Why do Hakka people call themselves Hakka people?
As for "Hakka", historians generally believe that the Hakka are Han people who migrated south from the Central Plains. Due to the intrusion from the border tribes, the Hakka ancestors migrated from the Central Plains to the south. After that, they then moved further south and dispersed to various places, forming a situation where the Hakkas were scattered in many areas.
The first great migration of the people of the Central Plains (317-879 AD) was caused by the invasion and separatist rule of the Five Hus. In order to seek refuge, since Yongjia in the Jin Dynasty, the Han people from the Central Plains began to move southward, and they were called "migrants" at that time. Gradually three major tributaries were formed. Finally, the far ones reached central and southern Jiangxi, Fujian and other places, while the closer ones still lingered in the Yingshui, Huaishui, Rushui and Hanshui areas.
The second southward migration (880-1126 AD) was caused by the Huangchao Uprising in the late Tang Dynasty. After more than ten years of turmoil, people from all over China migrated separately. During this migration, a few of those who migrated far away reached Hui, Jia, Shao and other places, while the majority stayed in Minting Prefecture and other places in the eastern part of Ganzhou.
The third migration (1127-1644 AD), during the Song Dynasty, due to the invasion of the Jin and Yuan people, part of the Hakka people migrated again. This time, as Wen Tianxiang and others organized troops to resist the invading foreign tribes in the mountainous areas of Fujian, Guangdong and Jiangxi, the junction of the three provinces became a key offensive and defensive area for both sides. As a result, the Central Plains clans that first arrived in Fujian and Jiangxi were divided and moved to eastern Guangdong and northern Guangdong. At the same time, more and more people flowed into Tingzhou.
The fourth migration (1645-1843 AD), in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties, on the one hand, the Hakka internal population has continued to expand, on the other hand, the Manchu tribes have entered China. After being unable to resist the Qing's invasion, the people moved separately again and were forced to live scattered in various places. A considerable number of people moved to Sichuan and other places that were destroyed by war and re-cultivated the land. This is the fourth migration, "moving to Huguang and filling in Sichuan". In order to win over the people in the south, Emperor Kangxi gave each man 8 taels of silver and each woman and child 4 taels of silver to encourage the Hakkas to move to Sichuan, Guangxi and Taiwan. The ancestors of Comrade Zhu De, who has always been proud of the Hakka people, moved from Shaoguan to Sichuan during this migration.
The fifth migration occurred at the end of the Taiping Rebellion (after 1866), in the late Qing Dynasty. This can be said to be a worldwide migration. The population is increasing day by day, and the conditions in the mountainous areas are poor and insufficient to support the population. As a result, the Hakka people moved south to places such as Leizhou, Qinzhou, Guangzhou, Chaoshan, etc., and then crossed the sea to Hong Kong, Macau, Taiwan, Nanyang Islands, and even as far away as Europe and the United States.
After many migrations, the Hakka people were able to settle down and live in various places, and they multiplied from generation to generation, and today they have become an important and special ethnic group of the Chinese nation.
Up to now, some people estimate that there are about 120 million Hakkas at home and abroad. Among them, one-third of the Chinese in Hong Kong are Hakkas; one-fifth to one-quarter of the Chinese in Taiwan are Hakkas. One of the population is Hakka. In the mainland, in addition to Fujian, Jiangxi and Guangdong, there are also a considerable number of Hakkas in Hunan, Guangxi, Sichuan and other provinces. Overseas, there are also many Hakkas in Southeast Asian countries, Australia, the United States, and Canada.
From numerous precious historical and genealogical materials, we can see that almost every surname in every place respects the ancestors who first moved to western Fujian as the ancestors of the south, and regards western Fujian as the ancestors of the Hakkas in culture. In the journey, we say goodbye to the Central Plains and the starting point of becoming a Hakka.
For more than 1,000 years from the founding of Tingzhou in the Kaiyuan period of Emperor Ming of the Tang Dynasty to the end of the Qing Dynasty, Changting was the seat of state, county, road and government. In the 21st year of Kaiyuan (AD 733), Tang Xunzhong, the governor of Fuzhou, inspected Chaozhou North, Qianzhou East, Fuzhou West, Guanglongdong and other places and seized more than 3,000 households of people who had taken refuge in various states. He also opened Fu and Fu Er. Zhou Shantong, petitioned to set up Tingzhou, and set up Changting County at Changting, the source of Kowloon water. In the twenty-fourth year of Kaiyuan (736), the establishment of Tingzhou was completed. The state was governed in Xinluo and initially governed the three counties of Changting, Xinluo and Huanglian. When it was established, the county bordered Sha County in the east, Yudu in Jiangxi Province in the west, Longyan County in the southeast, Qianhua County in Jiangxi Province in the northwest, Ninghua County in the northeast, and Chengxiang County in Haiyang, Guangdong Province in the southwest, including today's Changting, Wuping, Shanghang, Liancheng and other counties and parts of southwest Qingliu. In the first year of Tianbao in the Tang Dynasty (742), Tingzhou was renamed Linting County, and the county government was moved to Changting Village. In the 14th year of Dali (769), Li Chengzhao, the governor of Fujian Province, petitioned to move the prefecture to Dongfangkou, Baishi Township, Changting, on the upper reaches of the Tingjiang River. In the 24th year of Dali (779), he moved to Wolong Shanyang, and the county government followed. move. At that time, Tingzhou had become one of the five major states in Fujian (Fuzhou, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, Jianzhou, and Tingzhou). During the Song Dynasty, a large number of Han people moved south to the borders of Fujian, Guangdong and Jiangxi.
People from the Central Plains who migrated south came in batches, heading south along Wuyi Mountain or from southern Jiangxi to Shibi Village (now known as Shibi Village) in Ninghua, Tingzhou, and then continued to move to various territories in Tingzhou County. Tingzhou Ningshibi is where the ancestors of the people lived, multiplied, and migrated. It is the main settlement and migration place for the Han people who migrated south. The people from the Central Plains who entered Ting gradually merged with the Minyue and She people of the local Baiyue ethnic group. As a result, they assimilated the indigenous people and formed a branch of the Han ethnic group, becoming the Hakka people in western Fujian. "Linting Chronicles" of the Song Dynasty records: "Since the Song Dynasty, peace has lasted for a long time, and life has flourished. "Yuanfeng Jiuyu Chronicles" has recorded 66,157 main households and 15,299 customers, which is several times that of the Tang Dynasty. The old records of Qingyuan Dynasty recorded 218,570 main customers. , host and guest Ding 453231, Yuanfeng is regarded several times...". It can be seen that during the Song Dynasty, more and more people moved to Ting from the south. Through the Tang, Song, and Yuan dynasties, the jurisdiction and title of Tingzhou changed many times. By the 14th year of Chenghua in the Ming Dynasty (1478), Tingzhou Prefecture had jurisdiction over Changting, Ninghua, Qingliu, Guihua, Liancheng, and Shanghang. , Wuping, Yongding eight counties. In November of the third year of Shunzhi in the Qing Dynasty (1646), the Qing troops entered Fujian. The prefectures and counties were still established as in the Ming Dynasty, and the territory remained as before. Therefore, Tingzhou Prefecture governed eight counties in the Ming and Qing dynasties. In the early years of the Republic of China, the government was abandoned and rebuilt, and Changting County belonged to Tingzhang Road. The Eighth Administrative Supervision District was established in the 24th year of the Republic of China, and was later changed to the Seventh Administrative Supervision District. The Commissioner's Office was located in Changting, with jurisdiction over Changting, Liancheng, Qingliu, Mingxi, Ninghua, Jianning, Taining, and Wuping. county. Over the long years, Changting has been as prosperous in humanities as Zhongzhou in Jiangsu and Zhejiang. Tingzhou has a superior geographical environment, with waterway transportation in the Tingjiang River Basin, and political, economic and cultural conditions where the state capital is located. Therefore, it has become the center of Hakka political, economic and cultural development. Various places have built guild halls in Tingzhou. As in history, There used to be Guangdong Guild Hall, Hunan Guild Hall, Hangyong Guild Hall, Jiangxi Guild Hall, Longyan Guild Hall, etc. Students from eight counties in Tingzhou came to Tingzhou to take exams for talents. Tingzhou gathered people with lofty ideals and merchants and craftsmen. Due to these historical reasons, Tingzhou naturally became the capital of the Hakka.
“All water in the world is in the east, except Ting in the south.” The Ting River is the largest river in western Fujian and is also the two transfer stations connecting the Hakka people’s southward migration—Ninghua in western Fujian and Meizhou in Guangdong. The only river. After the Hakkas entered Fujian, they settled along both sides of the Tingjiang River, and the Tingjiang River Basin became the base camp of the Hakkas. Tingjiang gave birth to the Hakka people, and gradually developed and strengthened the Hakka ethnic lineage. The Tingjiang River Basin has become the "Holy Land of Mecca" in the hearts of Hakka people at home and abroad!
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