The origin of mountain names
Mount Tai
Mount Tai rises on the eastern edge of the North China Plain, above the Qilu hills. Jade Emperor Peak, the main peak, stands out from the crowd at an altitude of 1,524 meters, especially towering, and has the potential to reach the sky and pull out the ground, so it is regarded by the ancients as Tianzhu, which is indomitable and "directly connected to the throne". The pines and cypresses all over the mountain show its grandeur. Because of its height and vertical climate change, Mount Tai has a warm temperate zone at the foot and a moderate temperate zone at the top. The mountains are foggy, with an average annual precipitation of 1132 mm, while the mountains are only 75 mm. This complex natural phenomenon, the ancients could not get a scientific explanation, so they had a sense of mystery. They thought that Mount Tai was a land of abundance where "clouds cast rain" and "gods lived", so it became a mountain god worshipped by people.
from Qin Shihuang to Qing Qianlong, in more than 2 years, 13 generations of emperors visited Mount Tai for meditation or sacrifice for 31 times, which made Mount Tai have the supreme status of "the exclusive respect of five mountains" and "the majestic town of the world".
Mount Tai also has a long history of religious activities, the sightseeing history of scholars, the history of scholars' scientific research and the history of peasant uprising, etc., which constitutes an extremely rich historical and cultural content of Mount Tai.
According to historical records, Taoism in Mount Tai was quite prosperous in the Eastern Han Dynasty, especially after Song Zhenzong sealed Mount Tai and built the Temple of Bixia in Daiding, which reached its peak in the Ming Dynasty. Buddhism was also introduced into Mount Tai in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, and the earliest temple is the Lingyan Temple in Mount Tai today.
Mount Tai, as an aesthetic object of sightseeing, has a long history. In the Book of Songs, there is an ode to "Mount Tai rocks, which Lubang looks forward to". The earliest celebrity who left footprints in Mount Tai was Confucius, who "climbed Mount Tai and became a small country". Historian Sima Qian, astronomer Zhang Heng, writer Cai Yong, scholar Ban Gu, Ma Rong, etc. of the Han Dynasty have all visited Mount Tai. Ying 〔shào, a scholar of the Eastern Han Dynasty, wrote "The Ritual of Mount Tai for Zen", which is one of the earliest existing travel notes. Cao Zhi, Lu Ji, Xie Lingyun, Li Bai, Du Fu, Su Dongpo, Xu Xiake and others are all important pioneers of Taishan landscape aesthetics.
among the cultural relics of Mount Tai, there are more than 1,8 steles and cliff carvings, most of which are concentrated on both sides of the hiking trail from Daimiao to Daiding. Its age, from Qin and Han dynasties to the present, lasted for more than two thousand years; On the style of calligraphy, truth, grass, official script and seal script are all available; Genre, Europe, Zhao, Yan and Liu, each with its own charm; Most of the content is to enlighten famous mountains and scenic spots and carry forward the national spirit, which is really a magnificent view, vast and ancient.
since the beginning of this century, modern geology has opened a chapter in the study of natural science in Mount Tai, opened the mystery of the natural development history of Mount Tai, and confirmed that the Cambrian strata in Zhang Xia-Gushan area on the north side of Mount Tai are the standard sections of the Cambrian strata in northern China. It plays an important role in the regional stratigraphic correlation of CAMBRIAN in China and the international stratigraphic correlation of CAMBRIAN, so it has important scientific value.
Mount Tai is magnificent. For thousands of years, the natural landscape has been integrated with the landscape culture such as emperor's meditation, religious mythology, artistic conception of calligraphy and painting, poetry rendering, craftsman's art and scientists' exploration, etc., which constitutes a unique landscape of Mount Tai. Its main scenic spot has gradually formed a landscape pattern with three spaces and one axis. The so-called triple space, first, Tai 'an City, a busy city on earth with Dai Temple as the center, is a service base for meditation, sightseeing and pilgrimage to the mountains, an ancient tourist city, second, the "underworld" of Haoli Mountain in the southwest of the city, and third, the celestial paradise above the worse gate. One axis refers to the landscape belt connecting these three spaces, mainly the "day order", which is a 6,3-level (so-called 7,-level) climb from Daizongfang Arch to Yuhuangding, the central axis of Dai Temple in Tai 'an City. Along the way, through three miles and one flagpole, five miles and one archway, one gate, the middle gate and the south gate, a magnificent landscape sequence of "climbing to heaven step by step" is formed.
There are beautiful peach blossom valleys, steep Longjiao Mountain, strange Tiansheng Bridge, deep Lingyan Temple, mysterious Houshiwu, Tianzhu Valley and lofty Daiding hidden in the majestic embrace of Mount Tai.
Mount Tai has a special connotation, that is, the grandeur of natural mountains, the majestic landscape image, the lofty spirit of existence, the splendid landscape culture and the long history of famous mountains. Therefore, Mount Tai is supreme in the eyes of emperors and ordinary people. All Chinese people admire the spirit of Mount Tai, and the consciousness of "being as stable as Mount Tai", "being as heavy as Mount Tai" and "having eyes but not knowing Mount Tai" is deeply rooted in people's hearts. It is hard to find a second mountain in the world, which has penetrated into the hearts of hundreds of millions of people of the whole nation for thousands of years, and stands in the world heritage forest with its uniqueness of integrating nature and culture. Mount Tai, with scientific, aesthetic, historical and cultural values, was listed in the World Heritage List by the UNESCO World Heritage Committee in 1987.
Today, climbing Mount Tai has become a worldwide aspiration. Let's follow the 7, steps and follow the footsteps of hundreds of millions of Chinese people for thousands of years, understand the essence of "the soul of China", inspire the enterprising spirit of life, and strive to climb the peak of our career!
Yishan
Yishan [YI], known as the Little Mount Tai, is located in the south of Zou County, Shandong Province. Confucius, Mencius, Qin Shihuang, Emperor Gaozu, etc. all climbed Mount Yi, and there is a saying that Qin Shihuang first set up a monument to Mount Yi and then carved a monument to Mount Tai, which shows that Mount Yi became famous early. More importantly, the attractive beauty of Yishan. It is 555 meters above sea level, pulled up from the Zou Lu Plain, with a large relative height difference, which is very majestic. Yishan is a granite hill with rich landform and developed joints, forming the momentum of three peaks towering and cliffs cutting; Its spherical weathering is also very typical, and the round marble slopes overlap each other, which is extremely spectacular. There are many holes between the stones, and the secluded and mysterious are blurred. There are many cliff stone carvings of celebrities in past dynasties in Yishan, which is an important existing cultural landscape.
Liangshan
Yishan is famous for the emperor's landing, while Liangshan is famous for the peasant rebellion, especially the artistic charm of Water Margin, which makes the name of Liangshan in Shui Bo almost a household name. Liangshan, located in Liangshan County, Shandong Province, was an island in 8 miles of water in the Song Dynasty. After the Ming Dynasty, the Yellow River flooded and silted up. Things have changed, and a relatively intact Ming ship was dug under the ground a few years ago. Liangshan is not high, with an altitude of 197 meters. The reason why it has become the base of many regional peasant uprisings in history is that there are 8 miles of water, which makes the officers and men helpless. Therefore, there is a comment that "the danger of Liangshan lies in the water, not in the mountains". At present, there are still the walls of Songjiangzhai and the "Water Margin" to be found on the mountain. Liangshan is not only a historical memorial, but also a famous cultural mountain famous for Water Margin.
Songshan Mountain is located in Dengfeng County, Henan Province, and stands on the land of Zhongzhou. Songshan Mountain is composed of Taishi Mountain in the east and Shaoshi Mountain in the west. The main peak of Taishi Mountain-Junji Peak is 1494 meters above sea level, and the main peak of Shaoshi Mountain is 1512 meters above sea level. Songshan Mountain has a complex structure, uplifted fault blocks and towering walls, forming a majestic momentum of "Song Gao Wei Yue, Jun Ji Tian". It lies between Luoyang and Kaifeng, the ancient capital, and was named Zhongyue for "in the middle of the earth". Songshan Mountain has a dangerous terrain. Since the Zhou, Qin and Han Dynasties, it has always been a military town and a battleground for military strategists, and it is also a scenic spot for literati to visit and sing.
In ancient times, emperors generally visited the Five Mountains and offered sacrifices to Mount Tai. Only Wu Zetian offered sacrifices to Mount Song. In the twelfth month of AD 696, she went to Mount Songshan to seal the Taitai room and meditate in the Shaoshi room. To show her success, she changed Songyang County to Dengfeng County and Yangcheng to Gaocheng. Set the year number as "Long live the first year of Dengfeng".
Songshan Scenic Area is a place where people gather together. There are more than 5 cultural relics protection units at all levels, and the cultural landscape is particularly prominent. Famous scenic spots include Zhongyue Temple in Songshan Mountain, Shaolin Temple, Songyue Temple, Fawang Temple, Songyang Academy, observation platform and stargazing platform.
Zhongyue Temple in Songshan Mountain is a large-scale palace-style building complex (Figure 5), with a rigorous layout and a nine-entrance courtyard with symmetrical axes. There are more than 4 existing houses, more than 3 ancient cypresses and more than 1 steles. The whole building complex is located in a small valley basin facing south, which is a typical "land of geomantic omen". It is backed by Huanggai Peak, surrounded by mountains on the left and right, and jade mountain on the front screen, with an axis of several kilometers, which is really a good example of landscape architecture.
Shaolin Temple is located by the stream between Taishi and Shaoshi Mountain, with beautiful scenery. Shaolin Temple, built in 495 AD, is the ancestral temple of Zen in China and the birthplace of Shaolin Wushu. There are more than 24 tombs of eminent monks in Shaolin Temple standing in the pine forest in the west of the Temple, with different shapes. Huashan Mountain was written more than 2, years ago in The Classic of Mountains and Seas, saying, "Taihua Mountain is cut into a square, with a height of 5, meters and a width of ten miles." This vividly depicts the imposing manner of Huashan Mountain in Xiyue. Huashan Mountain is located on the banks of the Yellow River and Weihe River, facing the plain in the north and the mountains in the south. Its main peak is 21 meters above sea level, and it is above the mountains. Du Fu has a poem praising: "Xiyue is majestic and respectful, and the peaks stand like children and grandchildren."
Huashan Mountain "stands tall in the Guanzhong area and shines on the soil in the west", with its body standing upright, its head held high and its boldness of vision unparalleled.
As the saying goes, "Huashan Mountain is a road since ancient times" mainly refers to the dangerous road that Qingkeping climbed to the main peak. Qingkeping is 1125 meters above sea level, which is half the height of Huashan Mountain. It is a relatively open valley platform. Up, it is the west peak with a precipice. The horizontal distance between the two places is only six or seven hundred meters, but the height difference is as high as kilometers. Climbing this 1,-kilometer cliff requires five dangerous roads and countless dangers. One is "thousands of feet ■", which is a rock crevice formed by weathering along the vertical joints of granite, and it is a vertical trough-type climbing road slightly chiseled by an artificial axe. The width of the stone steps only allows half a foot, and the width of the gap only allows two people to stagger sideways. The second is the "Hundred-foot Gorge" with a wall hanging ladder. The third is the "Laojun Plough" where the cliff is too deep to reach the bottom. After this, you can climb the Yuntai Peak (North Peak) which is flat on all sides. The North Peak is a good place for sightseeing, with huge peaks standing around and towering in the sky. The most spectacular is the main peak landscape that looks at the south and is peerless. Climbing the main peak from Yuntai, you have to go through two dangerous roads, namely "Wipe Ear Cliff" and "black dragon Ridge". Black dragon Ridge is a granite ridge as narrow as a wall and as deep as a deep. The ridge is a mile long and only one or two meters wide, which is shaped like the back of a dragon's back fish. The ancients said, "You must ride the ridge to get out and gradually enter", that is, your legs straddle the ridge and support the past. Now there are guardrails on both sides, so you can climb the mountain safely and fully appreciate the beauty of the dangerous peak.
After crossing the ridge, and then crossing the "Longkou" and "Tongtianmen", you will arrive at the Huading where the pines are shaded by ancient trees and the flowers are blooming. Huading is an extremely small valley surrounded by three peaks in the east, west and south, with a low level in the middle, dense ancient trees, secluded from the outside, and all the dangerous scenes are gone. This strong contrast between foreign countries and dangers makes it difficult for those who have not gone through hardships to enjoy its beauty. Huading takes Zhenyue Palace as the center, and 1 meters to the west is the west peak with a distance of 1 meters. Standing on the "Star Picking Platform" where hands can soar, reading Li Bai's poem: "Xiyue is magnificent, and the Yellow River is like a silk sky", we can better appreciate the true meaning of Hua Yue. Nanfeng, slightly higher than Xifeng, is the main peak of Hua Yue. At this point, I feel that "only the sky is above, and there is no mountain and qi." Looking up at the red sun and looking back at the white clouds is low "(Kou Zhun's poem in Song Dynasty). Dongfeng has become the famous Xianzhang Peak since ancient times because of its five fingers on the cliff (Figure 6). The east peak is amazing for watching the sunrise, and it is also beautiful with the Huashan Gu Song in various shapes
Figure 6 Huashan Xianzhang Peak
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Huashan Mountain in Xiyue has a large-scale Yue Temple, which was built on the northern foot plain. A central axis connects the Yue Temple and Huashan Mountain in the landscape. Huashan was once a Taoist world, and its humanistic landscapes, such as roads and temples, fully reflected Taoism's worship of nature, pursuit of mystery and aesthetic adventure, thus complementing Huashan's natural hazards. For example, the view of the immortals is built between the crags of Yan Rock, the chess pavilion is built on the top of the lonely peak, and the Helao Cave is built on the cliff wall, which is really unique and adds a dangerous color to Huashan Mountain. Huashan is on the road, there is almost no road, no road, but it is dangerous and not dangerous. Huashan is beautiful in danger. Only by climbing the cliff can you appreciate the infinite scenery.
Hengshan Mountain
Hengshan Mountain in Beiyue is located six kilometers south of hun yuan. There are two places in the history of Beiyue, and the other is Changshan in Quyang County, Hebei Province. Changshan Mountain stands in front of Taihang Mountain in the west of Hebei Plain, with magnificent scenery and convenient transportation. There is also a large-scale Beiyue Temple in Quyang. After the late Ming Dynasty, Hengshan was defined as Beiyue.
The relative height of Mount Hengshan is more than 1, meters, with great momentum and extraordinary manners. The main peak is 217 meters above sea level. To the west is Cuiping Mountain, where the east and west peaks face each other, and the middle is cut by a fault, and the Hunhe River is cut into a canyon along the fault, named Jinlong Gorge. The dangerous situation is an important communication channel between the ancient Shanxi Plateau and the North China Plain. Since ancient times, it has been a battleground for military strategists, so it is known as the "absolutely famous mountain" with water control. The rise of modern railway traffic has changed the original traffic pattern, so the significance of Hengshan as a channel "unique village" has also changed. However, Hengshan, as the historical, cultural and natural heritage of the motherland, is still glorious. In particular, the hanging temple built on the hanging wall of Hengshan Canyon is a famous mountain structure with eternal light. The Hanging Temple is located on the cliff of the west cliff of Jinlong Gorge, and the location of the Hanging Temple is really unimaginable. It is built between nearly vertical cliff concave walls with a height of more than 2 meters, the concave depth is only 1 meters, the length is about 4-5 meters, the bottom is 8 meters away from the bottom, and the top is about 15 meters away from the top. On this concave wall, leaning on the rock as the foundation, we built a house on the cliff. Carrying Cuiping Peak and facing Tianfengling. Climb the dangerous cliff and descend to the valley of despair. The plank road flies, and the pavilion hangs in the air. The structure is strange and the shape is strange. Xu Xiake, a traveler in the Ming Dynasty, praised it as a "great view of the world".
There are 4 large and small temples in Hangkong Temple, which was built in the Northern Wei Dynasty and has been maintained for generations. It is a temple integrating Buddhism, Taoism and Confucianism, and there are more than 8 bronze, iron, stone and clay statues in the temple.
In addition, the Beiyue Palace, Beiyue Temple and Huishan Mansion in Hengshan Mountain are skillfully integrated with the rock cave walls, which makes people fascinated.
Wutai Mountain
Wutai Mountain is in the south of Hengshan Mountain and in the north of Wutai County, Shanxi Province. Known as the "roof of North China". Wutai Mountain is called Wutai because it is surrounded by five mountains towering like platforms. The highest peak is Beitai's Beidou Peak, which is 358 meters above sea level. Among the five peaks, Taihuai Town, a low valley basin, is about 17 meters above sea level. The hottest month temperature in Taihuai Town in summer is 17.8℃, which is known as the "cool world", so Wutai Mountain is also called Qingliang Mountain.
Wutai Mountain is famous for its famous Buddhist mountains at home and abroad. During the Yongping period of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Indian monks came to China to preach and called Wutai Mountain the Dojo for Manjusri Bodhisattva. Emperor Han Ming was invited to build a temple here. Since then, after more than 19 years of construction and development, there have been many temples, facing each other, and different forms of temple buildings in different times have formed the unique Buddhist cultural landscape of Wutai Mountain. The most concentrated area of temples is Taihuai Town, which is surrounded by five temples, with flat land, clear springs, elegant environment and quite extraordinary artistic conception. There are 14 famous temples, and the main ones are concentrated around Lingjiu Mountain in the southeast of the basin. Because of the mountain, they go straight to the peak, among which Xiantong Temple at the foot of Lingjiu Mountain is the largest and oldest. Covering an area of more than 8, square meters, there are more than 4 buildings of various kinds, and there are many precious cultural relics, such as bronze halls, copper towers, big copper bells, big copper pots and boundless halls. In addition, the Bodhisattva Peak on Lingjiu Mountain and the 56-meter-high White Pagoda of Tayuan Temple below the mountain are all symbols and symbols of Buddha land (Figure 7).
Among the temples in Wutai Mountain, there are two ancient temples that attract worldwide attention-nanzenji and Bukkoji. This is the earliest existing wooden structure building in China and a treasure in the history of Chinese architecture. Nanzenji is in Li Jiazhuang, Yangbai Township, southwest of Wutai Mountain. The hall was built in the third year of Tang Jianzhong (AD 782). Most of the Buddha statues in the hall are original sculptures of the Tang Dynasty, with full images, smooth lines and rich colors. Bukkoji is located in Foguang Village in the northeast of Wutai County, with more than 12 temples, of which the main hall was built in the 11th year of Tang Dynasty (AD 857). Bukkoji's Tang sculptures, murals, ink marks and architecture are collectively called "four wonders". They are built not only in China, but also in the world.