A summary of the basic knowledge of Chinese in the first grade of primary school
Basic knowledge of Chinese in the first grade of primary school: review of basic knowledge of pinyin
The most important 23 initials, 24 finals and 16 syllables in Chinese Pinyin.
Ask children to know how to recite, know how to write silently, and know how to dictate.
As for the incomprehensible places contained in these three parts, I will explain them one by one.
①23 initials:
BP
ɡ k h j q x
zh ch sh r z c s
y w
Among them, zh ch sh r is a rolling tongue sound, also called rolling tongue sound; Z c s is a flat tongue.
② The 24 initials can be divided into:
Six single vowels: o e I u?
Nine vowels: ɑei uiɑo ou iuie? er
Among them, er is a special vowel, which does not form syllables with other initials, but can only form its own syllables.
9 nasal vowels: (including 5 front nasal vowels and 4 rear nasal vowels)
en en in un？ N(5 front nasal vowels) ι n π en π in π on π (4 rear nasal vowels)
③ 16 full syllable:
The word I of the day of the pure child
Yi Wu Yu Ye Yue Yu Yin Ying
Among them, the most error-prone is full syllable recognition? Leaf,? Is it easy for students to write yie? . Need to focus on memory
Tone and syllable
Secondly, the position of syllables and tones is also easy for students to make mistakes, which can be avoided as long as they remember to tune children's songs.
Tone adjustment principle: in most cases, initial+vowel+tone = complete syllable (except zero initial, such as? Ann? Andeng. ), the key signature must be added to vowels, that is, a, o, e, I, u,? . Who should I put it on? The principle is that which vowel ranks first is added to the head.
Example: hao (vowels are A and o)a ranks first and O ranks second, so it should be added to A.
For example, for Ω ei, there are both I and E in vowels, and E ranks third and I ranks fourth, so it should be added to E. In special cases, when I and U are juxtaposed, mark the last vowel.
Example: just jiu, u at the end, marked on u; For another example, zui, I is at the end, marked on I, and when I added key signature, the point on I was removed. ? After y, j, q and x, remove the above two points. Children's songs:? Small? Small? Be polite and take off your hat when you see j, q, x q, x?
The calibration principle can be summarized as follows:? If you have an A, look for an A first. If you don't have an A, look for O, E, i u, and put it at the back, and don't let go of a vowel. ?
Among them, the most common mistake made by students is the tone sandhi of vowels iu and ui.
Syllable separator ()
Syllables starting with a, o and e are connected after other syllables. When the pronunciation is easy to be confused, a sound insulation symbol should be added after the first syllable. This helps to distinguish two syllables.
Like what? Ping? Ann (peace)? 、? Qi? E (penguin)? .
Basic knowledge of Chinese in the first grade of primary school: Chinese character strokes and stroke order rules
There are some differences between the writing order of Chinese characters taught by teachers and the usual writing style of parents. I found the standard of writing order of common characters in modern Chinese to share with you, which can not only help children practice Chinese characters well, but also be a relearning process for parents.
Don't think it is easy to write. Let's take a quiz first to see the order of these words. Did you write it correctly?
The following are all stroke names and standard stroke order of Chinese characters:
Please note:
"Spoon": Write dots and dots first, then vertical.
"Bi": Write off first, and then write the vertical hook.
"Wan": write horizontally first, then fold the hook horizontally, and then turn left.
"Mother": The last three strokes are dot, horizontal and dot.
"He": Write ellipsis first, then ellipsis, then ellipsis.
"Nye": Write horizontal fold first, then left fold. This word is similar to the "He" shape, but the stroke order is completely different.
"Fire": Write the above two strokes, namely the dot and the left, and then write Chinese characters.
Deng: Write two strokes in the upper right corner and then four.
"Minus": Write the dot and mention on the left first, and then write the word "salty" on the right.
"Cool": Write horizontally first, and then write four "?" Finally, write "people".
Xun: The order of strokes in the right half is: horizontal oblique hook (non-horizontal curved hook) and horizontal vertical (non-left).
"Convex": the first stroke is left vertical, then short vertical, then horizontal fold, and finally long horizontal of the side.
"concave": the first stroke is left vertical, then horizontal fold, then vertical and horizontal fold, and finally the long horizontal side.
"Out": Write vertical fold first, then short vertical fold, long vertical fold from top to bottom in the middle, and short vertical fold at last.
"Tou": Write vertical fold first, then horizontal fold, and write vertical fold in the third one, and finally write long horizontal.
"Heavy": After writing horizontally in the upper left, write the date immediately, then write vertically, and finally write the bottom two horizontal lines (short on the top and long on the bottom).
"Ridge": The stroke order at the top of the word is to write the points and mentions on the left first, then the points on the left and right, and finally the people in the middle.
"Righteousness": write a little first, then write skimming and holding. If you click on the top or left, you should write it first, such as "door, bucket"; Click on the right or write after the word, such as "jade, tile".
"Bo" glyph: write the horizontal line above "Bo" first, then write the part inside "Bo", and finally write the last fold of "Bo", such as "Ma, District, Minister, Craftsman, Box and Hidden".
"Wo": Write the dot and apostrophe in the first half on the left, then the vertical and horizontal folding hook in the lower left corner, then the long vertical in the middle, and finally the apostrophe and apostrophe inside. These words also include "disadvantages, jumping, choking, turtle" and so on.
"Om": After writing horizontally and vertically, write the top two "mouths", then write the middle two "mouths" horizontally, and finally write a long horizontal. This kind of writing conforms to the principle of top-down, first in the middle and then on both sides, which is different from the stroke order of the word "Wang"
A silent teacher's dictionary (three ways to look up words)
( 1)? Voice search? Step: recognizing pronunciation; Set letters and flip indexes; Look up syllables and Chinese characters
(2)? Aggressive search method? The steps are as follows: determining radicals and indexing; A few more paintings; Look up Chinese characters.
The rules of radical word search method: there are upper and lower, but not upper and lower;
There are left and right, left and not right;
There are both inside and outside, taking outside and not taking inside.
Monographs generally take the first picture of a word as the radical.
(3)? How to search for Chinese characters with several strokes? Step: Count the number of strokes; Browse the index, check? Difficult to find word index? ; Look for Chinese characters.
Similarity (8 expressions) Understanding mnemonics and Formula mnemonics
(1) Same strokes but different positions? By who? And then what? Answer?
(2) Are the glyphs similar but the pen shapes different? Outside? And then what? Place?
(3) Are the glyphs similar but the radicals different? How are you? And then what? Eyes?
(4) Are the glyphs similar but the number of strokes different? Today? And then what? Order?
(5) Are the structural units the same but in different positions? Accompany? And then what? Department?
(6) Are they similar in shape? Very? And then what? Tough?
(7) Are the shapes and sounds similar? Qing? And then what? Love?
(8) Are the shapes and sounds different? Poverty? And then what? Greed?
Disyllabic words and homophones
Multi-tone characters: same font, different pronunciation. Like what? Plug? 、? Lou. 、? Swallow it? .
Homophones: homographs are different. Like what? Fuck? And then what? Manic? .
Polysemy: A word has two or more meanings.
For example:? Zhang? (1) Expand (2) Look, look (3) Show (4) Last name.
Basic knowledge of Chinese in the first grade of primary school: words, notional nouns (wood), verbs (embellish), adjectives (beauty), numerals (1), quantifiers (bits) and pronouns (you, me and them).
abb
Slow, lazy, excited, round, chubby, red, laughing, happy, crossed, quiet, foggy, rainy, green, black, shiny and white.
AABB
Cheerful, numerous, beautiful, thoughtful, prosperous, clear, colorful, clean, compact, comfortable, real, scattered, solid, lush, big and small, more or less, deep and shallow, high and low, long and short, thick and thin, day and night, come.
AABC
Vivid, dancing, reluctant, vivid, comprehensive, clear-cut, continuous, polite, closely related, thriving, with relish, endless.
abac
A sea of people, sincere, lifelike, soliloquize, without a trace, lawless, endless, all kinds.
() and ()
Singing and dancing, slender, laughing, big and round, loose and soft, fragrant and crisp.
() Come () Go
Swimming around, flying around, running around, jumping around, walking around.
No () No ()
In no hurry, in no hurry, unconscious, indifferent
Idioms with antonyms
As we all know, black and white, light and heavy are reversed, in a dilemma, black and white are distinct, striving for distance, ignoring small things, top-heavy, many a mickle makes a mickle, giving up the basics, being greedy for petty advantages, making a fuss with one voice, being neighbors, yelling, being right-handed and being scared.
Numeric idioms
Serious, wordless, half-hearted, in all directions, colorful, absent-minded, talkative, eight immortals crossing the sea, a drop in the bucket, perfect, passionate, and colorful.
Eight-character idiom
A journey of a thousand miles begins with a single step.
Hearing is empty, seeing is believing.
No one is perfect, and gold is not enough.
Shorter feet and longer inches.
A leaf can't see Mount Tai.
Idioms of historical stories
Smell the chicken dance (), surprise the bird (), make the finishing point (Zhang Sengyou), have answers (Wen Heke), Xinglin (Dong Feng), an armchair strategist (Zhao Kuo).
Idioms in fairy tales
Pangu Tiankai, Kuafu chasing the sun, the Goddess Chang'e flying to the moon, mending the sky, Houyi shooting at the sun, Jingwei filling the sea.
Idioms in fables
Carve a boat for a sword, pull out a seedling to encourage it, wait for a rabbit, mend it after it is too late, do the opposite, buy a coffin and return it to the pearl, and sit and watch the sky.
antonym
Tall? Short and fat? Thin and bright? Black and beautiful? Ugly and busy? Idle new? Old, cooked? Raw, cold? Warm and heavy? Light and heavy? Floating in? Did you come out? Healthy and fragrant? It stinks, doesn't it? Not long? Short or old? Less, slower? Quick, wide? Narrow and strong? Weak and poor? Rich, won? Defeat, expensive? Cheap, inside? External, evil? Good. What else? Reduce and eliminate? Turbidity, greed and merit? Sin, righteousness? Part, award? Penalty, excellent? Not good, diligent? Lazy, motivated? Return or purchase? Sell it? Anti-love? Hate, poverty? Rich, hungry and cold? Food and clothing, asking for it? Dedication and sincerity? Hypocritical indifference? Enthusiasm and safety? Dangerous and complicated? Simple and modest? Pride and enthusiasm? Cold and honest? Hypocrisy and arrogance? Modest and cowardly? Brave and ugly? Beautiful and stupid? smart
About spring
Spring returns to the earth, everything recovers, flowers are blooming, singing and dancing are rising, ice and snow melt, spring water Ding Dong, flowers bloom, birds contend, spring flowers bloom and spring breeze blows.
Words about autumn
In the autumn season, the trees are all dyed, the flowers are golden, the sky is high and the clouds are light, the geese fly south, the autumn is crisp, the grains are abundant, the fruits and vegetables are fragrant, the spring flowers and autumn fruits are all harvested, and the autumn harvest is stored in winter.
Words about unity
Qi Xin works together, unites as one, and is invincible.
About learning from each other's strengths
There are people outside, and one day behind, learn from others, the more the better.
Vocabulary about learning
Diligent, tireless, tireless in reading, self-aware, well-read, tireless, tireless in learning, persistent, diligent, conscientious, absorbed, sleepless, exhausted, persistent and practical.
Other idioms
Sleeping in the wind, traveling day and night, returning home with a full load, getting what you want, listless, silent, staring, suddenly enlightened, cosmopolitan, world-famous, full of tall buildings, everything.
colour
Yellow: golden yellow, apricot yellow, orange yellow and goose yellow.
Red: fiery red, pink and orange.
Green: light green, green, green, dark green.
Blue: sapphire, blue, blue, blue.
Reversible words