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Xijiang Qianhu Miao Village. Xijiang Qianhu Miao Village is located at the foot of Leigong Mountain in the northeast of Leishan County, Qiandongnan Miao and Dong Autonomous Prefecture, Guizhou Province, 36km from the county seat, 35km from Kaili, the state capital of Qiandongnan Prefecture, and about 26km from Guiyang, the provincial capital. It is connected by more than ten natural villages built by mountains, and it is the largest Miao village in China and even the whole world. According to statistics, during the Xianfeng period of Qing Dynasty (1729), there were more than 6 Miao villages in Xijiang River. In the second census in 1964, there were 1,4, in the fourth census in 199, it increased to 1,227 and in 1997, it was 1,115. According to the latest statistics in 25, there are 1258 households in Xijiang Qianhu Miao Village, with a population of 5326, of which the Miao population accounts for 99.5%. Xijiang Qianhu Miao Village is located in a typical river valley, and the crystal clear Baishui River passes through the village. The main body of Miao Village is located on the slope of the valley on the northeast side of the river. For thousands of years, hardworking and brave Miao compatriots have worked here at sunrise and returned at sunset, opening up large terraces in the upper reaches of Miao village, forming a rich farming culture and beautiful pastoral scenery. Due to the limitation of cultivated land resources, Miao residents living here make full use of the topographical features here to build unique diaojiao buildings in the Mid-levels. Thousands of diaojiao buildings have changed with the ups and downs of the terrain, and they are numerous and spectacular. According to their own beliefs and customs, Miao residents here have planted patches of maple trees as village protection trees at the slope head of each village, which has become one of the important local natural landscapes. Xijiang Miao nationality is an important part of Miao nationality in southeastern Guizhou, and now it mainly lives in the "West" clan of Miao nationality. As the largest Miao village in the world, Xijiang Qianhu Miao Village has a profound accumulation of Miao culture. The Miao architecture, costumes, silverware, language, diet and traditional customs here are not only typical, but also well preserved. Miao people in Xijiang used to wear robes and turbans, all of which were black in color, so they were called "black Miao" or "long skirt Miao". The language of Xijiang Miao people belongs to the northern sub-dialect of the middle dialect of Miao language branch of Sino-Tibetan language family. The characters used here are the common Chinese language. Although Chinese is an essential language tool for Xijiang Miao people to communicate with the outside world, Miao language is still used for communication among Miao people. Before the opening of the "Sixth Hall of Xinjiang" in Yongzheng of Qing Dynasty, Xijiang was basically in a foreign land, and local affairs were mostly managed by natural leaders, which was significantly different from that in Han areas, and internal affairs were managed independently. The natural leaders of Miao nationality in Xijiang mainly include "Fang Lao", "Zhai Lao", "Zu Lao", "Li Lao", "Hammer", "Gu Cang Tou" and "Huo Lu Tou", etc. The natural leaders of different natures have different responsibilities, and they have the nature of division of labor and cooperation with each other, and they both safeguard the safety and interests of Miao villages. "Fang Lao" is the supreme leader of a natural place, and each natural place has several villages closely related to each other. "Zhai Lao" is the supreme leader of each Miao village, while "Zu Lao" is the leader of a certain family. "Li Lao" is generally held by a highly respected and knowledgeable person, who is mainly responsible for mediation and adjudication of civil disputes. "Hammer" is mainly responsible for punishment, maintaining local public order and "hiding the head". Among them, the head of the drum and the head of the living road are hereditary, while other natural leaders are generally elected by the masses. "Yi Lang" is a mass meeting organized by Fang Lao, Zhai Lao and Lang Tou in order to maintain local public security and social order in Miao society, in order to discuss and make decisions on various important internal disputes and foreign invasion. Generally, the conference is held once a year. If the society is stable and there is no dispute or discussion, it can also be held once every two or three years, and it will be held temporarily when foreign enemies attack. Generally, the discussion on Lang in Xijiang River is held separately in the scenic forests of stockaded villages. After the Qing government implemented the policy of "returning the land to the stream" in Miaojiang, Xijiang Miao Village was under the jurisdiction of the central government, and natural leaders such as Fang Lao and Zhai Lao basically disappeared, but the drum head and the living road head responsible for sacrifice and production were still kept hereditary. For a long time, agriculture has always occupied an absolute dominant position in the industrial structure of Xijiang Qianhu Miao Village. Although slash-and-burn agricultural production can feed thousands of people living here and people live a self-sufficient life, the social and economic development is very slow. In 1982, Xijiang was listed as a scenic spot with ethnic customs on the eastern route of Guizhou by the provincial people's government. In 1992, Xijiang was listed as a provincial cultural relic protection unit. In 24, it was listed as one of the five key ethnic villages and towns in the first phase of the protection and construction project of villages and towns in the province. In November 25, "Xijiang Qianhu Miao Village Museum of China National Museum" was listed here. The tourism popularity of Xijiang Qianhu Miao Village has been continuously improved, and the number of tourists coming for sightseeing is increasing. In recent years, with the rise of tourism, the late-developing advantages of Xijiang Qianhu Miao Village began to appear, which brought new opportunities for social and economic development and industrial structure adjustment and upgrading. The Miao nationality in Xijiang is a unity formed by many Miao nationalities, mainly the "West" clan, after many migrations and integrations. More than 5, years ago, in the process of expanding northward, Jiuli Group, which lives in the plain area of the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River, had a fierce armed conflict with Yandi and Huangdi tribes moving eastward and southward. After a long campaign, Jiuli Group headed by Chiyou was defeated in Zhuolu area, and Chiyou was captured and killed by Huangdi. Most Miao ancestors were forced to start their first great migration, abandoned the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River and retreated to the plains of the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, and established the "Three Miao Countries" on the shores of Dongting Lake and Poyang Lake. With the growing strength of Sanmiao tribe, Yao and Shun have repeatedly suppressed Sanmiao. After Shun Di ascended the throne, the "Southern Hunting" further attacked the "Three Miao" who refused to accept the control of Shun Di, and the Miao ancestors were forced to migrate to the southwest and northwest again. Among them, some of the Miao ancestors who were forced to migrate to the northwest merged with the "Qiang people" and became the ancestors of the Western Qiang, while others migrated to the plain area because of the increase in population and the lack of cultivated land, from Qinghai to the south of Sichuan, eastern Yunnan and western Guizhou, and some even further south. The Miao ancestors who migrated to the southwest lived in harmony with Chu people and became the main members of Chu Man. During the Warring States Period, after the Qin Dynasty destroyed Chu, some Miao people left their homes and traveled long distances to the west, entering the Wuxi area in Wuling Mountain area, forming the famous "Wuling Man" in history. By the Western Han Dynasty, this part of Miao ancestors had developed rapidly here and formed a force to compete with the Han Dynasty. In 47 AD, the Han Dynasty sent troops to suppress "Wuling Man", forcing the Miao people to leave their homes again, some of them entered the northeast of Guizhou (now Tongren), some of them went south to melt water in Guangxi, and then went back to Liujiang to reach today's Rongjiang, Leishan, Taijiang, Shibing and other places. Miao nationality has divided into many different branches in several great migrations. Among them, the Liu clan, the Xi clan, the You clan and the Gou clan arrived in Rongjiang, Guizhou almost at the same time. Because the Xi clan moved around Rongjiang in many places, it arrived in Xijiang later than the Liu clan. The Xi clan arrived in Xijiang about 6 years ago, but before the Xi clan arrived, the Miao "reward" clan lived here. The name "Xi" in the place name of Xijiang refers to the Western clan, and "Jiang" means "beg", that is, Xijiang is the place where the "Xi" clan begged from the "Shang" clan, hence the name. After the "Xi" clan arrived and settled in Xijiang, other Miao branches moved in one after another, forming a Miao fusion with the "Xi" clan as the main body. Legend has it that the Xijiang River has a history of more than a thousand years. There is a close relationship between Xijiang Miao and Miao ancestor Chiyou. According to the genealogy of the Miao nationality in Xijiang recorded in The Tree-lined Story, there were 284 generations of * * * from Chiyou to 1732, which shows that the Miao nationality living in Xijiang is the direct descendant of Chiyou. During the reign of Qianlong in the Qing Dynasty, in order to manage the Miao nationality, the Qing government carried out household registration for the Miao people, forcibly canceled the tradition of the Miao nationality taking their father's name, and determined the Han surname with the homonym of the Miao name. At present, the surnames of the Miao nationality in Xijiang are Jiang, Tang, Hou, Yang, Dong, Song, Gu, Long, Lu, Li, Liang, Mao, Chen, Jin and Wu. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, Leishan belonged to the border between the country of Tang and Lan, the country of Yelang in the Warring States Period, the border between Xiang County and Lan County in the Qin Dynasty, the border between Lan County and Wulian County in the Western Han Dynasty, Wulian County in the Eastern Han Dynasty, the border between the three countries under the jurisdiction of the county of Tang and Lan in the Wei and Jin Dynasties. From the Qin and Han Dynasties to the Yuan, Ming and early Qing Dynasties, although the establishment of the imperial court in the mountainous area of Leigong Mountain was involved, the county system and Jimi Prefecture had very weak rule over this area, and even did not directly govern it. In history, they were often called "wild land", "seedling" and "living world". In the seventh year of Yongzheng (1729), Zhang Guangsi, the governor of Guizhou Province, opened up the scenic area, set up the "Six Hall of Xinjiang", set up the Danjiangkou Hall, administered Danjiangkou Wei and Kaili Wei, and Xijiang belonged to Danjiangkou Wei. In the third year of Qianlong (1738), Danjiangkou Wei set up a Tusi Division, including Huangmaoling Division, Chicken Division and Wudie Division. Chicken Division was located in Yingshang Village near the southwest of Xijiang River, and Xijiang River was included in the governance scope of the Central Plains regime. In 1914, the Danjiang Reform Office was called the county, and Xijiang was under its jurisdiction. In 1945, Danjiang was removed from the county, and Xijiang was changed to Taijiang County. In 1944, Leishan was set up, and Xijiang returned to Leishan's jurisdiction and changed to Xijiang Town. In 195, Leishan established the county people's government, and Xijiang belonged to the second district office. In 1954, the Miao Autonomous Region of Leishan County was established, and the Xijiang Qianhu Miao Village was located in Xijiang District. In 1959, Leishan, Lushan, Danzhai and Majiang were merged into Kaili County, and Xijiang belonged to Leishan District of Kaili County. In 1961, Leishan County was restored and 44 communes were established in Danjiang, Xijiang, Datang and Yongle. Qianhu Miao Village belonged to Xijiang Town, Xijiang District. In 1992, after the withdrawal of the district and the merger of the township, Qianhu Miao Village was under the jurisdiction of Xijiang Town. Thousands of Miao villages in Xijiang River are typical agricultural villages in mountainous areas. Although many villagers have gone out to work or engaged in tourism reception on the spot in recent years, the main source of income for most residents is still agricultural production, which still follows the production mode of small-scale peasant economy. The large area of cultivated land in the upper reaches of Miao village is the main source of livelihood for the residents of the whole village, mainly planting rice, corn, potatoes, sweet potatoes and peppers. Thousands of Miao villages in Xijiang River have been merged. According to the original statistics, the basic social and economic conditions of each village are as follows: the original Yangpai Village has 12 villagers' groups with 345 households and 1,38 people. In 25, the gross domestic product was 2,599,4 yuan, and the per capita net income of farmers was 1,51 yuan, including agricultural income in 9 yuan, labor income in 4 yuan and tourism income in 21 yuan. There are 1,346 mu of cultivated land in the village, including 1,225 mu of paddy fields and 121 mu of dry land, and farmers have 412kg of grain per capita. Former Dongyin Village: It has 7 villagers' groups, 38 households and 1318 people. In 25, the GDP was 2,433, yuan, and the per capita net income of farmers was 1,46 yuan, including agricultural income from 81 yuan, labor income from 47 yuan and tourism income from 18 yuan. There are 769 mu of cultivated land, including 692 mu of paddy field and 77 mu of dry land. Farmers have 381kg of grain per capita. Former Nangui Village: It has 8 villagers' groups, 235 households and 899 people. In 25, the GDP was 1,599,2 yuan, and the per capita net income of farmers was 1,458 yuan, including agricultural income from 79 yuan, labor income from 49 yuan and tourism income of 178 yuan. There are 64 mu of cultivated land, including 564 mu of paddy field and 76 mu of dry land, and farmers have 371.2kg of grain per capita. Yuanpingzhai Village: There are 1 villager groups under its jurisdiction, with 397 households and 1,495 people. In 25, the gross domestic product was 2,39, yuan, and the per capita net income of farmers was 1,38 yuan, including agricultural income from 75 yuan, labor income from 51 yuan and tourism income from 12 yuan. There are 824 mu of cultivated land in the whole village, including 767 mu of paddy field and 57 mu of dry land, and farmers have 366.5kg of grain per capita. Qianhu Miao Village in Xijiang belongs to subtropical humid mountain monsoon climate, with annual precipitation of about 13～15mm, annual average temperature of 14 ~ 16℃, no severe cold in winter and no hot summer. When Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou, Chongqing, Changsha and other cities are unbearable hot, it is cool and pleasant, and it is a good place to spend the summer. Xijiang Qianhu Miao Village is located in a fault valley, and the crystal clear Baishui River winds through the village at the bottom. The mountains on both sides of the valley are asymmetrical, with a relative height of several hundred meters. The mountains in the southwest are high and steep, just like a tall screen, guarding the quiet pastoral life of thousands of Miao villages for thousands of years; The mountains on the northeast side are much more soothing, and the rows of diaojiao buildings are built along the mountains, showing various changes along the ups and downs of the terrain. The southeast of Miao Village is an intermountain basin shaped by the long-term lateral erosion of Baishui River. Although the basin is small, it is a place where Miao compatriots in Xijiang River have been farming for generations. The bottom of the basin is a piece of paddy fields, and the mountains in the north have been reclaimed as terraced fields and dry land. Forest vegetation is well preserved in the mountains around Qianhu Miao Village in Xijiang River, especially on the hillside in the southwest of Miao Village, where there are still large areas of arbor forests. Small pieces of maple trees are scattered in natural villages such as Yedong, Yangpai and Nangui in Miao village, showing the harmony between Miao residents and nature. Relatively closed topographical conditions, harmonious and peaceful Miao village, clear and attractive Baishui River, lush vegetation coverage and terraced fields constitute a beautiful rural landscape of Miao Ling, which is of great tourism aesthetics and development value. Miao architecture in Qianhu Miao village in Xijiang River is mainly wooden diaojiao building, which is a bucket-type structure. It is divided into two categories: flat diaojiao building and sloping diaojiao building, which are generally three-story four-room, three-room or five-room structures. The ground floor is used for storing production tools, keeping poultry and livestock, storing fertilizer or using it as a toilet. The second floor is used as a living room, a hall, a bedroom and a kitchen. There is a unique "beauty rest" on the outside of the hall, which is called "step rest" in Miao language. It is mainly used for enjoying the cool, viewing and resting, which is a major feature of Miao architecture. The third floor is mainly used to store production and living materials such as grain and feed. Xijiang Diaojiao Building is not only beautiful and practical, but also shows high scientific and cultural value in the following aspects. 1. Xijiang Miao Diaojiao Building is a living fossil of ancient Chinese architecture, which originated from the southern dry-column architecture of ancient residents. This kind of building has a history of thousands of years, and the dry-column building of Hemudu site in Yuyao, Zhejiang Province, which is 7 years ago, has reached a high level. The earliest civilization of Miao nationality originated in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, and Xijiang Miao nationality inherited this ancient architectural style. In 25, Xijiang Qianhu Miao Village Diaojiao Building was included in the first batch of national intangible cultural heritage list. 2. The structure of Xijiang Diaojiao Building is rigorous, and the builders skillfully use the mechanics principle, using the combination of multiple structures such as rectangle, triangle and diamond, and the columns are connected, which constitutes a three-dimensional network system. This kind of building seems to be virtual, but it is solid and practical, and has high value in architecture. 3. Buildings with hanging feet are in the first place along the hillside, and thousands of hanging feet are connected to form a whole ring, which forms a visual effect that a single hanging foot building does not have. The diaojiao building group is integrated with the surrounding green mountains, green waters and rural scenery, which is harmonious and unified and brings out the best in each other, making the Xijiang diaojiao building have high aesthetic value. 4. The Miao people in Xijiang built the diaojiao building on the slope and used the flat land with good agricultural production conditions for farming, which reflected the national psychology of Miao residents to cherish and save land, and had positive educational significance in China's current situation with a large population and little land.