General situation of natural ecological geography in Shanxi. Need specific historical materials or article records, indicating the source and author.
Xinjiang is located on the western border of China, with latitude 32.22-49 33 north and longitude 73 21-96 21? 1660000 square kilometers, area, accounting for about the total area? National /6, is the largest administrative region in China. Gansu, Qinghai and Tibet provinces in the east and south, People's Republic of China (PRC) and Mongolia in the northeast, Russia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan in the west and Afghanistan, Pakistan and India in the southwest. The border is as high as 5,300 kilometers, and the longest is the border province of China.
Climatic characteristics
Xinjiang belongs to temperate continental climate. Winter is long and cold, summer is short, and hot springs change in autumn. The annual average temperature in southern Xinjiang 10. C, 5-7 in northern Junggar basin, Xinjiang. C, Altay, Tacheng 2. 5-5。 0。 C southern Xinjiang 1 monthly average temperature10-higher than northern Xinjiang. 12。 In July, it was higher than 2-3. The daily average temperature is as high as 12- 15, which can reach the difference of 20-30. The relative humidity and absolute humidity in summer in Xinjiang are not large in winter, but it forms a hot and dry summer and a cold and dry winter. The average annual precipitation in this area is 145 mm, which is only 23% of the national average annual precipitation of 630 mm, and the evaporation is about 200 mm, which is less than 100 mm in southern Xinjiang. What is the snowfall in northern Xinjiang? Mountains account for about 1/3 of the annual precipitation.
Xinjiang is windy and rainy, showing the characteristics that northern Xinjiang is greater than southern Xinjiang, Gobi is greater than mountainous area, and basin edge is greater than hinterland. Gale (magnitude 8 or above) is the main agro-meteorological disaster in Xinjiang. The northern, northwestern, eastern and southern borders of Xinjiang are high wind value areas. Generally speaking, the number of sandstorm days from Tarim basin and parts of northern and eastern Xinjiang is more than 30 days and less than 20 days. In recent years, dusty weather in southern Xinjiang is more frequent than before.
Sufficient sunshine and total solar radiation in Xinjiang, 542 10-646 35 kJ/cm2, second only to the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.
resources
Xinjiang has 79.3 billion cubic meters of surface water resources and 85 billion cubic meters of groundwater resources, ranking twelfth and fourth respectively. The surface water runoff is 8.84 billion cubic meters, accounting for only 3% of the runoff, so it cannot be used for the time being. In northern Xinjiang, rivers in Xinjiang are highly concentrated in summer (June-August), accounting for 40%-50% and 60%-80%. On the southern border, water resources are unevenly distributed in time and space, showing drought. From the whole inland river, small rivers flow. The low self-purification ability makes it difficult to control the pollution of the Irtysh River flowing into the Arctic Ocean and the inland river system of the Chapu River flowing into the Indian Ocean. There are 570 rivers in Xinjiang, with an annual runoff of 654.38 billion cubic meters, accounting for 9.4% of the total runoff of rivers below 487 meters. 18 river? Runoff 1 100 million cubic meters, accounting for 3% of the total number of rivers, and the total runoff is about 54.3 billion cubic meters, accounting for 60.4% of the river runoff in Xinjiang. The water quality of natural rivers in Xinjiang is better than that of Beijiang and South Xinjiang, the west is better than the east, and the mountainous area is better than the plain.
Xinjiang has a vast territory and rich land resources, with about 7 million hectares of reclaimed land and 4.87 million hectares of farms, accounting for 13.8% of the whole country. Wasteland is suitable for agriculture, expanding land resources, large area of grassland, grassland types and main lawn area. 57 million hectares, in the available area? 0.48 hectares, ranking third in the country, with 3.37 hectares. The per capita arable land is 16.3 times of the national average. Four seasons pasture grassland is complete, but extremely uneven? Constant. Mountain grassland accounts for 58% of grassland area, and excellent grassland accounts for 38. 4%
There are abundant animal and plant resources in higher plants in Xinjiang, including more than 3,500 species of medicinal plants116, more than 930 species of forage plants 120, 382 species of common forest resources, 49 species of broad-leaved forests and economic forests in Yue Zhen.
Xinjiang's complex geological structure, strata and mine reserves provide favorable conditions. Therefore, there are abundant mineral resources. It has been found that 13 minerals were distributed in Xinjiang at the end of 1995, accounting for 80% of the country, ranking second in the country. More than 4,000 proven mineral reserves have been found in Xinjiang. From the perspective of mineral sources, sodium nitrate, muscovite, clay, vermiculite and other minerals rank first, except for iron ore, manganese, chromium, tantalum, cesium, petroleum, magnesite, limestone, cement, bricks, rods, etc. 18, which ranks first in the northwest. The development and utilization prospect of.
Xinjiang's overall natural ecological environment has the following characteristics: the land is vast, but the oasis area has little change in arid climate and temperature, the total amount of water resources is rich but unevenly distributed in time and space, the land area is small, the soil quality is poor, and desertification and salinization occupy an important position in the country. The above characteristics of the natural ecological environment determine that the development and construction of Xinjiang is the result of pollution and destruction, which will be difficult to recover and permanent. Human economic activities must follow the laws of nature and emphasize the basic characteristics of Xinjiang's natural ecological environment.
2。 Meteorological characteristics in Xinjiang
Meteorological features I, II, III, V, VI, VII and VIII.
The so-called "meteorological characteristics of Xinjiang" refers to the concrete (special) performance of general (universal) meteorological characteristics (see Chapter II of this chapter) in Xinjiang. The reasons for these special phenomena (special) are determined by Xinjiang's specific geographical location, complex terrain, vast and diverse natural environment and other factors.
One of the Rising Meteorological Features-Upstream Weather between Xinjiang
In this chapter 1, as shown in figure 1. 1. 1, westerlies prevail in mid-latitude areas of the northern hemisphere. Xinjiang is located in the upper reaches of the westerly belt in the northwest border of China, opposite to Chinese mainland. Therefore, in Xinjiang, real-time weather information and processing meteorological information is a very important indicator to indicate and coordinate the climate change in mainland China, and has become an important part of China Xinjiang Meteorological Monitoring Network and World Meteorological Monitoring Network. There are 54 national meteorological and climatic reference stations in Xinjiang 14 basic stations, which are the earliest in China, and Urumqi meteorological satellite ground station is one of the only three ground stations.
The gateway of cold air invasion in Xinjiang. Statistics show that cold air mainly invades from the west, northwest, north China and northeast China. The cold air path in the west generally goes eastward along the 45 north latitude line, first reaching Xinjiang, and then continuing eastward, affecting the inland of China. The cold air invaded by the west is particularly fierce. Although not many, "strong-strong" is the path.
Because of the existence of Taklimakan Desert and Gurban, it is one of the sand influence sources of sandstorms in Xinjiang.
The occurrence and development of large-scale weather processes, two meteorological features of Ascension Island, deserve special attention.
In fact, the key weather development of large-scale disasters in Xinjiang is the occurrence of large-scale weather processes in significant periods accompanied by the adjustment of atmospheric long waves, which often leads to the invasion of moderate to strong, even strong or extra-strong cold air.
According to long-term practical experience, what are the main weather processes in Xinjiang? It can be roughly divided into the following three types:
① The long wave ridge (or high pressure) in Europe and the long wave trough in the Urals Mountains are located 2-3 days in front of the Urals Mountains and troughs. The first high-pressure ridge (high-pressure ridge) European economic recession A high-pressure ridge economic recession pushed the Urals mountains and valleys into Xinjiang. This process is called European ridge recession;
(2) Under this condition, the cold air near the front and the Caspian Sea intrudes, and the high-pressure ridge pressed in front moves eastward 2-3 days before the development of the high-pressure ridge, and invades the southeast lower part of the cold trough or cold trough (vortex) in Xinjiang. This process is called "Caspian Ridge".
③ Under the conditions of long wave trough in Eastern Europe and long wave ridge in Western Siberia, cold air intruded into Xinjiang ridge 2-3 days before cold air invaded. Compared with the past, after such a process, the ridge of western Siberia obviously developed from the west retreat. Therefore, for the sake of naming.
Of course, in some complicated processes, there are often three types of two or three processes, and two types of overall performance may appear in a specific title. More "exquisite" ridges, such as the Nordic Ridge, the Western European Ridge, the southern Caspian Ridge and the Black Sea Ridge, are sometimes called the Northern Ridge and the Ural Ridge during the development of the Aral Ridge in Central Asia.
The third meteorological feature-Xinjiang is a typical arid area.
Drought is the most important sign, and precipitation is scarce. The calculation results show that115.4 billion tons of water vapor is put into Xinjiang every year. At least in summer and winter, with the land evaporation of 22.57 billion tons in Xinjiang, the total amount of water vapor in Xinjiang exceeds13.797 billion tons, which is equivalent to about15 in the Yangtze River and Yellow River basins. It can be seen that the water vapor content in the atmosphere of Xinjiang is too little, only 17.6% of the water vapor turns into rain (snow), and the water vapor combined with water in the Yangtze River basin turns into rain (snow) at a speed of about 30%, which means that precipitation is scarce in arid areas of Xinjiang.
In fact, the average precipitation depth in southern Xinjiang, which covers an area of about 6.5438+0.2 million square kilometers to the south of the Tianshan Ridge, is only 460,000 square kilometers of the northern Tianshan Ridge, and it is 654.38+0.06 mm in autumn, with an average precipitation depth of only 255 mm. The total average precipitation depth in Xinjiang is 146 mm, and 150 mm is lower than "the most serious" Therefore, from a macro perspective, Xinjiang is a typical arid area, and from a micro perspective, the distribution of precipitation is extremely uneven. The maximum precipitation in mountainous areas and the annual precipitation nearby can reach 400 mm, the annual precipitation in eastern and southern Tarim Basin and Turpan Basin is only 10-50 mm, and the Johnson County Meteorological Station in extremely arid areas is 196 1-65438.
It is worth noting that the longest continuous precipitation days in Xinjiang, especially in the southern and eastern plains of Xinjiang, exceed 150 days. Turpan and Toksun have 350 days, 302 days and 299 days respectively. BR/>；
The fourth meteorological feature-rich light resources and colorful heat resources.
Xinjiang is rich in resources, with the annual total solar radiation of 5,000-6,490 MJ/m2, the second in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, and the same latitude of 620-840 MJ/m2 in the north and northeast regions, and the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River basin1.250-2,090 MJ/m2, with great annual changes. Photosynthesis is between 3,000 and 2,400 MJ/m2, in the northeast, north and south, and in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River in 2500. The absorption and utilization of global effective solar radiation can change crops from south to north by-2,300 MJ/m2, and the photosynthetic effective radiation resources between the main agricultural areas and the top of China are in Xinjiang.
The sunshine hours in Xinjiang rank first in the country. This year, the sunshine duration is 2550-3500 hours, and the duration of summer solstice (June 22nd) is 14- 16 hours, and the duration of the growing season (April to September) is 1900-50 years.
The accumulated temperature in Xinjiang, the growing season and the low accumulated temperature in northern Xinjiang are close to or higher than the same latitude, and the accumulated temperature is ≥ 10℃, which reaches 5000℃ in Turpan basin, over 4000℃ in Tarim basin, 3000-3600℃ in southern Junggar basin and western Ili valley, and 2500℃ in Altay, Tacheng and eastern Ili valley.
When the average temperature in the hottest month in Xinjiang is high, the temperature drops rapidly in spring, the cold time in winter is long, and the frost-free period is significantly different. Compared with our latitude, the temperature difference between day and night in Xinjiang is mostly 14- 16℃, and that in southern Xinjiang is 12. 14℃ is in northern Xinjiang, and it is about 10℃ in mountainous areas. ..
BR/>； 5- The development and application of wind energy resources, mountain atmosphere and water resources have real potential.
Most areas in Xinjiang are rich in wind energy resources, of which Gobi is a basin plain in the abdomen, which is larger than mountains, especially near the exit of the north-south airflow channel. Yamaguchi is the area with the richest wind energy resources in the north than in the south border. For example, the largest Dabancheng Chaiwobao wind power station in Asia is located on the "narrow tube" channel from Urumqi to Turpan Basin. According to statistics, the areas with great value of wind energy development are mainly concentrated in the export of Beijiang River, the valley, the western part of Aidao, the northern and northwestern parts of Xinjiang and Tianshan Road in the north and south of the east.
Modern meteorological scientific and technological achievements, the development and utilization of air water resources is an effective way to solve the shortage of fresh water resources. In Xinjiang, although the moisture content in the atmosphere of a typical arid area is less than normal in the same latitude area of the country, the precipitation in the nearby mountainous areas is more than 400 mm, the annual precipitation in Tianshan Mountain area in the upper reaches of Yili River is more than 800 mm, and the annual precipitation in Altay and the northern slope of Tianshan Mountain in Xinjiang is about 600 mm. It can be seen that, especially in the summer half year of mountainous areas, the cloud and water resources in mountainous areas are rich and have a strong upward movement. Therefore, it is an effective scheme to use cloud and water resources in the air. In addition, in winter, the moisture content in the atmosphere of northern Xinjiang along Tianshan Mountain is higher than that of eastern China at the same latitude, but it is also more conducive to the artificial snow-increasing operation of aircraft.
Six meteorological features in Xinjiang-frequent meteorological disasters and meteorological environmental disasters are increasingly prominent.
Various meteorological disasters in Xinjiang, such as drought, low temperature, strong wind, blizzard, snowstorm, chilling injury, frost, thunderstorm, hail, rainstorm and flash floods, dry and hot winds, sandstorms, fog and other secondary disasters, such as floods, avalanches, mudslides, landslides, mudslides, sand hazards, pests and diseases, forest and grassland fires, etc. Among them, sand, hail, local rainstorm, mountain torrents, mudslides, landslides and other disasters have high frequency, high intensity and extreme wind, sand and snow observation records similar to those in China. Therefore, the loss caused by meteorological disasters is particularly high, accounting for about 80% of natural disasters, and the loss exceeds 60%.
Under the background of rapid development, Xinjiang has natural population growth, urbanization and transportation. With the negative impact of global warming, more and more public events, such as expressway, Lanzhou Railway and Nanjiang Railway, were forced to suspend operation because of strong winds and fog. Urumqi foggy airport was closed continuously; Along the road? The formation of flood icing and rainstorm has caused long-term traffic jams, sudden drop in temperature and influenza epidemic; The temperature soared, the temperature in Urumqi exceeded 40℃, heatstroke, doctors constantly snapped up air conditioners and fans, and water pipes were frozen and cracked. Thousands of families in Qian Qian hope that water is full of hope; Continuous high temperature, soaring electricity consumption, power companies forced to implement zoning, time-sharing power outages, lightning savage attacks, warehouse fires, computer network system paralysis, and so on. In addition, meteorological and environmental problems have become increasingly prominent, such as desertification, soil salinization and salinization, glaciers, air pollution, soil salinization and soil erosion, which have aroused serious concern.
Meteorological characteristics are on the rise. 7- In the past 40 years, the climate in Xinjiang has become warmer and wetter, showing a strong signal of warm-humid transition.
Choose a complete and accurate 1958 to 19? Based on the surface temperature and precipitation data of 1997, the north-south boundary of Tianshan Mountain in Xinjiang is analyzed. Using the data from 1998 to 2004, the global climate change in recent 40 years has been verified, and the results are as follows:
(1) 1958 rpm19? In recent years, there is an obvious warming trend in northern Tianshan and southern Xinjiang, and the warming rates are 0.32℃/ 10, 0. 13℃/ 10, 0. 15℃/ 10, respectively, that is, northern Xinjiang >:.
② 1958- 1997, only increasing precipitation (humidifier)? Trend, South Xinjiang, North and South Tianshan? The precipitation in the environment increased from 1987 (humidifier)? The trend average precipitation from 1986 to 1997 is 196 1- 1990 respectively. Precipitation in southern Xinjiang increased (humidifier). ? The change trend of annual precipitation coefficient in southern Xinjiang is the most important. & gt Beijiang River > Tianshan Mountain
③ From 1998 to 2004, the overall trend of climate change continued. Compared with 199 1 year ago, the average temperature in northern China increased by 0.8℃, the average temperature in southern Xinjiang and Tianshan mountain area increased by 0.5℃, and the average precipitation in southern Xinjiang in Tianshan mountain area in northern Xinjiang increased by 1 1.3% and 9.8% respectively.
Eight characteristics of rising meteorology —— In emerging markets and developing country Xinjiang, geomorphology and meteorology have broad prospects.
A discipline that studies the formation and evolution of landforms under different climatic conditions-an important branch of geography and climate geomorphology. In fact, weather, climate, climate change and landform are interrelated and interactive. On the one hand, the formation of climate has an important influence and function on the evolution of landform. On the other hand, the formation of different landforms and different scales of weather and climate have important influence and function on the evolution of changing landforms. In China, as early as 1950s, due to the influence of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (topography), the research on the evolution of atmospheric circulation has achieved fruitful results. 1979 From May to August, the National Meteorological Administration and the China Academy of Social Sciences jointly organized the first scientific experiment on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, and in the late 20th century, with the latest scientific and technological means, the experiment and research on plateau meteorology were conducted again. On this basis, the meteorology of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau was gradually established and developed.
Xinjiang has a vast territory, complex terrain and unique geomorphological features. "Three mountains and two basins?" Generally speaking, there are three types of landforms around the bottom of the basin: mountains, plains (including artificial oases in the vast desert), the center of the vast desert and the basin. Obviously, people will ask, is there any connection and function between meteorology and landform types? Why is there such a connection and harmonious function? Man-made influence, control these links and functions? Of course, this is a broad proposition from the height of scientific and technological research, geomorphology and meteorology. It can also be seen that in the emergence and development of Xinjiang, landforms and meteorology (including desert, oasis meteorology, basin meteorology, mountain meteorology, etc. ) has a broad application prospect. Urumqi Desert Meteorological Research Institute of China National Meteorological Administration undertook this important task.