The creative characteristics of various poets in Song Dynasty
Ouyang Xiu: Ouyang Xiu has also made great achievements in poetry creation. His poems are mainly influenced by Han Yu in art, and his works such as Stone in Lingxi, Shi Zhuan and Zishiping Song imitate Han Yu's unique poetic style. Other poems are gloomy and dripping with emotion, integrating narration, discussion and lyricism, and their styles are close to Du Fu's, such as rereading Selected Poems of Solitary and Sending Du Qigong to Official. Other works are magnificent and bold, but close to Li Bai, such as "Lushan Mountain in Liu Zhongyun returns to Nankang in the same year". However, most of his works mainly study the characteristics of Han Yu's "writing with poetry", that is, argumentative and prose culture.
Characteristics of Su Shi's Ci
First, "Poetry as Ci": the formation of bold and elegant Ci.
Su Shi's bold and unconstrained ci has broken through the traditional mode in subject matter, structure, artistic conception, image and connotation, which will inevitably lead to the innovation of ci itself. In this respect, it is usually rated as "taking poetry as a word" by scholars. The development of the theme shows the direction from graceful and unrestrained, from "vulgar" to "elegant"
Second, watch everything with me: bold and elegant characters.
The image and angle of the protagonist in Su Shi's ci have changed fundamentally.
First of all, as far as the image is concerned, Su Shi's previous ci works are mostly soft-hearted and charming. Most of them are female images: Huajian and Yan Owen are upper-class female images, while Liu Yong's works are mostly fallen women, and the male protagonists are mostly lovers holding hands and looking at each other with tears. However, in Su Shi's uninhibited ci poems, there are either "old ladies" who talk about teenagers, "Sun Lang who fights tigers", "drunkards who want to return with the wind", "heroic and heroic, heroes of Mao Yu fans" and so on.
Moreover, from the lyrical point of view, Su Shi further pushed himself to the front of the artistic stage of Ci. Huajian poetess, like a girl with an open mind, hides in a thin curtain, revealing implicit girlish charm; Liu Yong, like a dissolute young woman, shows you her wonderful body. Therefore, the former sages said that the beauty of flowers is "inexhaustible" and Liu Yongmiao is "inexhaustible", but they are "inexhaustible" or "inexhaustible". Poets are like directors, only behind the scenes; Or, like the master of shadow play, operate his own beauty performance at the bottom of the stage. Su Shi is both a director and a hero. He pushed himself directly to the front desk, especially exposing his inner world to the world.
Judging from the four cases cited in the previous article, two cases are self-poets and two cases are self-symbols of the ancients. You can also name dozens of self-expression words:
A paper book came to Wan Li and asked me what year it was. It was a success. (Recent Love)
At different times, the night view of Taohuawu sighs for Yu Hao. ("Ode to Fishing Music")
I am an idle guest in the world, and I am here. ("Nan Gezi")
But it's full. I'm sorry. ("Huanxisha")
Looking forward to seeing me in a passionate dream is also uneven. ("Shui Long Yin")
Write me not only with me, but also with others and with everything in the world. From the perspective of "I", everything can't be separated from my temperament. For example, "Affectionate wind sweeps the tide of Wan Li, and returns it mercilessly" (Klang Ganzhou). Visiting Liao Zi "). The ebb and flow of tides is natural. The word "love" in Dongpo's eyes is different, resulting in the illusion of "asking about Qiantang River, looking at Pukou in the west, and how many degrees of oblique light". This kind of situation, as the poet said, is also true of "heartless running water with affection" ("Advise the Golden Boat").
Third, the use of drunken props: put away the shackles and form a bold and elegant.
Su Shi often uses "drunken" props in his poems, which makes the characters more natural and unrestrained, detached and free from all kinds of rational constraints of human society.
Of course, "wine" can make words bold, but taking wine as words is not necessarily bold. Ci was originally the product of a banquet, but it should be said that it began with Su Shi. It should be said that the effects and feelings of wine on people are generally similar, but people with different personalities and ideas will have different feelings after combining with wine. Before Liu Yong wrote wine ci, there were no famous sentences, only Liu Yong's "Where to sober up tonight, Yang Liuan, the wind is getting weaker" is the most famous. However, drunkenness made him fantasize about "Yang Liuan, the morning breeze and the waning moon". This is naturally a typical graceful situation. Look at one of his poems "A Journey to the Imperial Street" with wine as the main background (I);
I used to drink in Chunyuan. Regret breaking up. I came back drunk in the middle of the night,
Arouse old worries. Although watching a horse fall from a building, Zheng Nai is not a mandarin duck.
"Wine" can not only make him uninhibited, but also "evoke old grievances" and push his vulgar feelings to the extreme. Being drunk not only makes Dongpo uninhibited, but also tells the truth after drinking, or rather covers his face with wine to express his thoughts and feelings that are inconvenient or even impossible to express under normal conditions.
Fourth, the words of discussion: bold and elegant expression.
The characteristics of traditional words are implication, delicate and in-depth description of scenery, taking traditional images as the main means of expression, and rarely expressing emotions directly, let alone directly. In order to better express his inner world, express his feelings, opinions and understanding, and express himself more thoroughly, Su Shi put him in his poems.
The commonly used "argument" is introduced into ci, which becomes the artistic feature of "bold and elegant ci"
Such as a "Man Ting Fang", is the whole article:
"Argumentation" is just a way of expression, and it is not necessary to write in bold by adding "argument". It depends on who put forward the argument and what kind of emotional "argument" Yi An's Searching, Despair and Sadness (Slow Voice) describes the weakness and pain in women's hearts and shows a feminine beauty. However, Su Shi's comments are magnificent and have a bird's-eye view of the overall situation, describing the worldly fame and wealth as a "hollow corner with a hollow reputation and meager profit", which is full of Su Shi's unique wild wildness: Su Shi's "comments into words" has achieved a perfect combination of boldness and elegance. Such as a song "No Solution": Life is like a reverse journey, and I am also a pedestrian. ("Linjiang Xian. Send money to Mufu ")
Fifth, make the best use of Su Shi's allusions in ci, first of all, it is related to the aforementioned "discussion" into ci. Although "discussion" can make the style of ci lively and clear, and profoundly reveal the inner thoughts and concepts, it is also easy to lose the implicit beauty and image beauty of ci and become dull. The use of allusions can balance this sense of weightlessness, making image an image argument in discussion and a new image way. For example:
Canon: The language is bold, elegant and romantic, and the infantry loves Dongping all their lives. Sometimes, Su Shi uses historical events and figures to express his feelings, thoughts and creations.
Give people a bold and lofty atmosphere. For example, "Water Turn Around": the famous "Strange Stone" uses ancient myths and legends to create an ethereal fairyland, which is also a way of writing words with events:
Sixth, the magnificent realm: bold and elegant structure.
Su Shi often outlines big scenes and landscapes with big words, large numbers, great spirits and big strokes, which are structurally open and closed and emotionally ups and downs. The characteristics of these aspects are often closely combined with the five aspects mentioned above.
For example, a song called "Shuidiao". Huangzhou Kuaizai Pavilion ... ";
Seven. Broad-minded philosophy of life: the foundation of unrestrained elegance.
In the above analysis of "life is like a dream", it is not difficult to trigger a deeper ideological connotation. In other words, Su Shi's unique attitude towards life in Su Ci is detached, chic, depressed or lofty, which constitutes a bold factor. Some scholars put these words into another book, called Qing Kuang, or Chao Kuang and Broad-minded.
The representative works in this field should be "Mist and rain cast their shadows before them" and "Rain or shine".
The most important contribution of Liu Yong's ci is the mature use of the characteristics of long-tune ci, which are suitable for narrative, rich in levels and varied, and open up a new way for future generations to integrate lyric, narrative, reasoning and scenery writing in ci, and accommodate more complicated connotations.
Qin Guan's poem History of Song Dynasty was rated as "gentle and thoughtful". His poems are good at lyricism. Taosun Ao's Poetry Review said: "Qin Shaoyou is like a woman swimming in spring, but she is weak in the end." He was a famous graceful poet in the late Northern Song Dynasty. His poems mostly describe the feelings of men and women and express the sadness of career frustration. His words are skillful and meticulous, and his melody is harmonious and beautiful.
He Zhu is not only uninhibited, but also an excellent dancer who uses "shackles" as props; From the lyrical way, he pays more attention to the traditional aesthetic characteristics of ci: or drawing lessons from the charm of Chu Sao, writing grief and indignation in a way of comparison and sustenance; Or combine rigidity and softness, and write tenderness with a healthy pen. This poetic feature shows the change of He Zhu's concept of notation.
Characteristics of Zhou Bangyan's Ci: He was the most important poet in the late Northern Song Dynasty, and also an influential poet in the history of Ci in the Song Dynasty.
(1) The feeling of exile has become an important theme in his poems, with a sentimental tone, such as Man Fang Ting? I don't want to build mountains in summer. (2) Good at narrative, good at increasing and changing the narrative angle and level, changing from direct narrative to qu narrative, with rigorous composition and complex structure, such as "Warrior Lan Ling? Willow. Also use the brushwork of sketching, sketching and describing from different angles, flashing back and forth, deepening layer by layer, such as "Six Ugliness?" Rose Xie Hou Zuo ","Six Ugliness? Rose Xie Hou Zuo ". With exquisite brushwork, the story is repeatedly described from front to back, and sketched with meticulous brushwork, which vividly shows a ray of love for flowers, with delicate feelings and tortuous structure. This word embodies the general characteristics of Zhou Bangyan's ci. The so-called "superior to narrative, full of beauty and exquisite workmanship" (3) Exquisite carving, rigorous temperament and more elegant and straight style.
The most remarkable artistic achievement of Xin Qiji's ci is to enrich, consolidate and develop the bold and unconstrained ci style initiated by Su Shi. Xin Qiji wrote many heroic words, and bold words made bold become a big country and a formal school, and Xin Qiji's creation became the representative of this school. As Liu Kezhuang and Wang Shizhen commented, "CCBA has a loud cymbal, a low cymbal, crossed the Liuhe River and swept through the ages, which has never been seen since the beginning of the world." ("Xin Jiaxuan Collection Preface") "Graceful and restrained with Yi 'an as the Sect, bold and unrestrained with only young and safe as the first. "("Flowers and Plants Picked ")
In order to create a bold style of ci, Xin Qiji used a series of corresponding artistic means.
He is good at creating a lively artistic image. The characters in his works are often bold and tragic. He wrote that his great ambition is "colorful sleeves to make up the northwest in the future." ("Man Jiang Hong") He wrote that his vigorous skill is: "The flying of a horse is like thunder." (Broken Array) He wrote that his madness is "Looking back on Yunfei, I don't hate the ancients for not seeing me, and I hate the ancients for not seeing my crazy ears." (He Xinlang) He wrote that others and the ancients mostly "swallowed Wan Li like a tiger." (Song of Eternal Sorrow) Most of the scenes in his works are spectacular flying scenes. Just like a mountain, he wrote: "The mountain wants to the east, and the mountain wants to the east" ("Qinyuanchun"), "The green hills want to talk to people and draw countless horses" ("Bodhisattva Man"), and the static mountain situation is written as a rushing dynamic, which is extremely unrestrained. He is good at using romantic imagination and symbolism to strengthen bold colors. For example, "Shuidiao Tou" said: "I aim at the wide, and I dream of going to heaven in the past. Sitting on the moon, the world has been pitching for a thousand years. " His romantic and unrestrained style almost matches the poet Li Bai. Another example is "Tai Chang Yin", which says, "It's easy to take advantage of the wind to see the mountains and rivers in Wan Li. When you go to Guangxi, humanities are more light. " The thoughts and feelings expressed in the three sentences of "Traveling with the Wind" are exactly the same as Qu Yuan's "sudden visit to her husband's hometown", and Qin Gui is not the only one who has a profound meaning. (Zhou Ji's Selected Poems of Four Schools)
He is good at using jumping and frustration to enhance the span of time and space and the ups and downs of feelings, especially at casting the most dignified feelings at the beginning and end. For example, the words "more can be eliminated" at the beginning of "Fishing" (see the following quotation) have been turned over thousands of times, which is really powerful. "(Bai Yuzhai Thorn) and at the end, the feeling of resentment is turned into a gloomy scene of" the sun is setting, and the willow trees are blooming in another village ",which makes the artistic conception of the whole word more profound. Another example is "Breaking the Array, Giving Chen Tongfu Strong Words", which lists several strong words such as "Watching the Sword while Drunk", but the last sentence "Poor White Happens" contains infinite feelings, which makes people unbearable to read.
The bold style of Xin Ci is often expressed through various forms. It is "correct and changeable, changeable and adaptable, can be changed without losing the original tone, and can obtain a variety of tones without losing the original tone". (Hu Yinglin's Poems) This bold "tone sandhi" (in the words of critics, critics often take graceful and restrained tone sandhi as the authentic tone sandhi) can often better express the inner temperament and natural style of Xin Ci.
Li Qingzhao's characteristics:
First, dump sincere feelings.
True feelings are the bones of words, and the feelings of words are really expensive. Before Li Qingzhao, most graceful ci poets wrote about all kinds of amorous feelings and deep feelings with men, and Li Qingzhao was the first person who took women as the standard, wrote about self-love, sadness and joy, and wrote about the great changes in his home country and achieved unprecedented success. His early love stories, such as Pruning a Plum and Blowing the Xiao in the Phoenix Tower, are full of emotion and nonsense, and their natural frankness can best reflect the pure and delicate spirituality of women, which is unmatched by the love stories made by male writers in previous dynasties. Later, he wrote sad and disorderly words, such as Wuling Spring, Slow Voice, Song of Eternal Sorrow, Lonely Goose and so on. Every sentence is full of blood and tears, which is full of sadness and shock. This "sentimental" "load", endless "thousands of tears" and "sad and miserable" are sad songs that blend the changes of home and country and the vicissitudes of the times, coming from affectionate poets and rooted in real life feelings. They are the portrayal of Li Qingzhao's bumpy life, tragic life and disaster times.
Second, smelting household words.
The language of Yu Shu's ci has a distinct personality. Liu Yong is a pioneer in introducing words into the market. His writing is popular and clear, but he is good at expressing himself, occasionally involving butterfly silence. Zhou Bangyan refined slang into elegance and used exquisite words. Li Qingzhao created a literary language characterized by naturalness and truthfulness. As the saying goes, "Use vulgar language to create fresh ideas" (Jin Su written by Peng). This language is an impact on the elegant ci style in the late Northern Song Dynasty. For example, "I'm afraid to leave my arms, so how much do I want to say" ("Remembering Xiao Feng at the Burning Wind Station"). As if inadvertently, blurt out, but carefully appreciate, but the meaning is multi-layered, very fine. Relatives are far apart and have a thousand words to say; Breaking up is fixed and there are many concerns. What's the use of saying it? Hate is hard to say goodbye, but it is hard to say and stings people. I'd rather bear it myself than increase the burden on the walkers. These heavy thoughts and subtle mentality are all expressed in everyday language and contain infinite significance. For example, "Suddenly sunny, suddenly rainy, suddenly windy", "How can it be dark when looking out the window?" Handy, on the basis of colloquialism and popularization, a large number of vivid and vivid sentimental words are added, which do not tend to be dull, loose and weak, because it is the result of ingenuity and refinement on the basis of spoken language. So the pen is refined and alert, and the language is novel. Such as "snow is clear and jade is thin", "smoke is dark and rain is dark", "waves turn red", "Liu Yanmei cheeks", "red is rare and fragrant" and "cloud platform and moon land", which are simple, fresh, subtle and vivid, and are precisely "the strangest rise that seems ordinary, easy to do but difficult to do".
Third, make good use of line drawing.
Shu Yu's ci does not emphasize truth, but uses predecessors' poems, and is good at creating moving artistic conception with lines. Yi 'an's sketch is different from Liu Yong's "smooth" and beautiful and rich classics, but "blurting out proverbs and moving the realm". For example, "Drunken Flowers" writes dignified thinking: "The curtain rolls west wind, and people are as thin as yellow flowers." "Yong Yu Le" writes loneliness and loss: "It is better to listen to people laughing under the curtain." They are all written in plain language with deep feelings, scenes, characters and backgrounds. In front of the stage, I spent my heart on the Iraqi people, thinking of the image of lovesickness, closing the curtains, feeling lonely and bitter, showing my mind of swallowing endless sadness, which is vivid and unforgettable. The sketch of Shuyu Ci is muddy, subtle and graceful, without a trace of simplicity. "hickory" snapped: "sunny, rainy, windy!" Although the astronomical phenomena are described in spoken language, it inevitably reminds people of the changes of the world and the turmoil of love, and its profound meaning is endless.
Fourth, emphasize the beauty of rhythm.
Li Qingzhao attaches great importance to the melody in her poems. The so-called lyrics are divided into five tones and six rhymes, and her creation practices her own theory. This is determined by the characteristics of words as musical poems. Shu Yu's ci pays attention to the combination of sound and emotion, likes to use double rhyme, and pays attention to the beauty of rhyme in choosing words. Xia Zeng cited his "Sound Slow" as an example, in which the pronunciation of tongue is 15 and the pronunciation of teeth is 42, especially the few words. "The overlapping of teeth sounds in the cross should be intended to use the tone of Ding Ning, a rodent, to write his own melancholy mood, which is clear to read and has obvious timbre beauty, which fully shows the characteristics of the movement" (The Art of Li Qingzhao's Ci, Zhang Your Ear Collection praised "How can you keep the window dark?" He said: ... black words are not allowed to be taken by the second person. "The first sentence of" Sound Slow "has a reduplication of 14, which has been praised as a swan song by poets of all ages. Zhang said, "This is the sword dancer. He is not incompetent in this dynasty. He has never had fourteen overlapping words. Xu Fan's Ci Yuan Cong Tan described the beauty of its acoustics as "like pouring pearls, big and small, into a plate of jade". Li Qingzhao is good at measuring people's temperament in popular language. It is extremely difficult to train people in plain language, which is wonderful, harmonious and fascinating. Therefore, Wanshu rhymes: "Its words are strange and horizontal, so it may be melodious, so it is outstanding through the ages. "