Management techniques of alpine orchids
Orchid planting not only refers to the "turning over" of domestic cultivated varieties (that is, cooked grass), but also includes the "new planting" of wild orchids (raw grass). In addition, in addition to replanting for the purpose of ramet propagation, replanting is also needed under special circumstances such as merger, fertilization, pest control and treatment. In addition, in terms of orchid planting methods, potted plants, ground plants, epiphytes, basket plants, potted plants and bonsai are selected according to orchid species, cultivation environment and cultivation purposes. It can be seen that the concept of orchid cultivation has gone far beyond the meanings of "dividing plants", "turning plants" and "dividing pots".
First, the preparation of culture soil
Orchids need special culture soil, also known as "blue mud". Orchid cultivation soil should be loose, breathable, well ventilated, properly fertilized and free from hidden pests and diseases. The composition of culture soil consists of one or several basic components (matrix). These basic components are soil, fertilizer and other substances, and there are many kinds. Some components seem to have nothing to do with "soil", but they are all substrates on which orchids rely for stabilizing plants and growing and developing.
(1) culture soil formula. Orchid mud from Shaoxing and Yuyao is generally used to grow orchids in East China. In recent years, Emei "Wang He" brand fairy soil is also very popular, but these cultivated soils are limited in quantity and expensive, so they can only be used for changing pots. Large-scale cultivation requires hundreds of tons and thousands of tons of culture soil, and only local materials can be used. After years of practice and repeated screening, we determined the best formula as follows: 4 parts of yellow sand, 4 parts of sawdust and 2 parts of river sand; If it is yellow loam, there is a river sand, a sawdust and a yellow loam. They are all completely mixed. The pH value of the prepared culture soil should be 6.5-6.8, which is loose and breathable, with good water retention and permeability and comprehensive nutrition. River sand and sawdust are used to conduct water and breathe. Wood chips are decomposed by bacteria, which can slowly release nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. Yellow loam also contains a variety of trace elements. After years of observation, this formula is very suitable for the growth of orchids. It is especially suitable for domestication and cultivation of wild orchids, Cymbidium hybridum and Cymbidium hybridum, and is also an ideal choice for Cymbidium hybridum and Cymbidium hybridum, with significantly improved flowering rate and stress resistance.
(2) Bamboo root mud. Refers to the soil at the roots of bamboo forests planted for many years. This kind of soil has loose structure and good drainage, but it is not very fertile. Because of the appearance of bamboo whips and roots and the decay of bamboo leaves and stems, it is suitable for orchid growth. The quality of bamboo root mud depends on three factors: first, the original soil quality, which is the predecessor and foundation of bamboo root mud, and sandy loam soil is the best; Secondly, the longer the planting period of bamboo bushes, the more fully the functions of bamboo roots, bamboo leaves and bamboo whips; Thirdly, the distance from the bamboo pile, the closer the soil is to the bamboo pile, the better.
(3) Leveling soil. The chaff is made of green manure (Chinese milk vetch) by harvesting, drying and crushing. The glutinous rice paste is mixed with bamboo root mud or common sandy loam, accumulated and decomposed to obtain glutinous rice paste. The production method is as follows: choose a shelter, remove a layer of chaff from a layer of soil, and pour pig manure water once, so as to pile up layer by layer; After stacking, sprinkle water on the surface to wet it, and then smear it with mud to seal it. Stacking and fermenting for half a year can be used. When in use, other culture soils are mixed in proportion.
(4) Humus soil. Water or fertilize with dead leaves or grass and tall stalks, seal with mud, decompose and sieve. It is best to use seedless grass to fully decompose and kill pests and weeds, otherwise there will be many weeds in the orchid pot in the future.
(5) mountain mud. That is, the mountain soil where wild orchids first grew. It is a mixture of garbage and soil for many years. Naturally formed humus soil, rich in humus, is loose and breathable, which is very suitable for orchid growth. Under the condition of convenient transportation, it is simple and economical to dig a lot of mountain mud to grow orchids, and it is better to domesticate grass. Humus soil under broad-leaved forest, especially under chestnut tree, is an ideal soil for orchids.
(6) Pond sludge. Combined with winter pond and fish pond, mud is dug out, dried and broken into fine particles, which can be used to cultivate all flowers, including orchids.
(7) Field soil. That is, the loose topsoil in the field is selected, mixed with a little sand or a little chaff ash, and then some organic fertilizers such as decomposed compost or fermented bean cakes and rapeseed cakes are added to improve the soil structure and enhance the chemical fertilizer efficiency. Repeatedly turn over the pile and stir evenly, and then sieve. This kind of soil is close to neutral and not as good as humus. Therefore, it is only used reluctantly when there is no suitable humus soil or forest sandy loam, and most of it is used to cultivate rough orchids.
(8) Cow dung soil. The fermented dry cow dung is crushed and ground, mixed with sandy soil or topsoil of field soil, and prepared according to the ratio of 1: 3. In winter, it is best to choose cow dung fed with dry feed, because the dry forage has fine particles, but it is still elastic, plant fiber and contains certain nutrients. This kind of cow dung has soft and fertile soil, which is very suitable for the aerobic of orchid roots. This kind of cow dung soil is often used as a filler to cultivate local orchids in Yilan community of Taiwan Province Province, and the effect is very good.
In foreign countries, 5 parts humus soil or humus soil and 1 part Gaza are generally used to cultivate local orchids; Or use 3 parts of peat soil and 1 part of river sand to mix the crushed cow dung, and then use it after thorough mixing. The cultivation substrate of epiphytic orchids is mainly moss and ferns, with a small amount of leaves, small pieces of charcoal and broken cow dung added.
Before planting orchids with soil, expose the soil to the sun for disinfection and sterilization. In summer. Spread out the soil and expose it to the sun for more than 3 days to kill germs and eggs.
The pH value of the culture soil should be measured and adjusted before use. Lime can be used to adjust the soil which is too acidic. For high alkaline soil, calcium superphosphate and ferrous sulfate are used to mix into the soil. In a word, it is appropriate to control the soil pH value at neutral and slightly acidic point (that is, pH 5.5-7). It is a better way to use organic fertilizer, such as grass and leaves, to make fertilizer and add it to the soil to change the pH of the soil.
In addition, before planting orchids, the nutrient soil should be screened and graded to separate large particles from small particles. When planting orchids, enlarge the particles at the bottom of the basin to facilitate drainage. At the same time, the degree of soil moisture and dryness should also be adjusted, not too wet or too dry. It is best to pinch the dough in your hand hard to make it into a ball; When you loosen your hand and shake it off, the soil becomes granular again, and the dry humidity is suitable.
Second, the preparation of orchid places
1. Productive field planting
The original environment of orchids is growing in a ravine, and the terrain is Gao Shuang, covered by trees, forming a humid microclimate. Small temperature difference, clean air. When introducing and domesticating, it is necessary to simulate the wild environment first, so that flowers can flourish. Now, with the development of industry and the modernization of cities, the greening work can't keep up, and it is polluted by factories and vehicles. Therefore, orchids cultivated in cities are not as strong as those cultivated in suburbs. Therefore, the Orchid Garden we built is located in the southern suburb of Hefei, the capital of Anhui Province, on the south side of the Jianghuai watershed. The annual average temperature is 65,438+06℃, the annual rainfall is 65,438+008 mm, and the frost-free period is 250 days, far away from the original cattle environment of wild orchids and the original meteorological factors of Hanlan and Jianlan. Therefore, we have carefully designed and made practical arrangements for the domestication and planting of orchids. The orchard covers an area of about 6.5438+0.5 million square meters and is rectangular. There is a rectangular pond in the garden to store rainwater. A 2.5-meter-high bamboo is fixed every 2.5 meters in the garden, and the bamboo is horizontally tied above it to form a frame for laying the first layer of sunshade net. A horizontal thin bamboo is placed 20 cm below the first layer of sunshade net for laying the second layer of movable sunshade net. The first layer of sunshade net is basically fixed from spring to autumn, and the second layer can be closed or released as needed. Adjust the light and temperature carefully.
The seedbed width is 1.2m, the length is 12- 16m (depending on the terrain), the height is about 30-40cm (5-7 bricks high), the spacing between seedbeds is 50cm, and the channel width is 130cm. Convenient for daily management. In winter, every two beds are tied with a plastic shed to keep warm. Pay attention to clear the snow in snowy days to avoid the plastic shed being crushed by snow. About one mu (one mu ≈667 square meters), two water tanks with storage capacity of 1 cubic meter will be built to treat tap water. In winter, 100- 150 watt bulbs are set at intervals of about 4 meters in the plastic shed, which are mainly used for heating.
2. Open field cultivation
(1) Plant Joram in the shade. This is for ornamental purposes and should be planted in front of houses, in corners or on the ground of tourist areas with sparse shade, but the original barren soil must be dug out and replaced with loose humus soil or good topsoil in the field. In winter, cover some straw on the mud surface of the roots to avoid frostbite. If there is severe cold, it is necessary to spread a straw curtain or other soft covering on the leaves to prevent freezing injury. This kind of orchids planted in the ground, in addition to strengthening management and protection in summer when it is hot, can generally be extensive and let it grow naturally. Orchids planted in the open field are all coarse species without petals. The next spring, when the weather gets warmer, you can remove the cold shelter. After years of growth, as long as it is watered and fertilized in time, its adaptability is still relatively strong, it can bloom every year, and its fragrance is far away. It is a good product for decorating the countryside. However, when planting orchids in the layout, besides considering the quietness of the layout. The habits of orchids should also be considered. For example, Chunlan likes cloudy days, Cymbidium hybridum needs a little sunshine, and Qiu Lan, Hanlan and Primula don't get cold.
(2) potted orchids. In other words, cultivate orchids in a shade shed. Potted orchids had better use pottery pots, that is, plain-burned pottery pots, which have good air permeability, can filter water and are cheap. It is an economical and practical orchid planting product. However, the earthen basin is rough and unsightly, so it is not suitable for exhibition. Porcelain pots or glazed pots have beautiful appearance, but poor air permeability and drainage. If it is used to grow orchids for a long time, the roots of orchids are easily damaged and orchids are difficult to thrive. Therefore, when potted orchids with porcelain pots or glazes, you must put more drainage tiles at the bottom of the pot. Or mussels; And watering should be controlled and not excessive. If orchids are planted in clay pots, they can be placed in larger porcelain pots or glazed pots when exhibiting.
Yixing purple sand basin, with beautiful and generous appearance and certain air permeability, is suitable for planting orchids.
The newly bought blue pot must be soaked in water for a few days, especially the pottery pot that has just come out of the kiln. It must be allowed to absorb enough water to completely eliminate its fire dryness. Generally, orchids are planted, and new orchids are planted in new pots, and old pots are used when changing pots.
All potted orchids, it is best not to sit directly on the ground, because they are easily disturbed by pests and weeds. Especially in hot summer, the sun is hot and the ground temperature rises, which hurts bluegrass; Whenever there is a thunderstorm or rainy season, the damp heat rises even more, and it is easy to steam orchid roots; But also because of poor ventilation near the ground. It is not conducive to the growth of aerial roots. In order to reduce the above influence, the orchid pot can be placed on the blue platform made of cement board, which is convenient for up-and-down convection, constantly supplying fresh air, promoting the respiration of orchids, enhancing metabolic function, accumulating nutrition and productivity, making orchids grow healthily and avoiding ants and slugs from invading orchids. If limited by conditions, you can pour an empty pottery basin on the ground and then put potted orchids on it.
3. Indoor cultivation of orchids
Orchid room is mainly used for overwintering ground orchids. Different species of orchids have different ecological habits and have different requirements for wintering time and room temperature.
As long as the temperature of terrestrial orchids is not lower than 7℃-8℃. Most of them can be cultivated in the open air. After winter, it is customary in Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces to move Cymbidium hybridum, Cymbidium hybridum and Cymbidium hybridum to indoor culture, and move some Cymbidium hybridum and Cymbidium hybridum with buds to the porch or shelter from the cold to avoid being attacked by the first frost and affecting the development of buds. After the "light snow", potted orchids and fine grass cultivated by pseudobulb, especially orchids with plain petals, were gradually moved indoors and placed on the orchid shelf by the window to bask in the sun. After the "heavy snow", all potted orchids will be moved indoors for maintenance. Before orchids enter the orchid room, clean the periphery of the orchid pot, which can not only prevent the soil from being contaminated with eggs and mold, but also look clean and elegant. Pay attention to reasonable drainage when putting the basin, which is not only convenient for sunlight transmission but also conducive to ventilation.
The key to wintering in the room is to master the temperature and humidity. Generally, the room temperature should be kept above 7℃-8℃, and the ideal temperature of winter jasmine should be kept at 10℃- 15℃. After the orchid basin enters the room, if the weather is neither cold nor freezing, open the south window and the north window around noon, which is conducive to indoor air circulation. At night, if the indoor temperature is still above 5℃, the small transom between north and south can be slightly opened; If it is below 5℃, all windows should be closed. In the dead of winter, only at noon on a calm sunny day, open the window at half past one to get some air. When the sun is a little off, close the doors and windows and hang a straw curtain or cotton curtain at night. If the temperature continues to drop below 3℃-5℃, it can be heated by a coal stove with chimney pipes.
After the beginning of spring, the climate gradually warms up, and all the doors and windows of the blue room can be opened at noon on sunny days, but attention should be paid to the change of temperature; In the afternoon, the temperature drops gradually, and it is appropriate for the south window to be half open and half closed; It's all closed before dark. In the meantime, it is best to keep the temperature of the orchid room at around 10℃ frequently. If the temperature is too high, the early flowering varieties of Chunlan will bloom early and the flowers will wither early. In early spring, it is necessary to prevent the cold in late spring from affecting the growth of stamens and even frostbite the orchid roots.
After the "fright", all Chunlan and Huilan without buds can leave the house, move to the open bench, and cover the scaffolding with reed curtains at night to prevent freezing injury. All kinds of orchids with buds should still be maintained in the orchid room, and can only be moved out for outdoor cultivation after "Qingming"; However, attention should still be paid to preventing night frost at night.
During the indoor orchid cultivation period, especially in the cold season, special attention must be paid to the dryness and humidity of potted orchids. The soil in the basin should be dry. When you need to water, you can look at the surface of the basin. For example, when the surface soil is loose and powdery and the soil below is still slightly wet, don't wait until the basin soil is completely dry before watering. When watering, first take out the potted orchids, put them on the ground, and water them along the sink at the mouth of the basin. Never immerse water in the leaves. You can also put the orchid pot in a water tank for a few minutes, and the water is limited to the waist of the pot. When watering, if the water is immersed in the leaf sheath, it should be wiped off with clear water in time, or let the sun dry before moving back indoors. Because orchids are cultivated indoors for a long time, many dusts are often attached to the leaves, which hinders metabolism. You can choose sunny and warm weather, move the basin to a sunny place outdoors at noon, spray the leaves with a fine-hole watering can to wash away the dirt. When the water stain is dry, retreat indoors. If the water stains are not thoroughly dried, the wet parts of orchid leaves are easy to turn black and wither.
Indoor orchid cultivation, during heating. The indoor temperature is often high, the leaves are dry, the soil surface in the basin is dry and loose, or the moss on the basin surface is gaunt. You should spray some water on the passage and wall in time to make it transpiration to adjust the temperature. In short, it is better to raise orchids indoors, whether it is bluegrass in the basin or moss on the surface of the basin.
If you are an amateur orchid grower, due to limited conditions, you can use the outdoor wall to sit in a place facing south and facing the sun, with one side against the wall and the other three sides brick to build a single inclined box. The size of the area depends on the number of pots and pans. A wooden frame glass window or plastic film window is installed on the inclined plane of the floor box for opening and closing the toilet. The leaves of orchids are long and tall, so they should be placed high against the wall. They should be placed on empty upside-down flowerpots, or stacked on bricks, strips and concrete slabs of appropriate height. The low blue pots are arranged in rows, and all the blade tips or the top of the ring leaves can't touch the glass or plastic film on the window surface. In the cold season, whenever the temperature is too low or it snows, the inclined windows must be covered with grass curtains or other covers enough to prevent the cold from invading. When the weather is good, especially after beginning of spring, when the sun is shining, you can take off the cold-proof straw curtain; At noon, when the sun is strong and the temperature is slightly higher, you can open the cover window and put it in the gap to adjust the fresh air. Close the window immediately after the sun deflects. In daily life, we should be very careful not to condense too many water droplets on the cover glass to prevent water droplets from falling into the leaves. Wet parts often turn black, rot and even die.
Third, orchid planting.
1. Planting opportunities
Whether replanting or new planting, the choice of timing has great influence on the survival, growth and development of orchids. So it is very important. Generally, the appropriate time is the dormant period of orchids, that is, March-April, before the new buds are unearthed. Seasonally, between the vernal equinox and Qingming. If the operation is very inconvenient after the new shoots are unearthed, they will be broken and injured if they are not careful. When the dormancy period of orchids is coming to an end and new buds and roots are about to grow but not yet, it is best to plant them at this time, and they will take root and sprout soon after planting and resume normal growth. If you plant it too early, it will not be easy to "shine" after planting. In case of low temperature, cold wave, late frost and spring thunder, it often causes frostbite. Blue houses in the Yangtze River valley seldom provide heating in winter. It is very cold in winter, so it is not recommended to divide plants in cold winter.
In order to facilitate the operation of plant division, the soil can be properly dried before plant division. Make the roots white, produce inconspicuous withering, and soften the fleshy roots that were fragile and easy to break. Don't break the roots too much when planting pots.
A large area of orchids has a heavy workload and takes a long time before and after planting. Precious varieties should be planted at the best time. General varieties can be postponed or advanced as appropriate.
Use blue seedlings
Orchids used for reproduction should be well-grown orchids without pests and diseases. Orchids need to be changed in soil or pots after 2-3 years of planting. At this time, it should be propagated by combining ramets. When changing pots, hold the bottom of the pot with the palm of your left hand, put your fingers out of your right hand carefully into the leaves of the orchid seedlings to keep the soil, and then put the orchid pot down, with the inclined side of the pot facing the human face and the lower edge of the pot mouth touching the ground. At this time, both hands lift the pot slightly upward at the same time, so that the lower edge of the pot gently knocks on the ground, making the pot soil loose, rotating the pot body, changing the contact point where the lower edge of the pot mouth knocks on the ground, and making the pot soil gradually loosen evenly and separate from the flowerpot. Holding an orchid in his right hand and a flowerpot in his left. If the orchid plant is too high, it is advisable to knock against the lower edge of the basin door at the edge of the wooden chair or cement table, so that the orchid leaves are suspended in the air and will not be injured and broken. After the orchid pot soil is separated from the pot, put the orchid seedlings and pot soil flat, so that the soil lump will not suddenly loosen and crack, causing the orchid root system to break. Then carefully pat the loose soil lump and gradually shake off the old basin soil. Grasp pseudobulb carefully to avoid damaging leaves and buds, and especially protect the root tips. Cut off withered leaves, rotten bracts and rotten old roots on pseudobulb. However, leaves on pseudobulb with new shoots should be preserved as much as possible to promote the good growth of new shoots.
For larger clumps of plants that have been cleaned after selection. Find out the natural gap between the two fake balls. The gap is so big that it is easy to loosen by hand. Cut off these two pseudobulb, which was called "clearing the way" by predecessors, and then control the bases of the two clusters with both hands, and gently shake and slowly pull them along the road to divide them into two clusters.
Prune the separated orchids properly, and then soak them in Tobezin solution diluted by 800 times of clear water for 10- 15 minutes. You can only soak roots, not leaves. It can also be disinfected with 1000 times of potassium permanganate solution. Pay attention to disinfect only the wound, and then put the orchid in a cool and ventilated place to dry. When the roots of orchids are soft and flexible, they can be planted. Generally, when the weather is fine, you can bask for half a day, but of course you can't bask too dry.
3. Planting procedure
Separate orchids should not be scattered too much, and each cluster should have at least 3-5 seedlings. It is best to put annual, biennial and triennial plants in the same cluster.
(1) cushion basin. Cover the drainage holes with tiles at the bottom of the basin, and then gradually fill them with bricks, tiles or shells, in which large gaps are filled with mud particles or bean stones, which are generally about 1/2- 1/3 of the height in the basin. The clear height of the upper part is about 10- 15 cm, which is reserved as a culture soil layer. Its specific height depends on the kind of orchid, the length of orchid root and the height of flowerpot. Don't fill the bedding too tightly, leave some holes. Practice has proved that some new roots can grow well in the pores of the cushion.
(2) planting. Fill the cushion with 2-3 cm of culture soil first, and then compact it slightly by hand, so that the orchid can stand upright on it. Depending on the size of plants and flowerpots, how many plants, 2 clusters, 3 clusters or more can be planted in a pot. Three clumps should be planted as tripods. Four clusters can be planted in a square shape, and five clusters should be arranged in a plum blossom shape. The roots should be stretched naturally and the leaves should be brushed in all directions. Slowly put the orchid root into the basin, let the orchid root stretch naturally, and try not to rub the inner wall of the basin.
After the orchid plant enters the pot, the posture of the orchid plant is gradually fixed. -A bunch of potted plants should tilt the old pseudobulb to one side to allow room for new buds to develop. There are several clusters of plants in a pot, and each cluster of old pseudobulb should be relatively concentrated in the middle of the pot, so that there is enough space for new roots and buds to develop outward.
(3) Fill the soil. When planting, hold the leaves with one hand and add nutrient soil with the other hand, hold the base of the orchid plant and lift it slightly to stretch the root system, and shake the orchid pot at the same time. Let the culture soil go deep into the rhizosphere; Continue to add soil, shake the orchid basin and adjust the position and height of the orchid plant. Press along the edge of the basin with your hands, but don't hurt your roots too much. Continue to add soil and squeeze until the soil on the basin surface is 2-3 cm higher than the mouth of the basin, which is slightly like steamed bread. Culture soil should cover all blue roots to the base of pseudobulb.
Traditionally, it is considered that the depth of filling soil is: Chunlan should be shallow and Huilan should be deep, but it is generally based on not burying the leaf base on the pseudobulb. When new orchids grow in Shan Ye, there are obvious signs on the plants, which can be used as standards. The size of flowerpots should also be commensurate with the size and number of plants, not large pots and small plants, nor small pots and large plants. Generally speaking, the number of plants is based on the principle that flowerpots are expected to be full in 2-3 years. The size of plants is commensurate with the height of the basin. It is not only conducive to growth, but also meets the requirements of viewing.
(4) Pavement. After planting, you can spread a layer of pebbles or moss on the surface of the pot soil, preferably high-quality moss under the forest, which is not only beautiful, but also can adjust the water content, and can also protect the leaves from muddy water pollution, so that the new buds will not infect the bacteria in the soil and rot the heart; In addition, it can also slow down the erosion of the basin soil by rain and keep the basin soil loose.
(5) water. After planting is completed, water should be poured for the first time, and the basin soil must be soaked thoroughly, and the water drops should be small to avoid impulsiveness. If you put it in a basin, you must not soak it for too long. Once the soil in the basin is soaked, remove the basin immediately and then put it in the shade for maintenance.
Fourth, the maintenance and management after planting
It is very important to master orchid planting skills, but it is more difficult to manage and maintain orchids, so there is a saying that orchid conservation needs to understand the environment, accumulate conservation experience, and be patient and meticulous. The most important thing is to master the growth and development law of orchids, when to sprout, when to grow leaves, when to bloom and when to dormant. Then, the orchids are maintained and managed from the aspects of temperature, humidity, watering, fertilization, ventilation, plant protection, loving leaves and flower protection.
1. Cherish leaves
Orchid leaves are soft but not weak, just but not stiff. Orchids are lovely, but good flowers are rare and helpless; The leaves of orchids are evergreen all the year round, always maintaining vitality, giving people constant enjoyment all the year round. The elegance of orchids is manifested in flowers and attached to leaves. Mao Ye is the premise of good flowers. Ye Jianmao's own products are rich in nutrition, so the flowers are more beautiful. If the leaves are broken, there are many flowers, but they are only signs of rapid decline of the foot.
The key to cherish leaves is to control shading, air humidity, proper water and fertilizer, and keep good ventilation. Make the leaves of orchids lush and healthy, green and bright. It is also necessary to strengthen pest control to prevent wind and rain attacks and mechanical damage. In addition, to keep the tip of the blade, the tip of the blue blade is like the tip of a sword, the tip of a pen and the tip of a brow, which can convey the meaning vividly. Losing the tip of the knife is abrupt and dull. The key to preserving the leaf tip is to ensure that orchids need enough water and nutrients, and the pot soil is loose and breathable, so that the root system is developed and complete, the plants grow vigorously, and there is no scorching tip phenomenon. Some people think that the symbol of orchid cultivation is that the toes can pass through the eye of the needle, which means that the toes are intact and the edges are intact.
The tips of different orchids have different shapes, some are gradually pointed, some are obtuse, some are concave, and some are upturned; In terms of leaf color, some orchid varieties are "golden tip" and "silver tip" (that is, yellow or white tip), which shows that they are precious and rare, which is another layer of interest in leaf appreciation.
Care should be taken to protect the orchid leaves during maintenance, and the operation should be light and fine, so as not to collide with the orchid leaves and keep its natural posture. The polluted leaves should be carefully cleaned, and water mist should not be accumulated in the center of the leaf bundle. Old and diseased leaves that are yellow should be cut off in time.
The local cutting of orchid leaves can be cut with a knife at an appropriate position, and the cutting angle should be less than 30. There are also double knives, but they can't be cut flat.
Protect flowers
After the flower buds are unearthed, if there are too many, it will consume too many nutrients from the mother and hinder the formation and vigorous growth of leaf buds. We should remove the extra fine flower buds as soon as possible and leave a flower bud Z for each orchid seedling. It is advisable to keep 3-5 buds in each pot. According to the variety of orchids, the size of pots and the number of seedlings, flower buds should be reserved appropriately. In order to protect and develop valuable varieties, we can break off all the flower buds and let them flourish. During the period from flower bud elongation to flowering, we should maintain moderate illumination to make the flowers bright, full, shiny and fragrant. If the light is too weak, the color of the flowers will be weak and lack luster.
Flowers bloom for too long, consuming nutrients, which hinders the flowering of the second long leaf of the bud. Chunlan's flowers bloom for about half a month, and it is necessary to cut off the scape in time after failure. Whelan's flowers will be cut off after the last flower in the inflorescence opens for l weeks. When breaking the scape, one hand holds the leaf base and the other hand presses the scape to one side, which can be broken or cut off from the base. Flowers and plants can be put into bottles and played for many days. Orchids are generally not allowed to pollinate after flowering, especially those that are not very strong and valuable, otherwise it will affect the next year's flowering. If cross breeding is to be carried out, artificial pollination should be carried out in time. Female parents are carefully managed to make their seeds full and mature.
3. Temperature
Most parts of China are in temperate zone and subtropical zone, while orchids are generally produced in places with mild and humid climate, high annual average temperature and long frost-free period. There are few orchids planted in northeast and northwest China, which are mainly limited by temperature.
Orchids and Whelan are the northernmost plants in China. They are distributed online, with frost or short-term snowfall in winter and higher temperature in summer. However, because orchids mostly grow in forests or bamboo forests mixed with broad-leaved forests and coniferous forests, trees can not only block the hot sun in summer, but also resist the cold wind in winter; Even the land covered with snow has little effect on orchids, because snow actually protects orchids from wintering, and the ground temperature under snow is generally not lower than 0℃. Our introduction and domestication of Cymbidium hybridum and Cymbidium hybridum have moved 600- 1000 km from their place of origin to the north, and they have been planted on a large scale. It can be seen that the viability and adaptability of orchids are still relatively strong.
In most areas of Northeast, Northwest and North China, it is too cold in winter to cultivate orchids outdoors. It takes half a year from the middle and late June of 10 to the late April of the following year. Orchids need to be moved indoors or cultivated in greenhouses. In the lower reaches of the Yangtze River, orchids should also be cultivated indoors or heated in greenhouses in winter. In Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Yunnan, Sichuan, Taiwan Province and other provinces. Cold orchids and cymbidium in winter-generally do not need to spend the winter indoors. Some areas in Jiangxi, Hunan and Sichuan still need to take some measures to protect orchids in winter.
The temperature requirements of orchids: The temperature of orchid seeds germination is: 2 1℃-25℃ during the day, and 15℃- 18℃ at night. The temperature required for the growth of orchids is 20℃-22℃ during the day and 13℃-0℃ at night. The dormancy period of orchids in winter can reduce the temperature. For example, the lowest temperature of Chunlan and Huilan in winter night is 4℃-6℃, which can also be reduced to 0℃, and the leaves of plants can be reduced to -2℃-3℃ under dry conditions. Orchids are developed from flower buds, and the differentiation of flower buds is closely related to temperature and light. The predecessors have done a lot of research on flower bud differentiation of orchids, and the conclusion is that the low temperature of 12℃- 13℃ is enough to differentiate flower buds, which has little to do with the length of sunshine. However, the stronger the light intensity of orchids, the more obvious the effect of low temperature on flower bud formation. Therefore, it is better to cultivate orchids outdoors from late spring to autumn than indoors.
There are three main purposes to adjust the temperature, namely: preventing cold in winter, preventing heatstroke in summer and changing flowering period. When the temperature is lower than 0℃ in winter, the leaves and buds of orchids are vulnerable to freezing injury, and the leaves appear waterlogged black spots and the buds wither. If the temperature drops suddenly and sharply or the frost is extremely serious, the harm will be even greater. But too high a temperature in winter is not good, because orchids are dormant in winter, and too high a temperature will interfere with dormancy. In summer, if the temperature is too high and orchids suffer from summer heat, the leaves will be yellow, rough and dull, and they are easy to get sick, and often the base of the leaves begins to rot.
The flowering period of orchids is obviously affected by temperature. Under normal circumstances, appropriate temperature increase can lead to early flowering. For example, the flowering period of orchids in plain and urban cultivation conditions is often 15-30 days earlier than that in original wild conditions. Using this biological characteristic, the temperature can be properly adjusted to advance the flowering period by half a month to one month. In particular, varieties that bloom in spring generally form flower buds in July-September of last year. When they pass the hibernation stage and raise the temperature properly, they can blossom ahead of time and catch up with the Spring Festival. However, it must be pointed out that the temperature increase must be gradual. Experiments show that rapid temperature rise will have an inhibitory effect and delay flowering.
Methods of regulating temperature: Temperature has a great influence on the growth and development of orchids. If the temperature is too high, the respiration will be accelerated and the consumption of nutrients will increase. If it is too low, the enzyme activity will decrease, the synthesis will be less, and the growth and development will be slow. It is important that the daily temperature difference and the seasonal temperature difference must be formed in order to germinate and blossom. As for the temperature regulation of domestication and cultivation, we adopt the principle similar to that of Cymbidium. In summer, the double-layer sunshade net is used to shade the orchid garden, and the cooling effect is obvious. When the temperature is as high as 35℃, the temperature in Orchid Garden is only 3 1℃-32℃. Plastic greenhouses are used to keep warm in winter. When the temperature is as low as 0℃, it can still be kept at 6℃-8℃ in plastic greenhouse, and the temperature difference in winter is smaller than that in open field, which is beneficial to nutrient storage and will not cause freezing injury.
In addition to building tulan shed and outdoor, trees, shrubs, vines and lawns can be planted around orchid garden to absorb part of solar radiation heat in summer and slow down the heat loss on the ground and in the air in winter. That is, taking lawn as an example, it is measured that the environmental temperature of lawn in winter is higher than that of mud, and the maximum temperature difference during the day can reach 4.4℃, which is helpful to avoid freezing injury; In summer, the environmental temperature of grassland is much lower than that of cement floor, which is beneficial to heatstroke prevention and cooling.
In summer, clear water should be sprayed on the air, ground, flower stand and orchid leaves. Because water absorbs a part of heat during evaporation, it can play the role of cooling and heatstroke prevention; Similarly, expanding the nearby water surface, such as pools, reservoirs, ditches, water tanks, etc., also has this effect. In a greenhouse, curtains need to be hung on the glass to keep out the light and heat. When it is hot, pay more attention to ventilation, strengthen air convection and heat dissipation, and lift the cover on the shed; Open the doors and windows in the blue room to avoid heat stagnation.
Temperature adjustment, in addition to air temperature, should also pay attention to the soil temperature. The roots of orchids grow in soil, and the temperature of potted soil has a direct impact on their physiological functions. Generally speaking, there is a positive correlation between soil temperature and air temperature, and the soil temperature in the basin increases with the increase of air temperature, but the change process is relatively slow. First of all, it is necessary to prevent the hot sun from shining directly on the flowerpot, scalding the soil and flowerpot, and burning the orchid root stuck near the flowerpot wall; Also pay attention to the water temperature should be close to the soil temperature when watering, not too wide.
Another problem worth discussing is the relationship between artificial protection and the adaptability of orchids themselves. Like all plants, orchids have their adaptability to the external environment. Not born delicate. Therefore, orchid artists should take appropriate heatstroke prevention and cooling measures for orchids. If the coverage is too dense and the time is too long, it will inevitably weaken its resilience. Our Orchid Garden uses Hanlan and Jianlan, which were introduced and domesticated from 600- 1000 kilometers away from the south. In addition to protection, gradually strengthen the resistance to adversity and gradually adapt to the new environment.
4. Humidity
Humidity generally refers to relative? /ca & gt；