The ideas followed in the tombs of emperors

"I Ching?" "Xi Ci" says: "In ancient times, those buried with thick clothes and salary were buried in the middle of the field without seals or trees." Funerals in ancient times were extremely simple. With the development of human society, the problem of burying the dead has gradually developed into a A big deal. Many of the important cultural relics preserved today are the remains of tombs, such as the famous Egyptian pyramids, which were the tombs of Egyptian pharaohs four to five thousand years ago. From the Spring and Autumn Period in China, Confucius vigorously advocated "filial piety", and the trend of thick burials became more and more popular and has not declined throughout the ages. A set of grand and complex sacrificial etiquette systems and tomb systems, as well as various exquisite details, gradually formed. Therefore, the tomb is considered to be the first place where ancestors and parents are buried. It can be used as a filial piety to send off the deceased, and as a plan for future generations. Therefore, everyone from the emperor to the common people paid special attention to the placement of tombs. As a Feng Shui master who chooses a place for burial, the graveyard is the top priority. The Feng Shui theory believes that the Feng Shui of the ancestral tomb will affect the fate of future generations; and the Feng Shui of the tomb of the king of a country will affect the fate of the entire country. Royal tombs in the past dynasties have attached great importance to the selection of mausoleums in order to perpetuate the imperial power. Imperial tombs are generally located near the capital. For example, the Western Zhou, Qin, Han, Sui and Tang Dynasties all had Chang'an as their capital, so most of the imperial tombs in these five dynasties were concentrated near Chang'an; while the Yuan, Ming, and Qing dynasties all had Beijing as their capital, so The imperial tombs of these three generations are all located near Beijing. The imperial tomb area of ​​the Tang Dynasty is located in the northern part of the Guanzhong Basin and the mountainous areas of Qian County, Liquan, Jingyang, Sanyuan, Fuping and Pucheng on the north bank of the Weishui River in Shaanxi Province, stretching for more than 300 miles from east to west. The characteristic of Tang mausoleums is that they are "mountain-based mausoleums". Unlike the Qin and Han mausoleums, which were artificially constructed high tombs with rammed earth, they were the first of the "mountain mausoleums". Among the eighteen Tang tombs, only Xianling, Zhuangling, and Duanling are located in the plains. The rest are built on natural hills by using natural hills and being built under the peaks of the mountains. They are condescending, forming a situation of "standing in the south and facing in the north". Zhaoling is the mausoleum of Emperor Taizong Li Shimin of the Tang Dynasty. It is located at the main peak of Jiujun Mountain, 22 kilometers east of Liquan County, Shaanxi Province. Jiujun Mountain is abrupt and 1,888 meters above sea level. It is separated from the Guanzhong Plain to the south and faces the Taibai and Zhongnan peaks. . On the east and west sides, there are undulating mountains and crisscrossing ravines, which further accentuate the steepness and majesty of the main peak of Lingshan Mountain. In addition to being protected by the surrounding mountains, the Jingshui River surrounds it, and the Weishui River lingers in front of it. The beautiful landscape makes it even more majestic and spectacular. Winding south from the main peak of Zhaoling, there are 167 tombs of meritorious officials and nobles, covering an area of ​​about 300,000 acres. Li Shimin's Xuan Palace is located high up, and his tombs are lined up on both sides, which highlights the supreme majesty of Zhaoling. Qianling Mausoleum is the joint burial mausoleum of Tang Emperor Gaozong Li Zhi and Empress Wu Zetian. It is located on Liangshan Mountain in the northwest of Qianxian County. According to "New Tang Book?" "The Chronicles of Emperor Gaozong" records that Li Zhi was buried in the Qianling Mausoleum in the first year of Guangzhai (684). In the second year of Shenlong (706), the Qianling Tomb Road was reopened and Wu Zetian was buried together in the tomb. Liangshan Mountain is 1049 meters above sea level and is conical in shape. There are three peaks on the top of the mountain. The North Peak is the highest in the middle, which is where the Qianling Tomb Underground Palace is located. It is the main body of the mausoleum and is far higher than Jiujun Mountain. The two peaks in the south are lower, facing each other from east to west and similar in shape, just like a natural gate, Huabiao and Tomb. There are earthen towers on each top, which look like nipples, commonly known as "Nipple Mountain". There is Leopard Valley in the east of Liangshan Mountain and Mo Valley in the west. The entire terrain is like a human body lying on its back with its head north and feet south. Qianling Mausoleum is majestic and large-scale because the mountain is the mausoleum and the mountain is the palace. The mausoleum is divided into inner city and outer city. The base levels of the south, north, east, and west city walls of the inner city are 1,450 meters, 1,450 meters, 1,582 meters, and 1,482 meters respectively. The city walls are all built by ramming. There is a gate on each side of the inner city. There are a group of stone carvings in the cemetery. Except for a pair of stone lions at each of the four gates of the inner city and a pair of six stone horses at the north gate (a pair still exists today), the rest of the stone statues are concentrated between the second and third gates in the south...from south to north. , including one pair of Chinese watches, one pair of winged beasts and one pair of ostriches, five pairs of stone horses and horse-leaders, ten pairs of stone figures, as well as wordless stele, Shusheng stele and sixty-one "Tibetan chieftain" statues, all without any loss. The splendor of a royal palace. The imperial tombs of the Northern Song Dynasty start from the Yong'an Mausoleum of Song Taizu Zhao Kuangyin's father and end at the Yongtai Mausoleum of Zhezong Zhao Xu. There are eight tombs in total, concentrated on the platform on the south bank of Luohe River in Gong County, Henan. The mausoleum area is centered on Zhitian Town, within a distance of only ten kilometers, forming a rather large mausoleum area.

In addition to ecological and practical functions, ancient Feng Shui site selection was also an art, which attached great importance to the organization of the environmental landscape. In ancient times, the concept of animism led to the worship of nature in mountains and rivers, and gradually developed into a national sacrificial ritual to worship the heaven, earth, sun, moon, mountains and rivers. People respect nature and love nature. The philosophical concept of "unity of man and nature" also guides people to imitate nature with human spirit, human ethics and social order, and use this to place their life ideals. Therefore, the concept of Feng Shui often includes the pursuit of beautiful and pleasing nature and environmental thoughts.