How many famous courtyards are there in Shanxi?
The Wang Family Courtyard, located in Jingsheng Town, Lingshi County, is a luxurious residence built by the Wangs in Jingsheng for half a century (from 1762 to 1811), with a total area of 15, square meters. At present, 45, square meters is listed as a provincial cultural relic protection unit, with 54 courtyards and 1,52 houses. The architectural style of the Wang Family Courtyard is very unique. It rises from the mountain and changes with the shape. The buildings are stacked in layers, with magnificent momentum and complete functions. In particular, the brick carvings, wood carvings and stone carvings integrated into the whole building complex are unique, elegant and delicate, beautiful and exquisite, with rich connotations and high artistic value. In recent years, a large number of experts and scholars in architecture, history, sociology, ethics and other fields have come to investigate and study, and all of them have given high praise from different angles. In addition to the unique architectural art and cultural charm, the legendary history of the Wang family has also attracted a large number of tourists.
Jingsheng Wang originated in Taiyuan, and a man named Wang Shi settled in Jingsheng during the reign of Emperor Qing of the Yuan Dynasty. At the same time of farming, Wang Shi also made tofu. Because of his superior skills, honest personality and booming business, Wang Shi was honored as the ancestor of Jingsheng wang xing. By the beginning of the Qing Dynasty, two old people in the Wangs had participated in the "Thousand Banquets" hosted by the Qing government, and the number of officials with the second to fifth products was 42, which was enough to show the splendor of the Wangs. In the early years of the Republic of China, the Wangs' shops still covered Shanxi, Hebei, Beijing and Tianjin. After the Lugouqiao Incident, the family moved south and people went to the empty building.
2 architecture expresses the cultural connotation that written language can't reach, and it is the concentrated expression of three layers of culture: implements, systems and concepts. Housing is an important part of human physical culture, the carrier of systems, concepts and social customs, and the supporting form of history and culture.
in the Qing dynasty, the restrictions on residential buildings were relaxed. To be exact, since the beginning of the Qing Dynasty, the rich class who have accumulated considerable wealth have relieved the difficulties of the Qing court and created a more relaxed environment for the door. When the merchants donated their official positions, they built houses, repaired houses and put on ostentation and extravagance with a clear conscience. Most of the existing Shanxi courtyards have been built since the middle of Qing Dynasty. After the rise of Shanxi Draft Bank, the scale of Shanxi Courtyard has reached a new level. During the Tongzhi period, Pingyao Draft Bank Caidong Houdianyuan built seven 7-purlin luxury houses and businesses. Such houses would never appear before the Qing Dynasty. Building a super-large-scale residential group was regarded as a challenge to the imperial power, and then Hou was convicted for building a luxury mansion. There are no more than five purlins in the Shanxi Courtyard we see today. However, the owner of the bedroom has developed to the sky on the base of five or three rooms, and built a building with more than two floors, which constitutes a special cultural landscape in the late feudal society of China. The four courtyards of Qiaojia, Qujia, Taigu Caojia and Lingshi Wangjia in Qixian County, which are well preserved in Jinzhong, and the street of Changjia in Chewang Village in Yuci, which has not been restored, have no more than five main rooms and the height of buildings varies from 2 to 4 floors, which is the interpretation of this architectural system. However, in the remote Xiwan Village, Qiaokou, Linxian County, which used to be the gathering place of land and water materials, and in the Zhangjia Courtyard in Guangou, Yangquan, which has convenient transportation, this kind of castle building built on the mountain also fully embodies the architectural specification that the main room should not exceed five.
Shanxi compound covers an area of tens of thousands of square meters. The courtyard building is as solid as a castle, with a high building, a thick wall and a wide base, which is very defensive. Some people have summarized it as follows: First, the external wall is high. From the outside of the house, the brick solid wall without windows is as high as four or five stories, which is very defensive. Second, the main houses are single-sloping roofs, no matter wing or main house, building or bungalow, there are not many double-sloping roofs. Because of the single slope, the outer wall is tall and the rainwater flows into the yard, that is, "fertilizer and water do not flow out." Third, the courtyards are mostly rectangular with narrow east and west and long north and south, and the gates are mostly opened in the southeast corner. Several courtyards that are now open to the outside world are only a part of the scale of that year. For example, the house of Qujia in that year occupied half of the county seat of Qixian County, and the scale is so great that people today are impressed.
The general layout of the compound is full of auspicious and peaceful atmosphere among the people, expressing people's longing for a better life. The layout of Qiao's compound is a complete and upright double word "Xi", in which joy and peace are all in it; The Wangs' Courtyard ingeniously pinned their surnames and their predecessors' longing for their descendants to be promoted to rank and knighthood, showing a pattern of "king" with its internal passages; The Taigu Sanduo Hall injects the folk custom of many children, many blessings and long life into it, and the courtyard is in the shape of "longevity". The accumulation of traditional culture in China is everywhere. Taking the Wangs of Lingshi as an example, the arrangement of the building into a "Wang Zi" accords with the theory of heaven and man's induction and the unity of heaven and man. Dong Zhongshu, who advocated "ousting a hundred schools of thought and respecting Confucianism alone", explained "Wang" and said: "The ancient writers, with three paintings connected, are called the king. Three painters, heaven and earth and people. And even among them, the way is also clear. Take the heavens and the earth and people as expensive and participate in it. It is not the king who can be right. " The combination of the surname of the Wang family and Confucianism in Wang's compound is a masterpiece of seizing the right time, place and people. Qixian people with a tradition of doing business, during Daoguang and Xianfeng years in Qing Dynasty, there were many shops in the county and nearby towns, with complete cloth numbers, salt houses, banks and banks. Now there are more than 4 hospitals in the city that are basically well preserved. These dozens of courtyards, as a whole, are all gray brick walls, and the upper parts along the top of the wall are often laid in the shape of "Shi" or "Ji", indicating the good wishes of the owners for being an official and auspicious.
The door is the entrance of the building and the frontispiece of the building, and its status and significance are self-evident. It is an old saying that the house is crowned by the portal, and the cultural content of the courtyard door is particularly rich. "Summary of Yang Zhai", a geomantic book in Qing Dynasty, said: "It is most important for those who are at the gate to close the gate outside the house, so it is advisable to open the auspicious side above their own house." Therefore, when the courtyard of Shanxi Courtyard faces south, the gate is slightly inclined to the east, usually in the southeast corner. The folks call this "grabbing the sun", and the sun shines on the doors and windows as soon as possible, expressing people's initiative to nature. There has always been a saying among the people that a noble family comes from a noble hall. For the sake of the descendants of Fuyin, the house door of the jstars' courtyard is magnificent, thick and tall. At the top of the cave-like heavy house door, the word "ancient style" is carved in stone, with vigorous brushwork and extraordinary foundation, which contains the momentum of the courtyard and is full of the master's knowledge of advocating the virtue of gentlemen and the wind of the ancients. Lang Huan's blessed land is the legendary fairy cave. It is said that when Zhang Hua of the State of Jin visited the Cave Palace, he met a man and led him to one place. In the middle of the big stone, the palace was craggy, and there was a unique world. Each room had its own Chen Qishu, and Zhang Huaguan read his books. Many things happened before the Han Dynasty, which was unheard of. Zhang Hua asked his place name and answered "Langhuan Blessed Land". Zhang Hua came out of the hole and the door was closed. The Qiao family has a plaque of "Blessing the Langhuan", which was given by Ding Baoquan, the governor of Shanxi Province. In the eyes of the government officials, it is difficult to count the treasures of the Qiao family, which shows the wealth and style of that year.
It was an architectural custom in Jiangnan and Jiangbei at that time to set up Taishan Shi Gandang in front of the gate. Shi Gandang in the jstars' compound is a large zhaobi, 1-foot high and 9-foot wide, with blue bricks and gray tiles, excellent materials and exquisite workmanship. In the middle, there is a 2-meter-long and 4-cm-wide stone carving, with the tiger head carved on the upper part, the lotus throne embossed on the lower part and the characters "Mount Tai Shi Gandang" engraved in the middle. In architectural culture. Shi Gandang's influence is very extensive. About the origin of Shi Gandang, most of the folklore is related to Jiang Taigong's deity. Jiang Ziya forgot his first name and surname, so he called himself Mount Tai Shi Gandang. There are other theories, however, all of which are based on the function of the town house to ward off evil spirits.