepped forward with his sword and shouted sternly: "We have no master, today we will have the emperor." Fan Zhi and others looked at each other, knowing that there was no chance of recovery, so they all knelt down and knelt on the ground, chanting Say "Long live".
Diagram of Bianjing
Seeing that the officials had been subdued, Zhao Kuangyin immediately rushed to the palace and forced Emperor Zhou Gong to abdicate. After all the civil and military officials gathered, they found that the edict for the Zen position had not yet been formulated. Unexpectedly, Tao Gu (gǔ), a Hanlin scholar, took out the edict he had prepared and read it to all the officials. Zhao Kuangyin put on his dragon robe, accepted congratulations from the ministers, and officially ascended to the throne as emperor. Because the German troops he led were in Songzhou (Shangqiu, Henan), the country was named "Song", changed to Yuan Jianlong, and the capital was Bianjing (Kaifeng, Henan). Zhao Kuangyin was the Taizu of the Song Dynasty. After Taizu ascended the throne, he granted Chai Zongxun the title of Prince Zheng, and his mother, the Queen Mother Fu, was the Queen Mother of Zhou. They moved to Xijing and supported them throughout their lives. Their descendants were also cared for by successive emperors of the Song Dynasty. It is said that this was a rule set by Zhao Kuangyin himself.
After Zhao Kuangyin became emperor, many theories about him being the "rightful emperor" spread. The Taoist priest Chen Tuan was traveling on a donkey. When he heard someone said that Zhao Dianjian had become emperor, he was so happy that he fell off the donkey. He clapped his hands and laughed and said that the world would be at peace from then on. Even Zhao Kuangyin's birth and childhood experience are legendary. It is said that Zhao Kuangyin had a strange smell when he was born, which persisted for three days, so his father gave him a nickname "Xiangbaier". Brothers Zhao Kuangyin and Zhao Kuangyi escaped from the war with their mother Du when they were young. Because they were young, they were carried away by Du in a basket. Chen Tuan saw them and sighed: "It is said that there is no real dragon emperor today, but the emperor is Pick it up and go." In fact, these are the opinions of later generations. The reason why Zhao Kuangyin was able to replace Zhou and establish Song Dynasty is inseparable from the troubled times of the Five Dynasties and his personal talents.
A glass of wine releases military power: a happy ending
Facing the new regime, the old officials of the Later Zhou Dynasty who knew the current affairs bowed their heads and obeyed, but there were also those who were unwilling to be manipulated, especially those who were in the past and Generals who hold military power like Song Taizu. After Zhou Shizong's death, Zhao Kuangyin was not the only one with imperial ambitions? It was just that Zhao Kuangyin got there first and caused others to lose the opportunity, but it did not give them away. They were still waiting for the opportunity to realize their imperial dreams. Li Yun and Li Chongjin were the representatives.
Li Jun guarded Lu, Ze, Qin and other prefectures for eight years. He was arrogant and domineering, and even Zhou Shizong looked down upon him. After Song Taizu succeeded to the throne, he sent envoys to confer Li Jun the title of Zhongshu Ling, hoping to use the Song and Yuan Tongbao, a high-ranking official.