Practical logic capital university of economics and business press answers after class

Chapter II Concepts, Propositions and Reasoning

One,

1. "Zhangjiajie" and "Dayong City, Hunan Province": separation concept, non-collective concept and positive concept. "Famous scenic spots in China": universal concept, non-collective concept and positive concept.

2. "This store": single concept, non-collective concept and positive concept. "Copier" and "fax machine": universal concept, non-collective concept and positive concept.

3. Universal concept, non-collective concept and negative concept.

4. "Non-metal": universal concept, non-collective concept and negative concept. "Liquid": universal concept, non-aggregation concept and positive concept.

5. Separate concepts, set concepts and affirmation concepts.

6. Universal concept, non-collective concept and positive concept.

7. Independent concept, collective concept and positive concept.

8. Universal concept, non-collective concept and negative concept.

9. Separation concept, set concept and positive concept.

10. "Engineer Zhang": single concept, non-aggregate concept and positive concept. "Intellectuals": universal concept, non-collective concept and positive concept.

Second,

The concepts in each group are represented by a, b, c and d in the order of appearance.

1.a and b are cross-related.

2.a and B are completely different.

3.a and b are the same.

4.a is really included in B.

5.a really contains B; A really contains c; B and c are contradictory.

6.a really contains B; A really contains c; B and c are opposites.

7.A and B, A and C, B and C are totally different.

8.a and B are cross-related; A and c are completely different; B and c are cross-related.

9.a and B are cross-related; A really contains c; B and c are completely different.

10.a is indeed included in b; A and c are completely different; A and d are completely different; B and c are completely different; B and d are completely different; C and d are completely different.

Third,

1. is incorrect. "Basketball team" and "basketball players" are completely different.

2. incorrect. "Animals" are indeed included in the relationship with "creatures".

3. incorrect. "Classes with more than 50 students" and "Classes with less than 50 students" are opposite to "classes" because some classes have exactly 50 students.

4. incorrect. "Countries with a population of not less than 1 100 million" is a real inclusion relationship for "countries with a population of more than 1 100 million".

Fourth,

1. is incorrect. It violates the principle of proportionality and makes the mistake of "the definition is too narrow". Bonds are not necessarily issued by banks, but also by enterprises and joint-stock companies.

2. incorrect. It violates the principle of proportionality and makes the mistake of "too wide definition". Not all light-emitting appliances for lighting or other purposes are electric lights, nor are kerosene lamps and candles.

3. incorrect. It violated the principle of independence and made the mistake of "repeating the same mistakes". Defining an item is just repeating the defined item.

4. incorrect. It violated the principle of proportionality and made the mistake of "defining cross". Chinese restaurants are not necessarily run by China people, and restaurants run by China people are not necessarily Chinese restaurants.

5. incorrect. It violated the principle of independence and made the mistake of "circular definition". It first defines "offshore" with "offshore" and then defines "offshore" with "offshore".

6. incorrect. It violated the principle of clarity and made the mistake of "defining by metaphor". "Architecture is solidified music" is just a metaphor, which cannot be used as the definition of "architecture".

7. incorrect. It violates the principle of proportionality and makes the mistake of "too wide definition". A quadrilateral with four corners at right angles has not only squares, but also rectangles.

8. That's not true. It violates the principle of proportionality and makes the mistake of "completely different definition". Materialist is a person who holds the basic philosophical view that "matter determines consciousness", not a philosophical school, but materialism is a philosophical school.

9. That's not true. It violated the principle of proportionality and made the mistake of "defining cross". Watches don't necessarily include electronic circuits (mechanical watches don't include electronic circuits), and timing instruments that include electronic circuits are not necessarily watches (and electronic clocks, etc.). ).

10. Incorrect. It violated the principle of independence and made the mistake of "repeating the same mistakes". The definition item directly contains the definition item "lawyer".

Five,

1. is not an organization. This is to divide the whole Yangtze River into three parts, which belongs to decomposition.

2. It's organization. This is to divide reflection into two subclasses.

3. Not an organization. This is to divide the city of Beijing into two parts, which belongs to decomposition.

4. Not an organization. This is to divide a book into three parts, which belongs to decomposition.

5. Not split. This is to divide the whole plant cell into various parts, which belongs to decomposition.

Six,

1. is incorrect. It violated the same principle and made the mistake of "confusing the foundation" and confused the use and source of funds. At the same time, it also violates the principle of exclusion and makes the mistake of "sub-item compatibility"

2. incorrect. It violated the principle of exclusion and made the mistake of "itemized compatibility". "120 liters or more" includes "205 liters or more". It also violated the "principle of proportionality" and made the mistake of "incomplete division", leaving out the whole 120 liter.

3. incorrect. It violates the principle of proportion, makes the mistake of "incomplete division" and omits the laser printer.

4. incorrect. It violates the same principle and makes the mistake of "confusing the foundation", confusing the exquisite degree of book binding (whether it is hard cover or package cover) and the binding method (whether the binding line is exposed outside the book). At the same time, it also violates the principle of exclusion and makes the mistake of "sub-item compatibility"

5. incorrect. It violated the "principle of proportionality" and made the mistake of "mother-child crossing". Periodicals include monthly, weekly, fortnightly, bimonthly and quarterly. Daily newspapers do not belong to periodicals.

6. incorrect. Violated the "principle of proportionality" and made the mistake of "adding points". The referee does not belong to the football player on the field.

7. incorrect. It violates the same principle and makes the mistake of "confusing the basis", confusing the shape of bacteria with whether it is pathogenic or not. At the same time, it also violates the exclusion principle and makes the mistake of "sub-item compatibility" ("spherical bacteria", "rod bacteria" and "bacteria" are cross-related). It also violated the "principle of proportionality" and made the mistake of "extra items". This virus does not belong to bacteria.

Seven,

1. is incorrect. "Europe" and "France" are completely different, not species.

2. incorrect. The relationship between "China writers" and "women writers" is cross-species, not species.

3. incorrect. Adding "vast" before "ocean" did not narrow its extension.

4. correct. "Non-imported goods" is the general concept of "domestic bicycles" and meets the general requirements.

5. incorrect. "parallelogram" and "two groups of quadrilaterals with equal opposite sides" are the same, not a species relationship.

6. incorrect. "Paper money" is a concept of "money", not a general concept; From "currency" to "paper money" is a restriction, not a generalization.

Eight,

1. "All the time" means "no time", which is obviously not used correctly here. It should be changed to "always" or "always".

2. "impeccable" means that there are no loopholes that can be attacked or criticized, and the description is very strict. This is wrong and should be changed to "beyond reproach".

3. The expression of "15 buyers of township enterprises" is unclear. Does it mean the buyer of 15 township enterprises or the buyer of 15 township enterprises?

4. Computers don't belong to acoustics, so it is inappropriate to generalize "PC personal computer" as "acoustics".

"Bookstore" and "second-hand bookstore" belong to a kind of relationship, but this passage is considered as a completely different relationship.

6. "party member" and "warrior" are cross-related, and this passage is considered to be completely different.

7. The "gunman" lacks restrictions and should be an "illegal gunman".

8. Disagreements are naturally different, and the statement of "different opinions" is an improper restriction.

9. Machinery and cement do not belong to technology. It is wrong to generalize "machinery" and "cement" as "technology".

Nine,

1. "Always tried" means that there are many mistakes in repeated experiments. Of course, this method is unnecessary in this case. The "tried and tested" here is obviously a "tried and tested" mistake.

The reason why this factory is hard to find is because the concept expressed by the abbreviation "customer's four factories" is not clear, which makes people confused about what it refers to.

Arabian Nights and Arabian Nights are two different titles of the same book, but at first the salesgirl mistakenly thought they were two different books. From a conceptual point of view, she mistook two concepts with the same relationship for completely different concepts.

4. In this notice, the concept of "Haidian Olympic School's 94th Preparatory Class Haidian Teacher Training School Class" is too broad and lacks restrictions. It should be simplified as "the 94th preparatory class of Haidian Olympic School, the computer class of Haidian Normal School".

5. According to the dictionary, "manuscript" is the title of works submitted by publishers and newspaper editors, and "works" only refers to the finished products in literature and art ... That is to say, "manuscript" only includes the finished products received by publishers and newspaper editors. But in fact, the scope of the manuscript is not limited to this. Of course, non-literary manuscripts and manuscripts handed over by authors to publishing houses, newspaper editorial departments, etc. Should also belong to the scope of the manuscript. Therefore, the definition of "manuscript" in this dictionary violates the principle of proportionality and makes the mistake of "too narrow definition".

6. The classification here is obviously unclear. Here a * * * describes four classifications: (1) The fixed assets of enterprises can be divided into productive fixed assets and unproductive fixed assets according to their economic purposes; (2) The fixed assets of an enterprise can be divided into in-use fixed assets, unused fixed assets, unused fixed assets and sealed fixed assets according to their purposes; (3) The fixed assets of an enterprise can be divided into self-owned fixed assets and leased fixed assets. (4) The combination of fixed assets owned by an enterprise can be divided into seven categories according to economic purposes and uses: productive fixed assets, unproductive fixed assets, leased fixed assets, unused fixed assets, unnecessary fixed assets, sealed fixed assets and land. First of all, from (2) and (4), the division of (1) actually only involves the fixed assets in use, ignoring the unused, unnecessary and sealed fixed assets, violating the principle of proportionality and making the mistake of "incomplete division". Secondly, from the perspective of (4), the leased fixed assets are neither in use (including productive fixed assets and unproductive fixed assets), nor in unused fixed assets, unused fixed assets and sealed fixed assets, but (2) does not have the location of leased fixed assets, so the division of (2) also violates the principle of proportionality and makes the mistake of "incomplete division". Thirdly, the "land" in (4) has never appeared in (1) and (2), and it involves neither economic use nor use purpose, but only fixed assets. Therefore, the division of (4) violates the same principle and makes the mistake of "confusing the basis". In addition, (4) the practice of classifying the fixed assets owned by enterprises according to the combination of economic use and use use is also suspected of confusing the basis.

Ten,

1. Not all metals are insulators. (correct)

Not all flowers bloom in autumn. (error)

2. Some mathematicians come from China. (correct)

Some snakes have legs. (error)

Aristotle is a philosopher and logician. (correct)

China is the country with the largest population and area in the world. (error)

Whether this positive integer is even or odd. (correct)

The Journey to the West was written by Shi Naian or Luo Guanzhong. (error)

If this number is divisible by 9, then it can also be divisible by 3. (correct)

If Washington is the capital of America, then Washington is the largest city in America. (error)

6. Gunpowder was not invented in the West. (correct)

Not Japan, but an Asian country. (error)

Eleven,

1. All s are p.

All p's are s

Invalid. Replacing S with "college students" and P with "students" can give an explanation that the premise is true and the conclusion is false.

There is an s instead of a p.

P, no S.

Invalid. Replacing S with "animal" and P with "mammal" can give the explanation of true premise and false conclusion.

3. there is m as p.

There is m is s

There is an s and a p.

Invalid. Replacing M with "school", P with "university" and S with "primary school" can give an explanation that the premise is true and the conclusion is false.

4. if p, then Q.

q

p

Invalid. Replacing p with "Lu Xun is Japanese" and q with "Lu Xun is Asian" can give an explanation that the premise is true and the conclusion is false.

Twelve,

1. is incorrect. It omits the premise that "if I find this wallet instead of stealing it, it may be mine" is untrue.

2. incorrect. The premise of its omission "TV program host's correct pronunciation" is not established.

3. correct. The premise of its omission is that "if Yin Qing of the Ming Dynasty led the fleet to the Western Ocean two years before Zheng He's voyage, Zheng He would not be the earliest navigator in China". After supplementing this premise to make it a complete reasoning, the premise is true and the form is effective.

4. incorrect. The premise of its omission that "all those who have AIDS are disorderly" is not established.

5. incorrect. Its omitted premise that "healthy people don't need exercise" is untrue.

6. incorrect. Its omitted premise that "the books that many people buy will not be bad books" is untrue.

Practical logic exercises reference answers

Page 209 ~ 2 1 1

One,

1. Joint proposition. The form is: p∧q (or answer: p and q).

2. Negative proposition. Form:? P (or a: not p).

3. Compatible alternative propositions. The form is: p∨q (or answer: p or q).

4. Assumption proposition with sufficient conditions. Form: p? Q (or a: if p, then q).

5. Incompatible alternative propositions. The form is: p q (or a: either p or q).

6. Assumption proposition with sufficient conditions. Form: p? Q (or a: if p, then q).

7. Necessary condition hypothesis proposition. Form: p? Q (or a: only P, only Q).

8. Joint proposition. The form is: p∧q (or answer: p and q).

9. Joint proposition. The form is: p∧q∧r∧s (or answer: p and q and r and s).

10. Compatible substitution proposition. The form is: p∨q∨r (or answer: p or q or r).

1 1. Necessary and sufficient condition hypothesis proposition. Form: p? Q (or a: Q if and only if p).

12. Joint proposition. The form is: p∧q (or answer: p and q).

13. Sufficient condition hypothesis proposition. Form: p? Q (or a: if p, then q).

Second,

1.(? p？ q)∧(？ r？ s)

2.p？ (? q∧？ r)

3.(p∨q)？ r

4.？ (p q)

5.(? (p∨q)∧r)？ (? s∧？ t)

6.(p∧q)∧(r∧s)

7.p∧(q？ r)

Third,

1. Xiao Yang doesn't like playing football or basketball.

It is not a pony that buys both a camera and a video camera.

No (Jason knows Zhao Lin, or Xin Li knows Zhao Lin).

4. Xiao Chun and River Bank are not Li Bai's poems.

Fourth,

1. If an actor has never played the leading role, he won't get the best actor award.

If the actor wins the best actor award, he plays the leading role.

It's just that this actor didn't win the best actor award. He didn't play the leading role.

Only Xiao Wang has never been to Changsha. He has never been to Hunan.

Only Xiao Wang has been to Hunan, and he has been to Changsha.

If Xiao Wang has never been to Hunan, then he has never been to Changsha.

If and only if more than half of the people agree with the proposal, the proposal can be passed.

If and only if this proposal can be passed, more than half of the people agree with this proposal.

If and only if the proposal cannot be passed, more than half of the people agree.

This mobile phone can't be guaranteed after the warranty period.

If this mobile phone can be guaranteed, it will not pass the warranty period.

This phone is not under warranty only if it cannot be guaranteed.

Only if the formaldehyde content in the air of this room does not exceed the standard can it be suitable for living.

Only when this room is uninhabitable will the formaldehyde content in the air exceed the standard.

If this room is suitable for living, the formaldehyde content in the air will not exceed the standard.

Five,

1. compatible alternative reasoning. Invalid. Violation of the rule that "one or part of the words can't be concluded".

2. Hypothetical reasoning under necessary conditions. Invalid. Violation of the rule of "not sure about the cause".

3. Joint reasoning. Effective. Its form can be expressed as:

4. Sufficient conditional hypothetical reasoning. Invalid. Violation of the rule of "no conclusion can be drawn because of negative antecedents".

5. Sufficient conditional hypothetical reasoning. Effective. Its form can be expressed as:

6. Joint reasoning. Effective. Its form can be expressed as:

7. Hypothetical reasoning under necessary conditions. Invalid. It violates the rule that "you can't draw a conclusion if you deny the latter".

8. Incompatible disjunctive reasoning. Effective. Its form can be expressed as:

9. Sufficient conditional hypothetical reasoning. Invalid. Violation of the rule "I'm sure the latter can't draw a conclusion".

10. Inference is difficult. Effective. Its form can be expressed as:

1 1. Necessary and sufficient conditional hypothesis reasoning. Effective. Its form can be expressed as:

12. Compatible alternative reasoning. Effective. Its form can be expressed as:

13. Inference is difficult. Invalid. Violation of the rule "I'm sure the latter can't draw a conclusion".

Practical logic exercises reference answers

Page 124 ~ 126

Eleven,

1. Conclusion: Some leguminous plants are tall trees. Event: Leguminosae. Sports: Tall trees. Project: Sophora japonica. Major premise: Sophora japonica is a tall tree. Minor premise: Sophora japonica is a leguminous plant.

2. Conclusion: Dolphins are animals with developed brains. Event: Dolphin. Sports: animals with developed brains. Item: Dolphin. Major premise: intelligent animals are animals with developed brains. Minor premise: Dolphins are smart animals.

3. Conclusion: Sodium carbonate solution is not an acidic solution. Event: sodium carbonate solution. Item: acidic solution. Item: It can change the color of phenolphthalein test solution. Major premise: acidic solution cannot change the color of phenolphthalein test solution. Prerequisite: Sodium carbonate solution can discolor phenolphthalein test solution.

4. Conclusion: Fortune telling is against science. Event: fortune telling. Sports: Contrary to science. Item: superstition. Major premise: Superstition is anti-science. Minor premise: Fortune telling is superstition.

5. Conclusion: Some amateur students are students of our school. Event: Students studying part-time. Sports: students of our school. Project: reporter. Major premise: all the students in this school are correspondence students. Minor premise: the correspondent is an amateur student.

Twelve,

1. is invalid. It violates the stipulation that "if it is not GAI in the premise, it cannot be GAI in the conclusion" and makes the mistake of "expanding the major item". (The event "Viper" is not GAI in the premise, but GAI in the conclusion)

2. invalid. It violated the rule of "winning the project at least once in GAI" and made the mistake of "winning the project without GAI".

3. invalid. Violation of the rule that "neither premise can be negative".

4. invalid. It violated the rule of "winning the project at least once in GAI" and made the mistake of "winning the project without GAI". (This also violates the rule that "two premises cannot both be special")

5. effective. Meet all the rules of an outspoken syllogism.

6. invalid. It violated the stipulation that words that are not GAI in the premise cannot be GAI in the conclusion, and made the mistake of "expanding the minor item" (the minor item "Guizhou wine" is not GAI in the premise, but GAI in the conclusion).

7. invalid. It violates the rule that if one of the premises is negative, the conclusion must be negative.

8. invalid. It violates the rule that words that are not GAI in the premise cannot be GAI in the conclusion, and makes the mistake of "expanding the minor item" (the minor item "boutique" is not GAI in the premise, but GAI in the conclusion). (It also violates the rule that "if one of the premises is special, the conclusion must be special")

9. invalid. It violates the stipulation that "if it is not GAI in the premise, it cannot be GAI in the conclusion" and makes the mistake of "expanding the major item". (The event "mathematician" is not GAI in the premise, but GAI in the conclusion)

10. Invalid. It violates the rule that "if both premises are affirmative, the conclusion must be affirmative".

Thirteen,

1. AAI formula of the third lattice.

2. The first AAA style.

3. The second situation is EAE style.

4. The first situation is AAA.

5. The fourth grid is AAI style.

Fourteen,

1. No, if the big event, the middle event and the small event are all GAI twice, then the major premise, minor premise and conclusion are all E propositions, which violates the rule that neither premise can be negative.

2. No, if the minor premise is negative, then according to the rule that "one of the premises is negative, the conclusion must be negative", the major item is GAI； in the conclusion; According to the rule that "if it is not GAI in the major premise, it cannot be GAI in the conclusion", sports in the major premise must be Gai; But the subject and predicate of proposition I are not GAI；; Therefore, the major premise cannot be the I proposition.

3. no. If the major premise is affirmative, because the major item in the third case is the predicate of the major premise, the major item is not GAI； in the major premise; According to the rule that the item without GAI in the premise cannot be GAI in the conclusion, the item in the conclusion must not be GAI, so the conclusion must be positive; So the conclusion can't be O proposition.

4. Its major premise is the E proposition. Because in the second case, the middle term is a predicate in both premises; If the minor premise is proposition A, then the middle term in the minor premise is not GAI；; According to the rule that the middle term must be GAI at least once, the middle term in the major premise must be GAI, so the major premise must be negative; According to the rule that "one of the premises is negative, the conclusion must be negative", and the conclusion must be negative, so the big item in the conclusion is GAI；; According to the rule that "the item that is not GAI in the major premise cannot be GAI in the conclusion", the major item in the major premise must also be GAI, so the major premise must be the full name; Since the major premise must be negative and full name, then the major premise must be full name negative proposition, that is, E proposition.

5. The form of this outspoken syllogism is:

Pulse Amplitude Modulation (short for pulse amplitude modulation)

monetary authority of singapore

sip

It belongs to the fourth AAI type. The derivation process is as follows: from the fact that the item in the conclusion is not GAI, the conclusion is a positive proposition; According to the rule that "one of the premises is negative and the conclusion must be negative", both premises must be positive; Because the major term is GAI in the major premise, the major premise must be proposition A, and the major term is the main term of the major premise (that is, the form of the major premise is PAM); In this way, the term as the predicate of the major premise is not GAI's; According to the rule that the middle term must be GAI at least once, and the middle term in the minor premise must be GAI, so the minor premise can only be proposition A, and the middle term is the main term of the minor premise (that is, the form of the minor premise is MAS); In this way, the predicate of minor premise is not GAI；; According to the rule that an item without GAI in the premise cannot be GAI in the conclusion, the minor item in the conclusion must not be GAI, so the conclusion must be my proposition (that is, the form of the conclusion is SIP).

6. This outspoken syllogism is in the form of:

mop

monetary authority of singapore

Standard operating procedure (standard operating procedure)

It belongs to the third lattice OAO style. The derivation process is as follows: the major premise is O proposition, and according to "neither premise can be negative" and "neither premise can be special", the minor premise can only be a proposition; According to the rules that "one of the premises is negative and the conclusion is bound to be negative" and "one of the premises is special and the conclusion is bound to be special", the conclusion can only be O proposition (that is, the form of the conclusion is SOP); Because in the conclusion, the word as the predicate of O proposition is GAI, and according to the rule that a word without GAI in the premise cannot be GAI in the conclusion, the word must be GAI in the premise, so the word can only be the predicate of O proposition as the major premise (that is, the form of major premise is MOP); In this way, the middle term in the major premise is O, and the main term of the proposition is not GAI; According to the rule that the middle term must be GAI at least once, the middle term in the minor premise must be GAI, so the middle term can only be the main term of proposition A as a minor premise (that is, the minor premise is in the form of MAS).