How to give sufficient reasons to show that Qin Shihuang was a tyrant?

Qin Shihuang not only established a set of autocratic and centralized ruling institutions and systems, but also adopted the theory of five virtues of Yin and Yang in the Warring States period to defend the legal system of the Qin Dynasty. According to the theory of five virtues, in the end, every dynasty ruled in the order of five virtues, such as earth, wood, gold, fire and water, and so on. Qin's water virtue is still black, so Qin's dresses and flags are all black; The corresponding number of Shuide is six, so the length of symbol transmission and the height of crown are six inches each, and the width of bar is six feet; Water virtue is the main punishment, so political rule strives to be harsh and does not pay attention to "benevolence and righteousness"; Corresponding to Shuide, the calendar begins in October, and so on. Qin Shihuang also decided on a set of complex sacrificial ceremonies and Buddhist ceremonies suitable for the position of emperor, and carried out activities at the right time. Qin Shihuang built many palaces near Xianyang, modeled after the palaces of Kanto countries, and built a magnificent Epang Palace south of Weishui. The layout of Xianyang Palace is taken from Wei Zi Palace in the sky. It is like the residence of God on earth and a symbol of world unity. Qin Shihuang also built a mausoleum in Lishan ahead of schedule. The rivers and seas in the mausoleum were infused with mercury, with astronomy above and geography below. The mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor is located at the foot of Mount Li, which is more than 30 kilometers away. According to historical records, Ying Zheng, the first Qin Emperor, began to build a cemetery when he ascended the throne at the age of 13. The planning and design are presided over by Prime Minister Reese, and the construction is supervised by General Zhang Han. It took 38 years to build, and the project was huge and magnificent, which created a precedent for the luxurious burial of feudal rulers in previous dynasties. At that time, the total population of the Qin Dynasty was about 20 million, and the labor for building tombs reached 720,000. The spiritual household soil is taken from Sanliu village, 2000 meters south of the cemetery, to the county quarry, with multi-level loess cliffs, 5-25 meters high. A large number of stones used in the construction of the cemetery were taken from Zhongshan and Jun 'e Mountain, north of Weihe River, and all of them were transported to Linchong by manpower, so the project was very difficult. It is conceivable that the vastness of the project, the dead bodies under Zhongshan Mountain and June Mountain, shows the cruelty of the whole project.

He took these measures, just as he adopted the emperor's name, to show that his power on earth is equivalent to God's power in heaven, thus instilling mysterious imperial power into his subjects. The mysterious concept of imperial power is the ideological basis of authoritarian centralization.

Qin Shihuang also built Chidao from Xianyang, the capital, to all parts of the country, from Yanqi in the east to Wu Chu in the south. He himself visited many counties along the equator and carved stones in many places to demonstrate. In order to strengthen the northern defense, in the thirty-fifth year of Qin Shihuang (2 12 BC), a straight road was built from Xianyang to Jiuyuan (now west of Baotou, Inner Mongolia), with a ravine of 1,800 miles. Wuchi Road was built in the southwest, which is now the place south of Yibin in Sichuan and Zhaotong in Yunnan, and officials were set up nearby.

Qin Shihuang sent an imperial censor to spy on Confucian scholars and alchemists in Xianyang, killing more than 460 people who were considered to have violated the ban. Under the early historical conditions of feudal society, in the era of fierce struggle between unification and division, it is understandable that Qin Shihuang used the means of burning books to bury Confucianism to crack down on aristocratic politics. However, the behavior of burning books to bury Confucianism and destroy culture is extremely barbaric, which has caused great losses to the preservation of ancient documents and academic teaching.

Qin Shihuang made his own land and officially recognized the national private ownership of land. With this order, the landlord class can not only legally occupy land, but also annex farmers' land through various means. Farmers whose land was annexed had to cultivate the land that enriched the people under the harsh conditions of "seeing taxes". Farmers live a miserable life, dressed in cattle and horses, eating dog food, and often fleeing to the mountains under the torture of violent officials. The brutality of Qin Shihuang's riots cannot be explained only by the general reason of "the nature of the landlord class" Tang Zhen once said: "Since the Qin Dynasty, emperors have been thieves" ("Hidden Book Language"), and this view is correct. But the "thief" Qin Shihuang seems to be more tyrannical and guilty than other emperors. He is not only extravagant, but also causes the suffering of the broad masses of people; What is conducive to reunification is measures. Although it was beneficial to social development in the long run, it became a catastrophe at that time, such as the construction of the Great Wall. For decades, hundreds of thousands of people were recruited to do extremely heavy work. From the following records, we can see how terrible the pain caused by the burden of swinging labor is. Yang Tinglie, a A Qing writer, wrote in Fang County Records that a hairy "hairy man" was discovered. It is said that their ancestors were migrant workers who escaped the labor of Qin Shihuang to build the Great Wall. Because they hide in the deep mountains and forests, they are covered with long hair. It is said that when they met the long-haired man, he asked you first, "Is the Great Wall finished?" Is Qin Huang still there? He replied, "The Great Wall is not finished, and Qin Shihuang is still there! "Long-haired men will scare away. Of course, this record can only be regarded as a folk legend. However, if there is no such cruel reality in history, this terrible legend will never appear. It reflects that what Qin Shihuang did was based on the cruel exploitation and oppression of the broad masses of working people, which far exceeded the degree that society could bear, making it difficult to maintain the simple reproduction of society, so even some measures conducive to historical development caused disasters to the people at that time.